Deck 16: The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 1

What happens to the amount of cilia lining the inner walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

A)thickens
B)decreases
C)no change
D)increases
E)atrophies

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following has the difference between its pressure and atmospheric pressure driving the air into and out of the lungs?

A)intrapleural pressure
B)transpulmonary pressure
C)rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
D)intra- alveolar pressure
E)atmospheric pressure

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What does contraction of the diaphragm cause?

A)decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, an increase in intra- alveolar pressure
B)increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra- alveolar pressure
C)increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, an increase in intra- alveolar pressure
D)decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in atmospheric pressure
E)decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra- alveolar pressure

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following becomes more abundant deeper into the conducting zone (from bronchi to bronchioles)?

A)goblet cells
B)cartilage
C)type I alveolar cells
D)smooth muscle
E)cilia

Question 5

Why are alveoli arranged in small grape- like clusters?

A)increase chest volume and elasticity (resilience)
B)increase tidal volume
C)maximize surface area and minimize thickness
D)maximize surface area
E)maximize density and volume

Question 6

Which cells form the lung tissue component of the respiratory membrane?

A)alveolar macrophages
B)type I alveolar cells
C)type II alveolar cells
D)goblet cells
E)ciliated cells

Question 7

What are the most common cells that line the surface of the alveoli and are therefore associated with the exchange of gases within the lungs?

A)macrophages
B)goblet cells
C)type I alveolar cells
D)type II alveolar cells
E)type III alveolar cells

Question 8

The compliance of the lungs can be determined by measuring the change in for a given change in .

A)airway resistance : lung volume
B)lung volume : transpulmonary pressure
C)intra- alveolar pressure : lung volume
D)lung volume : airway resistance
E)lung volume : intra- alveolar pressure

Question 9

The surface tension of the alveolus is reduced by surfactants produced by what type of cells?

A)ciliated
B)goblet
C)type I alveolar
D)type II alveolar
E)type III alveolar

Question 10

Mycoplasma tuberculosis, the causative agent in tuberculosis, primarily infects the alveolar macrophages and is therefore very fortunate in its size. Why is this statement true?

A)It is just small enough to land in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the alveoli to infect macrophages.
B)It is just large enough to land in the respiratory bronchiole, where it migrates to the alveoli.
C)It is just small enough to land in the bronchi, where it is absorbed by alveolar macrophages.
D)It is just large enough to land in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them.
E)It is too small to be caught in the mucociliary ladder and too large to be immediately exhaled, thereby landing it in the alveoli.

Question 11

Which of the following varies rhythmically with respiration?

A)atmospheric pressure only
B)intrapleural pressure only
C)intra- alveolar pressure only
D)both intrapleural pressure and intra- alveolar pressure
E)both atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure

Question 12

The muscles of respiration are

A)smooth muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system.
B)smooth muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
C)smooth muscle, without innervation.
D)skeletal muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system.
E)skeletal muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 13

The presence of a negative intrapleural pressure at maximum expiration is responsible for which of the following?

A)residual volume
B)functional residual capacity
C)tidal volume
D)vital capacity
E)functional residual volume

Question 14

Which pressure is the distending force on the lungs?

A)transpulmonary pressure
B)atmospheric pressure
C)rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
D)intra- alveolar pressure
E)intrapleural pressure

Question 15

What is the term for the volume of air moved into the lungs every minute?

A)total lung capacity
B)tidal volume
C)pulmonary ventilation
D)alveolar ventilation
E)minute ventilation

Question 16

Figure 16.1
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the vital capacity?

A)2800
B)2200
C)1700
D)1300
E)4100

Question 17

Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration?

A)the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood
B)the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood by diffusion
C)the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues by diffusion
D)the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow
E)the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism

Question 18

What are the smallest (and most distal)structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract?

