Deck 12: Hybridization Techniques

Question 1

What is the purpose of RNase in a DNA extraction procedure?

A)To digest the ribosomal RNA
B)To stabilize DNA within the preparation
C)To stabilize RNA within the preparation
D)To remove DNA from the preparation
E)To remove RNA from the preparation

Answer 1

To remove RNA from the preparation

Question 2

How does eukaryotic DNA differ from prokaryotic DNA?

A)Messenger RNA synthesized from eukaryotic DNA contains introns.
B)Eukaryotic DNA is wound around histones.
C)Eukaryotic DNA has more controller and promoter gene sequences.
D)Eukaryotic DNA is more highly coiled.
E)All of the above.

Answer 2

All of the above.

Question 3

How is RNA different from DNA?

A)It contains uracil instead of thymine.
B)It contains ribose instead of deoxyribose.
C)It is not double- stranded.
D)All of the above.

Answer 3

All of the above.

Question 4

Which procedural step in DNA purification below is required for eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

A)Addition of EDTA
B)Ethanol precipitation
C)Phenol:chloroform extraction
D)Addition of detergent (Triton- X, SDS, etc.)
E)Centrifugation to pellet the nucleus

Question 5

How does chemical degradation DNA sequencing (Maxam- Gilbert)differ from the dideoxy chain termination (Sanger)method?

A)Agarose gel is used for electrophoresis instead of high resolution polyacrylamide gel.
B)Ethidium bromide is used to visualize the DNA fragments instead of radioactive sulfur or phosphorus.
C)A lower ratio of dideoxy:deoxy nucleotides is used.
D)"Rare cutter" restriction enzymes or nucleotide chemical modification are used to localize each base.

Question 6

Which enzyme below links the discontinuous strands being synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction?

A)RNA polymerase
B)DNA polymerase
C)DNA gyrase
D)DNA helicase
E)DNA ligase

Question 7

How can DNA be removed from an agarose gel?

A)Cutting out the band from the gel
B)Using low melting agarose
C)Electroelution
D)Sephacryl S- 300 columns
E)All of the above

Question 8

All of the following can be used to lyse cells except

A)sarkosyl.
B)diethylpyrocarbonate.
C)lysozyme.
D)Triton- X.
E)guanidium isothiocyanate.

Question 9

How can double- stranded DNA be converted to single stranded DNA?

A)Formaldehyde
B)Temperatures in excess of 90° C
C)pH greater than 10.5
D)All of the above

Question 10

When restriction enzymes cut a large strand of DNA, the resulting mixture is called a(n)

A)catenane.
B)oligonucleotide.
C)chimera.
D)digest.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A)The "sides" of the helix are composed of deoxyribose and sulfate groups.
B)The structure is a double helix.
C)Regarding the nitrogeneous bases, adenine is always paired with guanine, and cytosine is always paired with thymine.
D)All of the above.

Question 12

Each of the following is TRUE regarding mRNA except

A)a single strand of mRNA may be translated by ribosomes only once.
B)the 3' end of mRNA in eukaryotes consists of multiple adenines, the "poly- A tail."
C)in eukaryotes, mRNA must undergo posttranscription processing to remove introns and join exons before it can be translated.
D)translation of mRNA in prokaryotes can occur even before the mRNA strand is completely synthesized.

Question 13

What is the first step in DNA purification from whole cells?

A)Phenol:chloroform extraction
B)Cell lysis
C)Addition of RNase
D)Ethanol precipitation

Question 14

What is the purpose of EDTA in a DNA extraction procedure?

A)To denature proteins
B)To convert double- stranded DNA to single- stranded DNA
C)To denature RNA
D)To dissolve the nuclear membrane
E)To inhibit DNase

Question 15

Each word below is paired correctly with its definition below except

A)intron/portion of mRNA that is translated into protein.
B)transcription/conversion of DNA sequence to a mRNA sequence.
C)codon/sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that corresponds to a particular amino acid.
D)translation/conversion of an mRNA sequence to a protein sequence.
E)anticodon/sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that corresponds to a particular codon sequence on mRNA.

