Deck 10: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Permissive-indulgent parents are high in their attempts to control their children and in their demands for mature behavior.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Janet tells her son to finish a school assignment before going to bed. However, he wants to sleep right away. Janet says, "I know you are very tired, but the assignment is really important. How about I help you with the assignment so that you can finish it early? May be you can sleep an extra hour in the morning as well, all right, honey?" In this scenario, Janet uses the _____ parenting style.

A)rejecting-neglecting
B)permissive-indulgent
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following types of play involves children interacting and sharing toys?

A)Onlooker play
B)Solitary play
C)Associative play
D)Unoccupied play

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Friendship is characterized by shared positive experiences and feelings of attachment.

Question 5

Preoperational children tend to be able to see things from the vantage point of others.

Question 6

Older siblings tend to be more caring but also more dominating than younger siblings.

Question 7

__________methods to enforce restrictions on children include physical punishment and denial of privileges.

A)Deductive
B)Permissive-indulgent
C)Authoritative
D)Power-assertive

Question 8

Bridgette and Ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course, and they have rules for how many points you lose if you deviate from the course or knock something over. According to Piaget, Bridgette and Ben are involved in _____.

A)functional play
B)formal games
C)symbolic play
D)destructive games

Question 9

Which of the following is a difference between later-born children and firstborn children?

A)Later-born children are more highly motivated to achieve than firstborn children.
B)Later-born children perform better academically and are more cooperative than firstborn children.
C)Later-born children show somewhat greater anxiety levels than firstborn children.
D)Later-born children are more rebellious and liberal than firstborn children.

Question 10

According to a study by Patterson in 2005, children who are physically punished are more likely to be aggressive themselves than children who are not physically punished.

Question 11

Children with high self-esteem are more likely to be securely attached and have parents who are attentive to their needs.

Question 12

Aggressive children appear to be:

A)more empathic than their peers.
B)more accurate in interpreting the intentions of others.
C)lacking in the ability to see things from the perspective of others.
D)less egocentric than their peers.

Question 13

The sense of self emerges during children's preschool years.

Question 14

_____ involves children observing other children who are at play. The observers do not overtly join in.

A)Onlooker play
B)Solitary play
C)Formal play
D)Unoccupied play

Question 15

According to gender-schema theory, once children come to see themselves as female or male, they begin to seek information concerning gender-typed traits and try to live up to them.

Question 16

Preschoolers are less likely to fear animals, imaginary creatures, the dark, and personal danger.

Question 17

According to a study by Yaros et al. in 2014, children who believe in the legitimacy of aggression are less likely to behave aggressively when they are presented with social provocations.

Question 18

Firstborn children, as a group, are somewhat less highly motivated to achieve than later-born children.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of preoperational children?

A)They tend to be able to see things from the vantage points of others.
B)They tend to be egocentric.
C)They interact with other children to achieve common, group goals.
D)They tend to exhibit empathy.

Question 20

According to Erik Erikson, children in the stage of initiative versus guilt test themselves.

Question 21

A difference between permissive parents and restrictive parents is that permissive parents are:

A)less likely to let their children do what is "natural."
B)more likely to use power-assertive techniques when dealing with aggressive behavior.
C)likely to supervise their children less closely than restrictive parents.
D)more likely to use physical discipline than restrictive parents.

Question 22

Stephanie sees her six-year-old boy, Max, misbehaving with a guest. Stephanie warns Max that if he continues misbehaving with guests, she will stop talking to him. In this scenario, Stephanie uses the method of _____ to enforce the restriction on Max.

A)deduction
B)induction
C)power assertion
D)withdrawal of love

Question 23

Preschool girls:

A)engage in more rough-and-tumble play and are more aggressive than boys.
B)tend to show more empathy and report more fears than boys.
C)show somewhat lesser verbal ability than boys.
D)show somewhat greater visual-spatial ability than boys.

