Deck 10: Non-Experimental Design II: Observational and Archival Methods

Question 1

Researchers have measured the contents of people's trash and the bumper stickers that people put on their cars. These are two examples of

A)event sampling
B)unobtrusive measures
C)reactivity
D)double blind measures

Answer 1

unobtrusive measures

Question 2

In a study on "identitiy maintenance strategies" in newer versus older homeless individuals,

A)the procedure could be described as naturalistic observation with minimal structure imposed by researchers
B)researchers used a longitudinal design
C)covert participant observation was used
D)a large sample size was used

Answer 2

covert participant observation was used

Question 3

What is illustrated by Goodall's observations of chimps killing each other?

A)her observations were hopelessly biased by what she expected to see
B)observational research can serve the purpose of falsification
C)in naturalistic observation with animals, subject reactivity cannot be avoided
D)it's a good thing she didn't try participant observation

Answer 3

observational research can serve the purpose of falsification

Question 4

Attempting to study the everyday behaviors of people, while remaining separate from them, is the goal of

A)naturalistic observation
B)participant observation
C)case studies
D)archival research

Question 5

All of the following are designed to reduce observer bias except

A)interobserver reliability
B)event sampling
C)behavior checklists
D)unobtrusive measures

Question 6

Crowley et al.'s (2001)observational study took place in a science museum. Unlike most observational studies, this one was able to accomplish

A)informed consent
B)Interobserver reliability
C)operational definitions
D)reactivity

Question 7

Crowley et al.'s (2001)observational study took place in a science museum. They found that

A)parents explained science more to older children than younger children
B)parents explained science more to male children than female children
C)Dads explained science more to boy children and Moms explained science more to girl children
D)parents tended to rely on museum staff to explain science to their children

Question 8

According to the APA ethics code,

A)there are no restrictions on observational research
B)naturalistic observation is OK, but participant observation has been deemed unethical
C)informed consent is not needed for unobtrusive observations in public environments
D)in naturalistic observation, debriefing is only considered important in animal studies

Question 9

How is the problem of subject reactivity handled in naturalistic observations of animal behavior?

A)researchers remain completely hidden from the animals
B)researchers assume that animals become accustomed to their presence
C)researchers rely only on unobtrusive measures
D)researchers rely on video recording in zoos

Question 10

What does all observational research have in common?

A)it is descriptive in nature
B)there is no attempt to provide any structure to the situation being observed
C)the researcher joins the group being observed
D)the researcher remains completely hidden from those being observed

Question 11

Which of the following is true about participant observation?

A)the participant observers can influence the behavior of the group
B)unlike naturalistic observation, experimenter bias is unlikely to play a role
C)researchers usually become emotionally involved and fail to record behavior objectively
D)the method won't produce data that can be analyzed statistically

Question 12

________ occurs when the behavior of subjects is affected by their knowledge that they are being observed.

A)naturalistic observation
B)experimenter bias
C)reactivity
D)unobtrusive observation

Question 13

Festinger's famous study of a failed prophecy in a religious cult used which method?

A)participant observation
B)unstructured naturalistic observation
C)archival study
D)naturalistic observation within an experimenter-structured environment

Question 14

Which of the following characterized Crowley et al.'s (2001)observational study in a science museum?

A)they used participant observation rather than naturalistic observation (because the parents were involved
B)unlike most naturalistic observation studies, they were able to obtain informed consent
C)because they used videotape, they did not need to determine interobserver reliability
D)they explained their results (parents explaining science more to boys than girls)by simply pointing out that the boys asked more questions than the girls did

Question 15

Reactivity can be reduced by

A)using unobtrusive measures
B)using time sampling procedures
C)using event sampling procedures
D)using naturalistic rather than participant observation procedures

Question 16

Which of the following is true of observational research?

A)if done carefully, cause and effect conclusions can be drawn
B)subject reactivity is seldom a problem
C)results can support a theory, but cannot serve to raise questions about a theory
D)the descriptive information can provide hypotheses for more controlled studies

Question 17

In an study of chimpanzees by Boesch-Achermann and Boesch (1993), parents were observed teaching their offspring how to use tools. What does this finding illustrate about observational research?

A)it can call into question previously held beliefs (i.e., that such teaching does not occur)
B)that it can be used to identify the causes of behavior
C)that when studying animals, subject reactivity is a serious problem
D)that animals can learn from humans

Question 18

Interobserver reliability is calculated for the purpose of

A)increasing the amount of data available
B)reducing observer bias
C)eliminating subject reactivity
D)substituting for event and time sampling

Question 19

Naturalistic observation is to participant observation as ______ is to _____.

A)highly structured; unstructured
B)habituation; unobtrusive observation
C)objective; subjective
D)lower probability of reactivity; higher probability of reactivity

Question 20

Observer bias can be reduced by using

A)predefined behavior checklists
B)participant instead of naturalistic observation
C)naturalistic instead of participant observation
D)animal instead of human subjects

Question 21

In addition to multiple regression techniques, researcher may use ________ to test for clusters of variables to better understand the variables that contribute to a phenomenon.

A)factor analysis
B)meta-analysis
C)content analysis
D)thematic analysis

Question 22

Which of the following is a problem with archival research?

A)it is not possible to include an independent variable
B)there is no way to control any extraneous factors
C)the researcher is limited by the manner is which data were originally collected
D)there is a very limited amount of archival data available to researchers

Question 23

A researcher administers several tests, correlates each test with every other test, and looks for tests that cluster together. The researcher is probably performing the preliminary steps of what procedure?

A)factor analysis
B)meta-analysis
C)content analysis
D)thematic analysis

Question 24

Researchers using ________ will use both inductive and deductive reasoning to analyze patterns of responses from qualitative data, often without predefined categories of variables.

A)factor analysis
B)meta-analysis
C)content analysis
D)thematic analysis

Question 25

Archival research has to deal with all of the following problems EXCEPT

A)experimenter bias
B)nonrepresentative information
C)subject reactivity
D)missing data

Question 26

Alonso et al. (2014)illustrates the first Registered Replication Report produced by the Association for Psychological Science. They used ________ to evaluate the consistency of the verbal overshadowing effect and found the effect, but at a smaller magnitude than what was originally reported.

A)factor analysis
B)meta-analysis
C)content analysis
D)thematic analysis

Question 27

Meta-analysis is a statistical tool that evaluates ________ across multiple studies.

A)replication reports
B)effect sizes
C)behavior checklists
D)event sampling

Question 28

Ulrich's (1984)"room with a view" study includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)archival data
B)an independent variable
C)limits on the type of patients studied
D)random room assignment

Question 29

In Ulrich's (1984)"room with a view" study, what was the independent variable?

A)whether recovering patients saw trees or a brick wall when looking out their windows
B)whether recovering patients had a room with a window or not
C)whether or not patients requested pain medication
D)from nursing records, whether or not nurses liked the patients

Question 30

Regarding the ethics of participant observation,

A)deception may be used if it is likely that consent would not be obtained
B)informed consent must be obtained from participants who are observed
C)debriefing is a required
D)deception may not be used

Question 31

Suppose a language researcher wishes to evaluate the type of words people use in their Twitter feeds two days before and two days after the 2016 United States presidential election. She may tap into the large amount of data, called ________ , provided by Twitter and produce word counts to observe language behavior.

A)translational data
B)big data
C)obtrusive measures
D)reactivity