Deck 1: History, Theories, and Methods

Question 1

Strong arguments or reference to authority figures are commonly used as scientific evidence.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Extinction results from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which of the following is true of a control group?

A)It consists of randomly selected subjects who receive treatment in an experiment.
B)It is involved in the frequent manipulation of all conditions in an experiment.
C)It consists of those subjects who do not receive treatment in an experiment.
D)It is involved in only correlational research in an experiment.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The nervous systems of most, and perhaps all, animals are "prewired" to respond to some situations in specific ways.

Question 5

Independent variables are manipulated by experimenters.

Question 6

Punishments such as spanking are considered less effective than types of discipline that provide alternative, acceptable behaviors.

Question 7

John Locke said that children begin life as a clean slate.

Question 8

Bandura's social cognitive theory argues that children learn by observing models.

Question 9

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory suggests that children passively respond to their environments.

Question 10

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that children were born inherently evil.

Question 11

In the context of experiments, experimental outcomes reflect the chance factors and not treatment.

Question 12

During the Middle Ages, children were nurtured until they were seven years old, which was considered the "age of reason."

Question 13

Case study involves detailing an account of the behavior of multiple subjects.

Question 14

The nature-nurture controversy debates whether development is continuous or a series of stages.

Question 15

John Locke believed that children should be treated as property and servants.

Question 16

The ecological systems theory of development states that only genetic factors are worth studying.

Question 17

Cross-sequential research combines the longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.

Question 18

Betty is a two-year old. She starts screaming and crying every time her mother makes her drink a glass of milk. She continues to behave this way till her mother takes the glass away and tells her she does not need to drink it. According to Freud, which part of Betty's personality is responsible for this behavior?

A)The ego
B)The superego
C)The id
D)The superid

Question 19

Stage theories consider development as a discontinuous process.

Question 20

According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth?

A)The superego
B)The id
C)The ego
D)The archetype

Question 21

Which of the following is true of fixation in the oral stage?

A)It occurs because of being toilet trained too strictly.
B)It occurs because of being weaned too early or breast-fed for too long.
C)It occurs because of concentrating on school work for too long.
D)It occurs because of playing with children of the opposite gender too often.

Question 22

John Locke is most likely to agree with the fact that:

A)children are born innately good.
B)children are born innately evil.
C)children are influenced by their experiences.
D)children are indifferent to their surroundings.

Question 23

Cross-sequential research:

A)usually lasts for the subjects' entire lifetime.
B)is hampered by the cohort effect.
C)combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.
D)has too many ethical problems to be considered an effective research method.

Question 24

Jeremy's parents die in an accident in 1999 when he was 12. During his stay at his first foster home, Jeremy is caught shoplifting twice in the next six months and let go with a warning. Two years later he was placed in a youth detention center for assault and robbery on a grocery store. In the context of the ecological perspective, Jeremy's current situation was most likely due to the influence of his _____.

A)mesosystem
B)exosystem
C)chronosystem
D)macrosystem

Question 25

Dr. Manquero forms a hypothesis that ingesting chocolate prior to an exam will improve exam performance. She gives the experimental group chocolate and does not give the control group anything. She then gives the participants an exam. In this experiment, which of the following is the dependent variable?

A)The group that receives nothing
B)The group that eats chocolate
C)The performance on the exam
D)The amount of chocolate consumed

Question 26

James is a chain smoker, and when he's not smoking he is chewing gum. According to Freud, James is likely fixated on the _____ of development.

A)anal stage
B)oral stage
C)phallic stage
D)genital stage

Question 27

Which of the following is the purpose of having random assignment in an experiment?

A)It prevents subjects from knowing of which experimental group they are a member.
B)It provides ethical reasons for being in an experiment.
C)It makes sure that the results are caused by the treatment.
D)It determines how the subjects will behave in the experiment.

Question 28

Which of the following perspectives of child development is Arnold Gesell credited with?