A)tertiary bronchioles
B)secondary bronchi
C)respiratory bronchioles
D)terminal bronchioles
E)bronchi

Question 19

The volume of air exchanged with the environment during an unforced breath is called

A)expiratory reserve volume.
B)vital capacity.
C)inspiratory capacity.
D)tidal volume.
E)inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 20

Which of the following is a measure of the distending force across the lungs?

A)atmospheric pressure
B)intrapleural pressure
C)intra- alveolar pressure
D)difference between intra- alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure
E)transpulmonary pressure

Question 21

What is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

A)presence of mucous
B)compliance
C)traction competency
D)airway radius
E)rate of air exchange

Question 22

Which pressure equals atmospheric pressure during a pneumothorax, causing the lungs to collapse?

A)atmospheric pressure
B)transpulmonary pressure
C)intra- alveolar pressure
D)rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
E)intrapleural pressure

Question 23

What are the primary inspiratory muscles?

A)diaphragm and the external and internal intercostals
B)diaphragm and abdominal muscles
C)external and internal intercostals
D)diaphragm and internal intercostals
E)diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 24

The volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximum expiration is called

A)residual volume.
B)tidal volume.
C)inspiratory capacity.
D)vital capacity.
E)inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT part of the response of an airway to specific allergens that initiate an asthmatic response?

A)increased inflammatory response
B)increased secretion of mucus
C)increased airway resistance
D)increased histamine release
E)increased release of corticosteroids

Question 26

The compliance of the lung is determined by the elasticity of the lung and

A)transpulmonary pressure.
B)volume.
C)surface tension.
D)intra- alveolar pressure.
E)airway resistance.

Question 27

A healthy person can normally exhale what percentage of his or her vital capacity in one second?

A)20
B)100
C)80
D)10
E)50

Question 28

What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume called?

A)total lung capacity
B)vital capacity
C)tidal volume
D)inspiratory capacity
E)inspiratory reserve volume

Question 29

A decrease in _ is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease.

A)tidal volume
B)forced vital capacity
C)minute ventilation
D)residual volume
E)forced expiratory volume

Question 30

The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs?

A)intrapleural and intra- alveolar
B)pulmonary venous and atmospheric
C)atmospheric and intrapleural
D)central venous and intracoronary
E)atmospheric and intra- alveolar

Question 31

A decrease in is indicative of a restrictive pulmonary disease.

A)minute ventilation
B)tidal volume
C)vital capacity
D)residual volume
E)forced expiratory volume

Question 32

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting inspiration is called

A)inspiratory capacity.
B)vital capacity.
C)tidal volume.
D)expiratory reserve volume.
E)inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 33

What is the significance of the respiratory membrane to facilitate gas exchange?

A)All three surfaces are kept moist through interstitial fluid exchange.
B)Epithelial and endothelial cells share a common basement membrane.
C)The surface area is increased with this membrane.
D)Its thickness prohibits the alveoli from pulling away from the capillary.
E)It is covered with surfactant to accelerate gas exchange.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

A)enhancing venous return
B)heat loss
C)electrolyte balance of blood
D)vocalization
E)acid- base balance of blood

Question 35

The volume of air in the lungs following a maximum inspiration is called

A)total lung capacity.
B)inspiratory capacity.
C)inspiratory reserve volume.
D)vital capacity.
E)tidal volume.

Question 36

Which cells engulf foreign particles that reach the lungs?

A)alveolar macrophages
B)goblet cells
C)ciliated cells
D)type II alveolar cells
E)type I alveolar cells

Question 37

The COPD called emphysema forces the afflicted to exhale through pursed lips to maintain intrabronchial backpressure, thereby preventing

A)airway collapse.
B)surface tension decrease.
C)decreased traction.
D)the use of secondary breathing muscles.
E)mixing of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood.

Question 38

The volume of air in the lungs at rest, between breaths, is called

A)tidal volume.
B)inspiratory reserve volume.
C)vital capacity.
D)inspiratory capacity.
E)functional residual capacity.

Question 39

What is the function of alveolar pores?