Question 24

Martha notices that her five-year-old child is sitting very close to the screen and watching television. She says to her, "Please do not watch television from such a short distance. It may damage your eyes." In this scenario, Martha used the method of _____ to enforce restrictions on her child.

A)deduction
B)induction
C)power assertion
D)withdrawal of love

Question 25

__________parents supervise their children to a certain extent, but they also allow their children to do what is "natural," such as make noise, treat toys carelessly, and experiment with their bodies.

A)Permissive
B)Restrictive
C)Authoritarian
D)Rejecting-neglecting

Question 26

Which of the following is a positive outcome of permissive-indulgent parenting?

A)Children tend to be fairly high in self-confidence.
B)Children are less likely to engage in substance abuse.
C)Children show high levels of activity and exploratory behavior.
D)Children are highly motivated to achieve and do well in school.

Question 27

According to Erikson, which of the following occurs during the stage of initiative versus guilt?

A)Children learn that not all their plans, dreams, and fantasies can be realized.
B)Children remain ignorant of adult rules.
C)Children lack the urge to achieve independence from their parents.
D)Children are afraid to try new things.

Question 28

Cindy, a six-year-old girl, is playing with plastic cubes like the rest of the children in her class. In the class, everyone has their individual set of cubes and individual figures to construct. Cindy, however, interacts with her friend to understand how to stack the plastic cubes so that she can construct her own model. In this scenario, Cindy is engaged in _____.

A)onlooker play
B)solitary play
C)associative play
D)unoccupied play

Question 29

__________is a return to behavior characteristic of earlier stages of development.

A)Regression
B)Arbitration
C)Aggression
D)Depression

Question 30

According to the cognitive-developmental view of gender typing proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, children:

A)use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world.
B)form concepts about gender and then fit their behavior to the concepts.
C)can distinguish whether they are boys or girls at the age of one year.
D)can discriminate anatomic gender differences at the age of 18 months.

Question 31

Rejecting-neglecting parents are:

A)high in their attempts to control their children.
B)low in support and responsiveness.
C)high in their demands for mature behavior.
D)communicative and warm.

Question 32

Jay, a ten-year-old-boy, is standing on the sidelines of a football pitch and calling out suggestions to his friends who are playing football. In this scenario, Jay is engaged in _____.

A)onlooker play
B)solitary play
C)parallel play
D)associative play

Question 33

James asks his father for money to buy tickets to the final of a world cup tournament. His father asks him why he plans to attend the world cup final in the stadium when he can watch it on television. James replies that the adrenalin rush he gets with the 100,000 live audience in the stadium cannot be replicated if he watches it on television. His father laughs and gives him the money, telling him to have a great time. In this scenario, James's father uses a(n) _____ parenting style.

A)rejecting-neglecting
B)permissive-indulgent
C)authoritarian
D)power-assertive

Question 34

__________parents are affectionate toward their children.

A)Dismissive
B)Authoritarian
C)Warm
D)Rejecting-neglecting

Question 35

The understanding that a woman who cuts her hair short remains a woman and does not automatically turn into a man is referred to as _____.

A)gender constancy
B)gender stereotyping
C)object permanence
D)ethnocentrism

Question 36

__________parents may not enjoy their children and may have few feelings of affection for them.

A)Authoritative
B)Permissive-indulgent
C)Warm
D)Cold

Question 37

April, Katy, and John study in the third grade. They regularly play a game they call "Shopping," wherein April assumes the role of a shopkeeper, Katy assumes the role of April's assistant, and John acts as a customer. Although they do not follow any rules, they have a script, and they play according to it. It is evident that April, Katy, and John are engaged in _____.

A)functional play
B)symbolic play
C)constructive play
D)formal games

Question 38

Kate, a three-year-old, is playing alone in her room with small plastic blocks. It is evident that Kate is engaged in _____.