A)Biological maturation of children
B)The inherent goodness of children
C)The inherently flawed nature of children
D)Environment influences of children

Question 29

According to Freud, the__________represents our biological drives.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)subconscious

Question 30

Peter believes that the best way to raise his son is by prompting and reprimanding him whenever he does something wrong and rewarding him whenever he does something that he thinks is right. Peter believes that he has to be involved in shaping the child's behavior. Peter's ideas agree best with the philosopher _____.

A)Jean Piaget
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)Konrad Lorenz
D)John Locke

Question 31

Which of the following is an outcome of the use of punishment with children?

A)It works even when its delivery is not guaranteed.
B)It encourages children to respect authority.
C)It may cause feelings of anger and hostility.
D)It may provide clear alternatives to unacceptable behavior.

Question 32

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the use of punishment?

A)It decreases the frequency of a behavior.
B)It creates feelings of adoration and respect.
C)It is considered a positive reinforcer.
D)It is considered the best method of child-rearing.

Question 33

Natalia is a grown woman who still sucks her thumb when she is nervous. Her co-workers notice her behavior but are too polite to mention it. According to Freud, Natalia is fixated at the _____ of development.

A)anal stage
B)oral stage
C)phallic stage
D)genital stage

Question 34

Which of the following is true of Freud's legacy for future thinkers?

A)His focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying human development.
B)His emphasis on evolutionary changes has led to further research on behavioral changes in each generation.
C)His focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers understanding how genetics and environment intersect.
D)His emphasis on the emotional needs of children has influenced how educators understand children's behaviors.

Question 35

The most obvious applications of information processing occur in the field of__________.

A)medicine
B)teaching
C)engineering
D)manufacturing

Question 36

A scheme can be changed by:

A)the process of assimilation.
B)comparing old information with new schemes.
C)getting more complex as children age according to their genotype.
D)the process of accommodation.

Question 37

The psychosexual theory of development is similar to the psychosocial theory of development in that:

A)both theories assert that human development is a continuous, lifelong process with little or no gaps.
B)both theories suggest that a child's experiences during early stages affect the child's emotional and social life at the time and later on.
C)both theories believe that a child or adult's behavior is learned.
D)both theories suggest that adaptation and natural selection are connected with behavior.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of Jean Piaget's view of children?

A)He believed that children came into the world as a tabula rasa or a "blank tablet."
B)He believed that children have an inborn predisposition toward good or evil.
C)He believed that children actively intend to learn about and take intellectual charge of their worlds.
D)He believed that children intend to develop into generous and moral individuals.

Question 39

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as _____.

A)innately good
B)innately evil
C)a tabula rasa
D)a genetic product

Question 40

Which of the following circumstances would make a researcher use animals instead of human participants?

A)When the use of human participants would be considered unethical
B)When the use of human participants would require deception on the part of the researcher
C)When the researcher would be forced to keep a human participant's identity confidential
D)When the use of animals would be cheaper than human participants

Question 41

The major limitation of correlational information is that it:

A)can only be used with nonhuman (animal) participants.
B)may not always yield correct results.
C)cannot be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
D)gives the researcher so much control over the variables that the results can be easily manipulated.

Question 42

Four-year-old Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are fruits. However, one day, Cynthia's mother gives her an orange. She tells Cynthia that oranges are also fruits. Which of the following is most likely to occur to Cynthia's scheme of fruits?

A)She creates a new scheme for oranges.
B)She ignores the new information about oranges.
C)She incorporates the information so that her scheme now includes apples and oranges.
D)She eliminates the concept of apple, and now her scheme of fruits only contains oranges.

Question 43

According to Erikson, _____ is a period of inner conflict during which one examines one's values and makes decisions about one's life roles.

A)identity crisis
B)operant conditioning
C)latency stage
D)genital stage

Question 44

The final stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development is the _____.

A)latency stage
B)anal stage
C)genital stage
D)oral stage

Question 45

Which of the following is true of family life during the industrial revolution?

