Deck 2: The Cell: Structure and Function

Question 1

Post- transcriptional processing adds a(n)to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule.

A)cap
B)intron
C)poly A tail
D)poly C tail
E)exon

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Of the five bases found in nucleic acids, which are purines and which are pyrimidines?

A)Pyrimidines = thymine and uracil : Purines = cytosine, adenine and guanosine
B)Pyrimidines = cytosine, adenine and guanosine: Purines = thymine, and uracil
C)Pyrimidines = cytosine, thymine and uracil : Purines = adenine and guanosine
D)Pyrimidines = cytosine and uracil : Purines = adenine, thymine and guanosine
E)Pyrimidines = adenine and guanosine: Purines = cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is TRUE?

A)A single gene contains only those nucleotides that code for a single protein.
B)The promoter sequence is found on the antisense strand of DNA.
C)A single codon may code for more than one amino acid.
D)Termination codons do not code for amino acids.
E)The tRNA anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon, and therefore is identical to the gene's DNA triplet.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

are membrane- bound organelles containing enzymes that degrade cellular and extracellular debris.

A)Mitochondria
B)Peroxisomes
C)Vaults
D)Lysosomes
E)Ribosomes

Question 5

Which of the following does NOT describe a part of post- transcriptional processing?

A)addition of a poly A tail at the 3' end
B)capping of the 5' end
C)splicing of nucleic acid fragments
D)removal of the introns from the strand
E)formation of bonds between a phosphate group and a sugar

Question 6

What structure separates the nucleus from the cytosol?

A)matrix
B)nucleolus
C)plasma membrane
D)nuclear envelope
E)nuclear pore

Question 7

Where inside a cell is glycogen stored?

A)Golgi apparatus
B)cytosol
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)lysosomes
E)mitochondria

Question 8

Which of the following packages proteins into transport vesicles?

A)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B)lysosomes
C)mitochondria
D)Golgi apparatus
E)peroxisomes

Question 9

What is the outcome of having only the head of the sperm entering the oocyte?

A)Paternal lineage is more easily traced.
B)Mitochondrial DNA is only of maternal inheritance.
C)Genetic abnormalities are reduced by one- half.
D)Flagella is free to move the fertilized egg to the uterus.
E)Genealogy lines become less conclusive.

Question 10

The leader sequence of any protein that has just been translated functions to

A)determine the destination of the protein.
B)end translation of a protein.
C)initiate degradation of an incomplete protein.
D)keep the protein in the cytosol.
E)stimulate translation of a protein.

Question 11

What modifications made to mRNA function to prevent its degradation in the cytoplasm by exonucleases?

A)promoter regions
B)CAP and poly A tail
C)exons
D)protein coat
E)introns

Question 12

What level of structure is caused when the hydrogen bonds between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another amino acid is formed?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)quinary

Question 13

What organelle contains alcohol dehydrogenase, used in the liver to metabolize alcohol?

A)liposomes
B)peroxisomes
C)proteasomes
D)lysosomes
E)desmosomes

Question 14

During what phase of the cell cycle does cellular replication of DNA occur?

A)G0
B)G1
C)G2
D)S
E)mitosis

Question 15

The junctions created by intermediate filaments which penetrate the membranes between two cells at the site of protein plaques, thereby forming strong linkage between the two cells, are also known as

A)desmosomes.
B)basal lamina.
C)tight junctions.
D)hemidesmosomes.
E)gap junctions.

Question 16

Intercellular communication can occur through the binding of a chemical released from one cell to a specific on another cell.

A)organelle
B)phagosome
C)receptor
D)clathrin- coated vesicle
E)nucleus

Question 17

Which of the following organelles contains its own DNA?

A)lysosomes
B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C)mitochondria
D)rough endoplasmic reticulum
E)Golgi apparatus

Question 18

are proteins that form channels between cells, allowing ions and small molecules to diffuse directly from one cell to the other.

A)Connexins
B)Cadherins
C)Tubulins
D)Dyneins
E)Occludins

Question 19

During what phase of cell division do two new nuclear envelopes begin to redevelop?

