Deck 11: Intergroup Behaviour

Question 1

The modern study of intergroup behaviour brings together analyses involving several processes and principles. This perspective is a:

A) group process.
B) social influence.
C) behavioural analysis.
D) meta-theory.

Answer 1

meta-theory.

Question 2

Berkowitz's (1972) 'long hot summer' explanation of collective violence attributes aggression most specifically to:

A) interpersonal factors.
B) a large number of people acting in a uniform fashion.
C) relative deprivation.
D) frustration.

Answer 2

relative deprivation.

Question 3

Ethnocentrism refers to:

A) an egocentric world view.
B) collective outgroup aggression.
C) the view that one's group is superior.
D) inability to see other perspectives.

Answer 3

the view that one's group is superior.

Question 4

Kelly and Breinlinger (1996) conducted a longitudinal study examining women's involvement in women's group activities. They found that:

A) relative deprivation reliably predicted involvement in women's group activities across all participants.
B) relative deprivation reliably predicted involvement in women's group activities but only in women who strongly identified with women's groups.
C) relative deprivation reliably predicted involvement in women's group activities but only in women who did not strongly identify with women's groups.
D) relative deprivation was not found to reliably predict involvement in women's group activities.

Question 5

What kind of relative deprivation has been found to be associated with social unrest?

A) Egoistic relative deprivation but NOT fraternalistic relative deprivation
B) Egoistic relative deprivation AND fraternalistic relative deprivation
C) Fraternalistic relative deprivation but NOT egoistic relative deprivation
D) Interpersonal relative deprivation

Question 6

If Martha thinks that she has less than what she due, or what others in her situation have, she feels:

A) jealous.
B) egoistically relatively deprived.
C) fraternalistically relatively deprived.
D) depressed.

Question 7

A feeling of personally having less than we feel entitled to, relative to our aspirations or to other individuals, is an example of:

A) fraternalistic relative deprivation.
B) social unrest.
C) egoistic relative deprivation.
D) depressed state.

Question 8

We can feel relatively deprived when we compare ourselves with others who are:

A) neither similar nor dissimilar.
B) similar but not dissimilar.
C) either similar or dissimilar.
D) dissimilar but not similar.

Question 9

Race riots in Los Angeles in 1992 were consistent with a relative deprivation theory of social unrest because the rioting took place:

A) in an area that was not as impoverished as other Black areas.
B) at the time of the municipal elections.
C) in a Black ghetto considered to be the worst in Los Angeles.
D) in the summer time during a long hot period.

Question 10

Recognition of people as members of distinct social groups reflects a context of:

A) culture contact.
B) great suspicion.
C) intergroup behaviour.
D) realistic conflict.

Question 11

According to Klandermans (1997), which of the following observations best explains how social protests happen?

A) Protest is an individual action resulting from a clash with society.
B) Protests are political act to gain control when something appears wrong.
C) Protest sympathisers translate their attitudes into reactions from rioters.
D) Protest is intergroup behaviour that occurs in multiorganisational fields.

Question 12

The modern study of intergroup behaviour takes into account:

A) only power relationships between categories of people.
B) only cognitions that are influenced by a person's group membership.
C) only behaviour that is influenced by a person's group membership.
D) power relationships, group membership cognition and influence on behaviour.

Question 13

John is an undergraduate student in psychology. He feels that the teaching rooms for his class in psychology are not up to scratch compared with those used by psychology graduate students-what's more, the undergraduate timetable is worse as well! He is experiencing:

A) perceived personal deprivation.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) fraternalistic relative deprivation.
D) egoistic relative deprivation.

Question 14

Developed more formally for intergroup conflict by Davis (1959) 'relative deprivation' refers to:

A) military intervention in a foreign country.
B) poor pay and food.
C) a discrepancy between expectations and attainments.
D) lack of sex.

Question 15

The classical graph depicting relative deprivation at different time periods looks like a(n):

A) straight rising line.
B) J-curve.
C) inverted U-shape curve.
D) monotonic line.

Question 16

Which of the following statements on social unrest is supported by research?

A) Social unrest results in collective action only when we perceive there is injustice of some form.
B) Collective action in the form of protest only happens when participants believe the protest will be successful.
C) Collective action begins when an individual sees that one member of an outgroup is more successful.
D) Social unrest begins when we do not achieve our goals as a result of social inadequacies.