A)cooperative play
B)solitary play
C)parallel play
D)associative play

Question 39

_____ refers to behavior intended to hurt or injure another person.

A)Aggression
B)Regression
C)Depression
D)Digression

Question 40

Christine and Julia study in a kindergarten. They play "hospital" at the kindergarten, wherein Christine assumes the role of a doctor and Julia assumes the role of a nurse. It is evident that Christine and Julia are engaged in _____.

A)onlooker play
B)dramatic play
C)nonsocial play
D)solitary play

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of inductive techniques employed by parents to enforce restrictions on their children?

A)Gina, a single mother, explained to Alan, her four-year-old son, that he should not pull her hair as it is not appropriate behavior.
B)Lily, a single mother, beat Jack, her nine-year-old son, because he got poor grades at school.
C)Clive ignored his eight-year-old son, Jack, for a week because he was misbehaving in school.
D)Susan complained about her five-year-old daughter, Tanya, to her husband because she was not listening to Susan's instructions.

Question 42

__________refers to play in which children enact social roles.

A)Dramatic play
B)Functional play
C)Onlooker play
D)Unoccupied play

Question 43

Gender-schema theory proposes that:

A)gender differences were fashioned by natural selection in response to problems in adaptation that were repeatedly encountered by humans over thousands of generations.
B)children start forming gender concepts only during the later stages of childhood.
C)children use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world.
D)once children come to see themselves as female or male, they stop seeking information concerning gender-typed traits.

Question 44

A child's sensitivity to the feelings of others is called _____.

A)self-reliance
B)empathy
C)ethnocentrism
D)egotism

Question 45

Children of__________parents tend to show self-reliance and independence, high self-esteem, high levels of activity and exploratory behavior, and social competence.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive-indulgent
D)rejecting-neglecting

Question 46

Which of the following restrictive techniques used by parents involves explaining why one kind of behavior is good and another is not?

A)The method of power assertion
B)The method of withdrawal of love
C)The method of ignoring
D)The method of induction

Question 47

Parents who are restrictive:

A)allow their children to do what is ''natural.''
B)tend to impose rules and to watch their children closely.
C)allow their children to show some aggression, intervening only when another child is in danger.
D)always communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.

Question 48

Jack and Vanessa are kindergarten students at Global Kindergarten School. They play "house" in school and pretend to be husband and wife. This scenario is an example of _____.

A)onlooker play
B)solitary play
C)nonsocial play
D)dramatic play

Question 49

At around age four or five, most children develop _____ according to Kohlberg.

A)a fear of strangers
B)a fear of loud noises
C)the concept of gender constancy
D)the concept of gender stability

Question 50

Which of the following kinds of play is characterized by the use of objects or materials by children to draw something or make something, such as a tower of blocks?

A)Functional play
B)Symbolic play
C)Constructive play
D)Formal games

Question 51

A difference between preschool boys and preschool girls is that preschool boys:

A)engage in less rough-and-tumble play than girls.
B)show somewhat greater verbal ability than girls.
C)show somewhat greater visual-spatial ability than girls.
D)tend to show more empathy and to report more fears than girls.

Question 52

__________parents tend to impose rules and watch their children closely.

A)Permissive
B)Restrictive
C)Negligent
D)Indulgent

Question 53

Which of the following is true of children who are involved in cooperative play?

A)They play with toys by themselves, independently of the children around them.
B)They do not appear to be playing.
C)They only observe other children playing.
D)They interact to achieve common, group goals.

Question 54

According to Erik Erikson, the preschool period is marked by a decline in the fear of _____.

A)social disapproval
B)punishment
C)animals and imaginary creatures
D)loud noises

Question 55

According to a study by Alexander et al. in 2009, at about two to two and a half years of age, children:

A)perceive their own gender in a somewhat better light.
B)generally agree that boys play with cars and trucks.
C)display knowledge of gender stereotypes for toys, clothing, work, and activities.
D)can identify pictures of girls and boys.

Question 56

Andria makes different figures such as a tower, a building, and even a toy slide with her Lego kit. It is evident that Andria is engaged in _____.