A)Family life was legally defined to include three generations of relatives.
B)Family life grew to include extended family members, like cousins, aunts, and uncles.
C)Family life was defined in terms of the nuclear unit of mother, father, and children.
D)Family life shrank to include only one child raised by a single parent.

Question 46

Paul believes that the manner in which people interact with each other and the environment in which they live in are critical to understanding human development. He is most likely studying the _____ on human development.

A)evolutionary perspective
B)cognitive perspective
C)ecological perspective
D)ethological perspective

Question 47

Differentiate between John Locke's writing and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings.

A)While Locke argued that children are inherently good, Rousseau argued that children were innately evil.
B)While Locke focused on the role of the environment, Rousseau focused on the expression of natural impulses.
C)While Locke believed that children should be treated as property and servants, Rousseau believed that children should be treated with respect and care.
D)While Locke believed in the traditional views of developmental psychology, Rousseau believed in the modern views of developmental psychology.

Question 48

Which of the following is a similarity between Freud's and Erikson's psychoanalytic theories?

A)Both are types of stage theories.
B)Both are exclusively nature theories.
C)Both are exclusively nurture theories
D)Both are quantitative theories.

Question 49

__________is closely associated with the sociocultural perspective.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Urie Bronfenbrenner
C)Erik Erikson
D)Lev Vygotsky

Question 50

Elsa is a nutritionist writing a paper on childhood eating habits today compared with a decade ago. She decides to compare what her niece eats today with what she used to eat as a child. She monitors her intake every day by asking her sister and her niece's teacher in school and compiles data through that. Which method of gathering information does Elsa use?

A)A survey
B)A naturalistic
C)A case study
D)An experiment

Question 51

The purpose of the first standardized intelligence test was to:

A)measure IQ scores to determine genius-level abilities in children.
B)identify children who were at risk of falling behind in school.
C)create separate classrooms for high- and low-intelligence children.
D)compare people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.

Question 52

Which of the following is true of the ego according to Freud?

A)It is biologically based and present at birth.
B)It is driven by the quest for pleasure.
C)It forces us to follow rules and acts as a moral base.
D)It makes plans that are socially appropriate.

Question 53

The__________controversy asks which is more important in determining one's developmental outcome: heredity or environmental influences.

A)active-passive
B)continuity-discontinuity
C)nature-nurture
D)physiological-psychological

Question 54

Which of the following is true of the superego?

A)It represents biological drives and demands instant gratification.
B)It curbs the biological drives and makes plans that are in keeping with social conventions.
C)It brings inward the wishes and morals of the child's caregivers and other members of the community.
D)It develops when children learn to obtain gratification consciously.

Question 55

Which of the following is an advantage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

A)It reinforces the importance of unconscious forces in human development.
B)It emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice.
C)It explains to what extent human behavior is a product of evolutionary change.
D)It suggests that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.

Question 56

The idea of childhood as a special time of life:

A)was concurrent with a time of ease for children during the Industrial Revolution.
B)became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible.
C)lasted through the Middle Ages; however, it slowed down during the Industrial Revolution.
D)corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family during this time.

Question 57

Which of the following measures is taken up by teachers who follow Piaget's views?

A)They look at a child's ability to suppress his aggressive tendencies.
B)They gear instructions to advance the child's developmental level.
C)They assist children in completing problems in workbooks.
D)They suggest that children of all ages process information similarly.

Question 58

Cross-cultural studies examine children's interactions with their__________.

A)mesosystem
B)exosystem
C)macrosystem
D)microsystem

Question 59

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development places greater emphasis on _____.

A)the ego
B)the id
C)the superego
D)the latency

Question 60

According to Erikson, which of the following is true of early experiences?

A)They are more challenging than later experiences.
B)They continue to affect future development.
C)They exert very little influence on who we become.
D)They only predict future development once we reach six to eight years of age.

Question 61

Harold is extremely possessive of his mother. He gets really angry at his father for no reason and never leaves his mother's side. According to Freud, Harold is likely fixated on the _____ of development.