A)telophase
B)interphase
C)metaphase
D)prophase
E)anaphase

Question 20

Based upon the triplet nature of a codon and the presence of four possible bases, how many possible amino acids might be coded for by mRNA?

A)16
B)8
C)64
D)32
E)128

Question 21

All of the following are basic components of proteins EXCEPT

A)nitrogen.
B)oxygen.
C)hydrogen.
D)carbon.
E)potassium.

Question 22

Aspirin and ibuprofen both block the enzyme cyclooxygenase from changing arachidonic acid, found in the phospholipid bilayer, into what?

A)surfactant
B)prostaglandins
C)bile salts
D)sterols
E)leukotrienes

Question 23

When proteins are synthesized by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where does the translation begin?

A)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B)rough endoplasmic reticulum
C)nucleus
D)cytosol
E)Golgi apparatus

Question 24

Which of the following descriptions of the function of the organelle is FALSE?

A)Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
B)Calcium is stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C)Breakdown of phagocytosed bacteria occurs in the peroxisomes.
D)Packaging of secretory products into vesicles occurs in the Golgi apparatus.
E)Peptide hormone synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 25

When the body needs to make the eicosanoid thromboxane for wound repair, what component of the plasma membrane does it use for their synthesis?

A)cholesterol
B)fatty acid from phospholipid
C)transmembrane glycoprotein
D)ATP
E)glycolipid

Question 26

Alpha- helixes and fi- pleated sheets are examples of structures of a protein.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)quinary

Question 27

What organelle synthesizes most of the ATP used by cells?

A)mitochondria
B)lysosomes
C)peroxisomes
D)Golgi apparatus
E)ribosomes

Question 28

Components of the electron transport chain are found in what region of a mitochondrion?

A)intermembrane space
B)inner mitochondrial membrane
C)cristae
D)matrix
E)outer membrane

Question 29

During translation, is synthesized in the .

A)RNA : cytoplasm
B)RNA : nucleus
C)protein : nucleus
D)protein : cytoplasm
E)DNA : nucleus

Question 30

During what phase of the cell cycle does rapid protein synthesis occur as the cell grows to double its size?

A)G0
B)G1
C)G2
D)S
E)mitosis

Question 31

Which of the following filaments is found in cilia and flagella?

A)microfilaments only
B)intermediate filaments only
C)microtubules only
D)microfilaments and microtubules
E)microfilaments and intermediate filaments

Question 32

Certain epithelial cells have a decided polarity where the membrane faces the lumen of a hollow tube, whereas the membrane faces the extracellular fluid.

A)apical : basolateral
B)positively charged : negatively charged
C)upper : lower
D)luminal : extracellular
E)apical : basement

Question 33

The enzyme catalase is located where?

A)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B)lysosomes
C)mitochondria
D)Golgi apparatus
E)peroxisomes

Question 34

Which cytoskeletal proteins provide the structural support for microvilli?

A)microtubules
B)intermediate filaments
C)tight junctions
D)centrioles
E)microfilaments

Question 35

are membrane- bound organelles that contain enzymes like catalase, which catalyzes the breakdown of H2O2 to H2O and O2.

A)Ribosomes
B)Mitochondria
C)Lysosomes
D)Vaults
E)Peroxisomes

Question 36

What is the portion of DNA that codes for a particular protein?

A)triplet
B)codon
C)promoter sequence
D)nucleotide
E)gene

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a phase of mitosis?

A)metaphase
B)prophase
C)telophase
D)meiosis
E)anaphase

Question 38

The strand of DNA that gets transcribed to mRNA is called the

A)ribophorin.
B)promoter sequence.
C)intron strand.
D)template strand.
E)exon strand.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides?

A)providing substrates for the citric acid cycle
B)providing most of the energy for cellular processes
C)providing electrons to the electron transport chain
D)storing the genetic code
E)expressing the genetic code

Question 40

The most common elements found in biomolecules are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and

A)chlorine.
B)oxygen.
C)phosphorous.
D)calcium.
E)potassium.

Question 41

Which of the following characteristics concerning ribosomes is FALSE?