Question 16

In a DNA extraction procedure, what will a mixture of phenol and chloroform extract?

A)Protein
B)DNA
C)RNA
D)All of the above

Question 17

Large size RNA can be precipitated using

A)sarkosyl.
B)guanidium isothiocyanate.
C)phenol.
D)chloroform.
E)lithium chloride.

Question 18

Why is intact mRNA difficult to purify?

A)Cells naturally contain RNases.
B)RNases are present on human skin.
C)Structural RNA in the ribosomes and circulating tRNA contaminate cytosol preparations.
D)RNases may be present in the environment.
E)All of the above.

Question 19

Which enzyme(s)below is (are)paired correctly with function?

A)DNA gyrase/supercoil areas of DNA to be replicated
B)DNA helicase/seal mother and daughter DNA strands
C)RNA polymerase/catalyze protein translation in the ribosomes
D)DNA polymerase/"proofread" DNA replication to minimize errors

Question 20

Which reagent below is necessary to construct chimeric DNA?

A)Triton- X
B)Cesium chloride
C)Restriction enzyme
D)Ethanol
E)DNA polymerase

Question 21

The DNA sequence of the fragment analyzed below is .

Question 22

A sequence specific endonuclease that cuts DNA at a particular nucleotide sequence is also called a .

Question 23

DNA sequencing using the Sanger method requires high- concentration agarose gels to analyze the fragments.

Question 24

Particular nucleic acid sequences embedded in tissues can be detected using a technique called

A)Northern blotting.
B)Western blotting.
C)restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)analysis.
D)Southern blotting.
E)in situ hybridization.

Question 25

The correct sequence of genetic expression is (1)a gene is composed of DNA, (2)mRNA is synthesized from the gene, and (3)protein is synthesized from the mRNA.

Question 26

Transfer of DNA fragments to a solid support medium (like nitrocellulose)is called Southern blotting.

Question 27

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites leaving only double- stranded fragments.

Question 28

RNA fragments cannot be detected using DNA probes.

Question 29

Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP)can be used to detect

A)abnormal copy number of repeated sequences.
B)genetic polymorphisms.
C)mutations.
D)All of the above.

Question 30

Strepavidin can be used to detect which of the following nucleic acid labels?

A)Biotin
B)Ethidium bromide
C)Propidium iodide
D)Radioactive sulfur
E)Radioactive phosphorus

Question 31

A convenient method of creating DNA probes is called

A)nick translation.
B)in situ hybridization.
C)Western blotting.
D)Southern blotting.
E)Northern blotting.

Question 32

The enzyme responsible for DNA transcription is DNA polymerase.

Question 33

When two pieces of complementary DNA from different sources anneal together, the resulting structure is called a primer.

Question 34

Ribosomes begin translation of mRNA at the AUG codon.

Question 35

Separating the two strands of DNA in a double helix is relatively easy because _ bonds join the nitrogenous bases.

Question 36

The form of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis is messenger RNA.

Question 37

The unit of DNA comprised of a combination of a deoxyribose molecule, phosphate group, and nitrogeneous base is called a _ .

Question 38

Actual production of completed, functional proteins in tissues can be detected using a technique called

A)Southern blotting.
B)in situ hybridization.
C)immunohistochemistry.
D)Northern blotting.
E)Western blotting.

Question 39

Double- stranded DNA electrophoresed on agarose gel can be visualized using UV light with the stain .

Question 40

A common technique for detecting radioactivity in nucleic acid fragments is autoradiography.

Question 41

Describe the Sanger method of DNA sequencing.

Question 42

Describe the Southern blotting procedure for analyzing DNA.

Question 43

How does one determine if a particular restriction enzyme is suitable for analyzing a particular piece of DNA?

Question 44

Explain why DNA replication is called bidirectional and semiconservative.

Question 45

Explain how messenger RNA (mRNA)can be purified from mixtures containing structural RNA.