A)anal stage
B)oral stage
C)phallic stage
D)latency stage

Question 62

__________is a concept emphasized by the sociocultural perspective.

A)Ethnicity
B)Life crisis
C)Reinforcement
D)Structural accommodation

Question 63

Which of the following is true of the sociocultural perspective?

A)It illuminates the interplay between genetics and development.
B)It explains how one's genes interact with one's environment.
C)It explores the importance of the unconscious on child development.
D)It examines the impact of human diversity on people.

Question 64

Which of the following is true of children in the 20th century?

A)Children received greater legal protection than they did prior to then.
B)Children were married at a younger age than those in previous centuries.
C)Children were considered to be the property of their parents.
D)Children experienced less emphasis on education than during previous centuries.

Question 65

John Locke suggested that a child came into the world as__________.

A)innately good
B)a tabula rasa
C)innately evil
D)a genetic product

Question 66

Discuss the ethical considerations that researchers must consider while carrying out research on human development.

Question 67

Which of the following factors plays a role in fixation during the anal stage of development?

A)Strict toilet training
B)Excessive breast feeding
C)Excess work load in school
D)Interaction with children of the opposite sex

Question 68

Discuss the limitations of Correlational information?

Question 69

Dr. Reggie Lau carries out a study with a hypothesis that caffeine enhances performance in sports. He lets the experimental group consume 100mg of caffeine and does not give any caffeine to the control group. He then makes the participants sprint for 20 minutes. In this experiment, which of the following is the independent variable?

A)The group that does not get any caffeine
B)The group that consumes caffeine
C)The performance on the sprint
D)The duration of the sprint

Question 70

Jenna believes that her four-year-old son should always be allowed to do as he pleases. She believes that her son-like all children-is incapable of doing anything wrong, and allowing him to do whatever he wants is the best way to raise him. Jenna's ideas agree best with the philosopher _____.

A)Jean Piaget
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)Konrad Lorenz
D)John Locke

Question 71

Which of the following is a similarity between John Watson's school of behaviorism and John Locke's concept of tabula rasa?

A)Both emphasize the joint contributions of nature and nurture to one's development.
B)Both suggest that one's genetic endowment determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
C)Both suggest that experience determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
D)Both emphasize the importance of maturational processes.

Question 72

__________is a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the direction (positive or negative) and strength of the relationship between two variables.

A)Correlation integer
B)Binary coefficient
C)Correlation coefficient
D)Binary correlation

Question 73

In _____, the same people are observed repeatedly over time, and changes in development, such as gains in height or changes in mental abilities, are recorded.

A)longitudinal research
B)cross-sectional research
C)adaptive clinical research
D)correlational research

Question 74

__________are stereotyped patterns of behavior that are evoked by a "releasing stimulus."

A)Fixed action patterns
B)Learned behavioral tendencies
C)Survival mechanisms
D)Mnemonics

Question 75

Discuss the importance of studying human diversity to students.

Question 76

Which of the following is a similarity between Piaget's cognitive developmental theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

A)Both emphasize the joint contributions of nature and nurture to one's development.
B)Both suggest that one's genetic endowment determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
C)Both suggest that experience determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
D)Both see the child's functioning as adaptive.

Question 77

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory suggests that:

A)a child's interactions with adults organize the child's learning experiences.
B)children learn only through a complex interaction of rewards and punishments.
C)children are like miniature adults and need to be rigidly instructed to obtain cognitive skills.
D)a child's development is unaffected by ethnicity and gender.

Question 78

Which of the following is the most important reason for having ethical guidelines about how research must be conducted?

A)Following such guidelines guarantees publication of one's results.
B)These guidelines protect the welfare of the research participants.
C)Following these guidelines guarantees grants and other sources of external funding.
D)These guidelines eliminate hurdles and shorten the process of research.

Question 79

_____ is the study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of the same age group at different times.

A)The cohort effect
B)A time lag
C)A standardized test
D)The correlational coefficient

Question 80

Discuss the benefits of cross-sequential research.