A)can remain free in the cytosol
B)are the site of protein synthesis
C)can be located in the Golgi apparatus
D)contain protein
E)contain ribosomal RNA

Question 42

What type of integral membrane protein spans the membrane, thereby allowing part of it to face the cytosol and another part to face the extracellular fluid?

A)transmembrane protein
B)steroid receptor
C)peripheral membrane protein
D)glycoprotein
E)paramembrane protein

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous protein?

A)hemoglobin
B)collagen
C)growth hormone
D)Na+/K+ pumps
E)insulin

Question 44

The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with what other membrane(s)?

A)smooth endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
B)nucleolus and nuclear pore
C)plasma membrane
D)Golgi apparatus
E)matrix

Question 45

Which of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is FALSE?

A)They are important forces for tertiary structure of proteins.
B)They are responsible for many of the unique properties of water.
C)They are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms.
D)They can form between neighboring molecules.
E)They can occur within a single molecule.

Question 46

The codon is

A)DNA language coding for a particular amino acid.
B)the genetic code.
C)mRNA language coding for a particular amino acid.
D)the portion of mRNA that is retained after processing.
E)the triplet of nucleotides found in a gene's sequence.

Question 47

What links sister chromatids together?

A)histones
B)dyneins
C)actins
D)centromeres
E)chromatins

Question 48

Proteins tagged with the polypeptide _ are targeted for degradation by a protein complex called a proteasome.

A)apoptosin
B)amyloid
C)cachectin
D)ubiquitin
E)degratin

Question 49

What causes DNA to uncoil during transcription?

A)binding of tRNA to the initiator codon
B)binding of ubiquitin to the DNA
C)binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter sequence
D)binding of helicase to the DNA
E)binding of DNA polymerase to the leader sequence

Question 50

In some cases, signals originating within one cell can diffuse directly to a neighboring cell through

A)tight junctions.
B)occludins.
C)desmosomes.
D)cadherins.
E)gap junctions.

Question 51

The initiator codon, that originates translation, codes for the amino acid

A)proline.
B)tyrosine.
C)arginine.
D)leucine.
E)methionine.

Question 52

Which of the following is/are found in DNA but not RNA?

A)adenine
B)ribose
C)uracil
D)both adenine and thymine
E)both thymine and deoxyribose

Question 53

The initiator codon is composed of the sequence

A)AUG.
B)CCC.
C)UUG.
D)CCG.
E)AAC.

Question 54

The structure of a protein is formed between residual (R)groups of the amino acid backbone by a number of different chemical interactions, dependent upon the nature of the residual groups interacting.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)quinary

Question 55

If guanine makes up 29% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA, what percentage of the sample would be adenine?

A)11
B)35
C)42
D)21
E)29

Question 56

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction whereby nucleotides are added to the polynucleotide chain during replication?

A)chromatin
B)DNA polymerase
C)histone
D)RNA polymerase
E)helicase

Question 57

The bulk of ATP production is performed where?

A)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B)lysosomes
C)mitochondria
D)Golgi apparatus
E)peroxisomes

Question 58

Hydrolytic reactions are when

A)two molecules are joined together, resulting in the removal of a water molecule.
B)two molecules are joined together by adding a water molecule.
C)the bond between two molecules is broken through the splitting of a water molecule, thereby creating two new bonds with the H and OH of that water in its place.
D)water is removed from the cell.
E)the bond between two molecules is broken, resulting in the removal of a water molecule.

Question 59

Why are nucleotides (and their polymers)called nucleic acids when they contain nitrogenous bases?

A)Acids always win out over a base.
B)Phosphoric acid groups (becoming phosphates)are much stronger than nitrogen acts as a base.
C)Nitrogenous base is really a misnomer.
D)Acids ending in "- ic" are the ionized versions of those molecules ending in "- ate."
E)There are more acids on the molecule than bases.

Question 60

What is a glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached?

A)eicosanoid
B)triglyceride
C)phospholipid
D)glycerolipid
E)saturated fat

Question 61

are molecules that contain primarily carbons and hydrogens linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds.

