Exam 10: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

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Answers will vary. Prosocial behavior, also known as altruism, is intended to benefit another without expectation of reward. Prosocial behavior includes sharing, cooperating, and helping and comforting others in distress. It is shown by the preschool and early school years and is linked to the development of empathy and perspective taking (Grusec & Sherman, 2011).Empathy is sensitivity to the feelings of others and is connected with sharing and cooperation. Infants frequently begin to cry when they hear other children crying, although this early agitated response may be largely reflexive (Roberts et al., 2014). Empathy promotes prosocial behavior and decreases aggressive behavior, and these links are evident by the second year (Hastings et al., 2000).According to Piaget, preoperational children tend to be egocentric. They tend not to be able to see things from the vantage points of others. It turns out that various cognitive abilities, such as being able to take another person's perspective, are related to knowing when someone is in need or distress. Perspective-taking skills improve with age, and so do prosocial skills. Among children of the same age, those with better developed perspective-taking ability also show more prosocial behavior and less aggressive behavior (Hastings et al., 2000).

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Answers will vary. According to Kohlberg, gender typing involves the emergence of three concepts: gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy. The first step in gender typing is attaining gender identity. Gender identity is the knowledge that one is male or female. At two years, most children can say whether they are boys or girls. By the age of three, many children can discriminate anatomic gender differences (Campbell et al., 2004; Zosuls et al., 2011).At around age four or five, most children develop the concept of gender stability, according to Kohlberg. They recognize that people retain their gender for a lifetime.By the age of five to seven years, Kohlberg believes that most children develop the more sophisticated concept of gender constancy and recognize that people's gender does not change, even if they change their dress or behavior.