A)functional play
B)symbolic play
C)constructive play
D)onlooker play

Question 57

According to Erik Erikson, children in the stage of initiative versus guilt:

A)are curious, try new things, and test themselves.
B)tend to be extremely unwilling to learn new skills.
C)believe that all their plans, dreams, and fantasies can be realized.
D)are completely dependent on their parents.

Question 58

According to Erik Erikson, the preschool period of children is marked by:

A)an increase in fear of strangers.
B)a decline in fear of sudden movement.
C)an increase in fear of loud noises.
D)a decline in fear of social disapproval.

Question 59

A child playing a board game is engaged in _____.

A)functional play
B)constructive play
C)prosocial behaviors
D)formal games

Question 60

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?

A)It refers to the participation in illegal behavior by minors.
B)It is behavior that is intended to hurt or injure another person.
C)It is behavior that is intended to benefit other people without expectation of reward.
D)It is behavior that is intended to inhibit aggressive thoughts and behavior amongst other people.

Question 61

During middle childhood, children:

A)start fearing strangers.
B)fear bodily harm and injuries.
C)grow less fearful of failure and criticism in school.
D)become more fearful of imaginary creatures.

Question 62

Explain how peer interactions foster social skills.

Question 63

Describe prosocial behavior.

Question 64

Which of the following is a form of social play?

A)Solitary play
B)Onlooker play
C)Unoccupied play
D)Associative play

Question 65

Preschool boys:

A)show somewhat lesser visual-spatial ability than girls.
B)show somewhat greater verbal ability than girls.
C)tend to show more empathy and to report more fears than girls.
D)engage in more rough-and-tumble play and are more aggressive than girls.

Question 66

Discuss gender typing.

Question 67

In the context of children's psychological development, briefly explain the stage of initiative versus guilt.

Question 68

Which of the following techniques of enforcing restrictions on children includes physical punishment and denial of privileges?

A)The method of power assertion
B)The method of withdrawal of love
C)The method of ignoring
D)The method of induction

Question 69

Briefly explain the gender differences in play.

Question 70

What is gender-schema theory?

Question 71

Briefly explain the self-concept.

Question 72

A difference between warm and cold parents is that warm parents are:

A)more likely to have children who behave aggressively throughout the school years.
B)less likely to tolerate aggressiveness in their children.
C)more likely to complain about their children's behavior.
D)less likely to use physical discipline.

Question 73

Discuss the influence of siblings in early childhood.

Question 74

Parents prefer power assertion to induction for imposing restrictions on children when:

A)they believe that children understand the rules they have violated and are capable of acting appropriately.
B)they seek to help their children understand moral behavior and foster prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing.
C)they deal with less aggressive children.
D)they have to explain why one kind of behavior is good and another is not.

Question 75

Which of the following types of play involves children interacting with each other to achieve common, group goals?

A)Onlooker play
B)Solitary play
C)Associative play
D)Cooperative play

Question 76

Compare the rejecting-neglecting parenting style with the permissive-indulgent parenting style.

Question 77

Russel's mother recently gave birth to a boy, Jason. Since then, Russel has become excessively clingy toward his mother. He cries whenever she attends to Jason and sometimes even wets his pants. In this scenario, Russel displays _____.

A)habituation to the enlarged family.
B)regression to baby-like behaviors.
C)prosocial behaviors.
D)maturity in light of his newly born brother.

Question 78

Children with high self-esteem are:

A)more likely to be desensitized to violence.
B)more likely to have parents who are attentive to their needs.
C)less likely to show prosocial behavior.
D)less likely to be securely attached.

Question 79

Describe the authoritative parenting style.

Question 80

Robin, an infant, is given a rattle. He shakes his rattle and giggles. He repeats this action a couple of times. It is evident that Robin is engaged in _____.

A)functional play
B)symbolic play
C)constructive play
D)formal play