A)Nucleotides
B)Polysaccharides
C)Lipids
D)Proteins
E)Carbohydrates

Question 62

Within the nucleus, chromosomes are coiled around which proteins?

A)proteasomes
B)chromatids
C)histones
D)introns
E)histamines

Question 63

Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion channels?

A)peripheral membrane proteins
B)phospholipids
C)cholesterol
D)transmembrane proteins
E)transmembrane glycolipids

Question 64

Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water?

A)triglyceride
B)cholesterol
C)C6H14
D)NaCl
E)fatty acid

Question 65

Which of the following descriptions of a polymer is FALSE?

A)Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.
B)A protein is a polymer of amino acids.
C)DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
D)ATP is a polymer of phosphates.
E)Starch is a polymer of glucose.

Question 66

What is the correct order for the following list of steps for initiating translation? 1. Binding of initiator tRNA to mRNA
2) Binding of large ribosomal subunit to mRNA
3) Binding of small ribosomal subunit to mRNA
4) Binding of a 2nd tRNA with its amino acid to the A site
5) Formation of covalent bond between methionine and second amino acid

A)1, 3, 2, 4, 5
B)1, 2, 3, 4, 5
C)3, 1, 2, 4, 5
D)3, 2, 1, 4, 5
E)2, 3, 1, 4, 5

Question 67

Which of the following packages proteins into secretory vesicles?

A)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B)lysosomes
C)mitochondria
D)Golgi apparatus
E)peroxisomes

Question 68

What is the innermost chamber of a mitochondrion called?

A)matrix
B)nuclear envelope
C)nuclear pore
D)nucleolus
E)plasma membrane

Question 69

What junctions allow the passage of small molecules and ions from the cytosol of one cell to that of a neighboring cell?

A)tight junctions
B)desmosomes
C)hemidesmosomes
D)basal lamina
E)gap junctions

Question 70

The protein is responsible for generating force as microtubular proteins in cilia slide past one another.

A)myosin
B)keratin
C)dynein
D)tubulin
E)actin

Question 71

Formation of peptide bonds occurs by condensation reactions between the _ group of one amino acid and the _ group of another.

A)carboxyl : amino acid amino
B)fatty acid : glycerol
C)amino acid : amino acid
D)glucose : glucose

Question 72

In Tay- Sachs Disease, which organelle contains the impaired enzymes?

A)lysosome
B)mitochondria
C)rough endoplasmic reticulum
D)centriole
E)Golgi apparatus

Question 73

are molecules that are composed of one or more phosphate groups, a 5- carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

A)Amino acids
B)Lipids
C)Nucleotides
D)Glycoproteins
E)Phospholipids

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a property of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A)stores calcium
B)forms transport vesicles to move proteins to the Golgi apparatus
C)steroid hormone synthesis
D)stores steroid hormones
E)In liver cells, it contains detoxifying enzymes.

Question 75

What is the layer of carbohydrates on the external surface of a cell called?

A)desmosome
B)inclusion
C)glycocalyx
D)glycogen
E)glycolysis

Question 76

What interaction between the phosphate and the carbohydrate of a nucleotide holds the backbone of a DNA strand together?

A)covalent bonds
B)van der Waals forces
C)hydrogen bonds
D)disulfide bridges
E)ionic bonds

Question 77

Each amino acid differs from others only by the

A)number of peptide bonds in the molecule.
B)number of central carbon atoms.
C)characteristic of its R group.
D)number of its carboxyl groups.
E)size of its amino group.

Question 78

are proteins attached to intermediate filaments in regions where cells are exposed to mechanical stresses.

A)Connexins
B)Cadherins
C)Occludins
D)Tubulins
E)Dyneins

Question 79

The is the site where lipids, triglycerides, and steroids are synthesized, as well as where calcium is stored within the cell.

A)lysosome
B)mitochondria
C)nucleolus
D)rough endoplasmic reticulum
E)smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 80

What junctions are found in epithelial tissue where they prevent paracellular movement of molecules?

A)basal lamina
B)desmosomes
C)tight junctions
D)hemidesmosomes
E)gap junctions