A)equalize pressure in the lungs
B)a portal for diapedesis
C)speed the rate of diffusion
D)allow for nutrients to reach the alveolar cells
E)allow for exhalation of H2O formed during cellular respiration

Question 40

In an obstructive disease, the lungs can become overinflated because the difficulty in tends to .

A)expiration : decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity
B)expiration : increase vital capacity
C)inspiration : increase total lung capacity and vital capacity
D)inspiration : decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity
E)expiration : increase residual volume and total lung capacity

Question 41

Which of the following is most abundant in the trachea and bronchi, becoming much less dense (and eventually absent)in the bronchioles?

A)type II alveolar cells
B)smooth muscle cells
C)cartilage
D)goblet cells
E)macrophages

Question 42

Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer?

A)inspiratory reserve volume
B)vital capacity
C)tidal volume
D)inspiratory capacity
E)residual volume

Question 43

Which cells secrete mucus?

A)ciliated cells
B)goblet cells
C)type II alveolar cells
D)alveolar macrophages
E)type I alveolar cells

Question 44

Which of the following is TRUE when the lung volume is equal to the functional residual capacity?

A)Intra- alveolar pressure is less than intrapleural pressure.
B)Intrapleural pressure is zero.
C)Intra- alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
D)Intra- alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
E)The elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic recoil of the chest wall.

Question 45

What happens to a dust particle that is too small to fall from the inspired air and land in the alveoli?

A)It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize it.
B)It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled.
C)It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed.
D)It is inhaled and then exhaled.
E)It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out

Question 46

How do tractive forces affect the airways during inspiration?

A)decrease in compliance
B)decrease in airway resistance
C)increase in compliance
D)increase in airway resistance
E)bronchodilation

Question 47

A(n)is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow.

A)ratiometer
B)spirometer
C)electroencephalogram
D)X- ray
E)electrocardiograph

Question 48

Functional residual capacity is comprised of which of the following?

A)tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume only
B)tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume only
C)residual volume and expiratory reserve volume only
D)vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume only
E)tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

Question 49

What is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath during unforced breathing called?

A)total lung capacity
B)functional residual capacity
C)vital capacity
D)minute ventilation
E)tidal volume

Question 50

The tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume together make up which of the following?

A)inspiratory capacity
B)functional residual capacity
C)total lung capacity
D)residual volume
E)vital capacity

Question 51

The difference between intrapleural pressure and intra- alveolar pressure is

A)approximately 100 mm Hg.
B)transpulmonary pressure.
C)zero.
D)the driving force for air flow into and out of the lungs.
E)atmospheric pressure.

Question 52

What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume called?

A)functional residual capacity
B)inspiratory capacity
C)tidal volume
D)inspiratory reserve volume
E)vital capacity

Question 53

At rest, expiration is a(n)process that involves .

A)active : relaxation of the diaphragm
B)active : contraction of the internal intercostals
C)passive : relaxation of the internal intercostals
D)active : the contraction of the diaphragm
E)passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 54

Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration but is always negative?

A)rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
B)atmospheric pressure
C)intra- alveolar pressure
D)transpulmonary pressure
E)intrapleural pressure

Question 55

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume is called

A)inspiratory capacity.
B)vital capacity.
C)inspiratory reserve volume.
D)tidal volume.
E)functional residual capacity.

Question 56

Which pressure is created by the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall?

A)intra- alveolar pressure
B)transpulmonary pressure
C)atmospheric pressure
D)intrapleural pressure
E)exhalation pressure

Question 57

When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to

A)transpulmonary pressure.
B)systolic blood pressure.
C)intrapleural pressure.
D)atmospheric pressure.
E)end- diastolic pressure.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT involved in altering the resistance of the airway to air movement?

A)transpulmonary pressure
B)contractile activity of bronchiolar smooth muscle cells
C)tractive forces exerted on the airway by surrounding tissue
D)secretion of mucus into the airway
E)pulmonary surfactant concentration

Question 59

The intra- alveolar pressure is determined by what two factors?

A)quantity of air in the alveolus and volume of the alveoli
B)functional residual capacity and elastic recoil
C)elastic recoil and intrapulmonary pressure
D)dead air space and atmospheric pressure
E)perfusion pressure and elastic recoil

Question 60

Equilibration of pressure between the intrapleural space and the alveoli will lead to which of the following?

A)air moving out of the lungs
B)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
C)a pneumothorax (the lung will collapse)
D)air moving into the lungs
E)restrictive pulmonary disease

Question 61

What is the volume of the respiratory pathway that is NOT able to exchange gases (conducting pathway)called?

A)anatomical dead space
B)functional residual volume
C)dead volume
D)functional dead space
E)residual volume

Question 62

What happens to a dust particle that is too large to stay airborne and land in the alveoli?

A)It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed.
B)It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled.
C)It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out.
D)It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them.
E)It lands in the mucociliary ladder and moves to the pharynx to be swallowed.

Question 63

Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

A)pulmonary ventilation
B)respiration
C)expiration
D)secondary ventilation
E)internal respiration

Question 64

What happens to the inner diameter of the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

A)no change
B)thickens
C)increases
D)decreases
E)thins

Question 65

Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration from a negative value during inspiration and a positive value during expiration?

A)rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
B)transpulmonary pressure
C)intra- alveolar pressure
D)atmospheric pressure
E)intrapleural pressure

Question 66

Figure 16.1
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A)1300
B)1700
C)2800
D)2200
E)600

Question 67

What is the term for the volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone each minute?

A)tidal volume
B)alveolar ventilation
C)pulmonary ventilation
D)minute ventilation
E)total lung capacity

Question 68

Which of the following is responsible for changes in airway resistance that occur in a single breath?

A)sensitivity of smooth muscle cells to allergens
B)autonomic nervous system
C)surrounding atmospheric pressure
D)passive forces exerted on the airways
E)contractility of smooth muscle cells

Question 69

What happens to the amount of cartilage in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

A)no change
B)thickens
C)hypertrophies
D)decreases
E)increases

Question 70

What is the primary anatomical difference that marks the dividing line between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract?

A)the absence of goblet cells
B)the thickness of the walls surrounding the air spaces
C)the absence of cartilage
D)the presence of macrophages
E)the presence of smooth muscle and the absence of cartilage

Question 71

What benefit are corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma?

A)They reduce inflammation of the airways.
B)They decrease mucus secretion into the airways.
C)They induce bronchoconstriction.
D)They induce bronchodilation.
E)They increase blood flow to the airways.

Question 72

The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a resting expiration is called

A)tidal volume.
B)expiratory reserve volume.
C)vital capacity.
D)inspiratory reserve volume.
E)inspiratory capacity.

Question 73

What happens to the number of goblet cells found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

A)increases
B)decreases
C)no change
D)changes to ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
E)thickens

Question 74

What happens to the amount of smooth muscle found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?

A)increases
B)decreases
C)thins
D)It is not found in the conducting zone.
E)no change

Question 75

Which cells form the mucus escalator?

A)ciliated cells
B)type I alveolar cells
C)alveolar macrophages
D)type II alveolar cells
E)goblet cells

Question 76

Which pressure is constant during the respiratory cycle?

A)atmospheric pressure
B)intra- alveolar pressure
C)rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
D)transpulmonary pressure
E)intrapleural pressure

Question 77

A normal tidal volume at rest is approximately mL.

A)100
B)5000
C)10,000
D)500
E)1000

Question 78

As the volume of the chest wall increases, the concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a(n)

A)decrease in intra- alveolar pressure.
B)decrease in transpulmonary pressure.
C)increase in transpulmonary pressure.
D)increase in intrapleural pressure.
E)increase in atmospheric pressure.

Question 79

Figure 16.1
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the inspiratory capacity?

A)2800
B)1700
C)600
D)1300
E)2200

Question 80

What is the volume of air present in the lungs when the lungs are at rest (in between breaths)?

A)residual volume
B)functional residual capacity
C)total lung capacity
D)zero
E)tidal volume