Question 17

According to Crosby's (1982) paradox, the 'contented female worker' does not protest against her lower pay compared to her male counterparts because she:

A) compares her circumstances with other females.
B) does not buy into power hierarchies.
C) has no avenues for social protest.
D) devalues female work skills.

Question 18

Collective behaviour involves, at the very least:

A) a crowd making a lot of noise in a public place.
B) a riot that suddenly breaks out.
C) a super-mentality promoting discrimination.
D) a large number of people acting in a uniform manner.

Question 19

Most cases of social unrest occur against a background of:

A) a laissez-faire political environment.
B) fraternalistic relative deprivation.
C) egoistic relative deprivation.
D) a corrupt police force.

Question 20

In contrast to other explanations of prejudice and discrimination, Sherif stressed the role of:

A) interpersonal processes.
B) personality traits.
C) intergroup relations.
D) governmental politics.

Question 21

Sherif (1962) argues in his 'realistic conflict theory' that:

A) the mere presence of another group should improve intergroup relations.
B) shared goals between groups reduce intergroup conflict.
C) simple contact between members of opposing groups can improve intergroup relations.
D) superordinate goals take group conflict to a higher level.

Question 22

Competition for resources is more destructive when groups compete rather than individuals. This is because:

A) of social facilitation.
B) of the cumulative impact that additional group members have.
C) the commons dilemma is involved.
D) ethnocentric actions are more potent than self-interest.

Question 23

Sam joins a psychology study group at the start of semester. Each week the group members share the notes they took during classes, as well as interesting articles they have found. However, each week Sam claims to have been too sick or busy during the week to go to class or to take any notes. As such, Sam takes a copy of everyone else's notes from the study group but never contributes anything to the group himself. This is an example of:

A) the free-rider effect.
B) relative deprivation.
C) the commons dilemma.
D) public goods dilemma.

Question 24

Which of the following is a notable finding from Sherif's summer camps field study?

A) Prejudice, discrimination and ethnocentrism arose as a consequence of perceived intergroup conflict
B) The losers of the intergroup camp games and competitions were usually the ones that expressed the greater intergroup aggression
C) Simple contact between members of opposing groups did not improve intergroup relations
D) The boys personality types were either authoritarian or dogmatic which caused the conflict

Question 25

Pollution of the atmosphere as a result of vehicle emissions is an example of:

A) a commons dilemma.
B) the free-rider effect.
C) mass rapid transit systems.
D) insufficient research.

Question 26

Sherif believed that intergroup harmony can turn to conflict, and then ethnocentrism, when:

A) the groups compete for scarce resources.
B) an authoritarian leader comes to power.
C) one group notices that another group exists.
D) temperatures rise.

Question 27

Social identities:

A) predict appropriate behaviours based on group membership.
B) are self-ascribed attributes based on personal beliefs.
C) describes members of a social group based on self perception.
D) defines and evaluates who we are based on group membership.

Question 28

The social dilemma which states that 'cooperation by all benefits all, but competition by all harms all' is referred to as:

A) the free-rider effect.
B) the commons dilemma.
C) the all for one, one for all effect.
D) social unrest.

Question 29

What is a limitation of the various studies examining realistic conflict theory (e.g., Sherif's summer camp studies)?

A) There are a large number of variables operating together in these studies and thus the causal agents of the intergroup behaviour are confounded
B) The studies were conducted a long time ago and need to be replicated to verify that this effect of realistic conflict theory still exists
C) The boys in the camp all had authoritarian personalities
D) Shared goals do not improve intergroup relations

Question 30

Sandra collects Cindy from the kindergarten and goes straight to the public swimming pool. When Cindy says 'I want to go 'wees'', Sandra whispers to 'just pee in the pool'. Sandra's suggestion is an example of a:

A) public goods dilemma.
B) liberal upbringing.
C) sensible parent dealing with the real world.
D) commons dilemma.

Question 31

The minimal group paradigm argues that:

A) ethnocentrism hinges on having as few groups as possible.
B) only two individuals are required to form a group.
C) being categorised as a group member is necessary to produce intergroup behaviour.
D) intergroup behaviour should be pigeon-holed in a minimum number of ways.

Question 32

An aspect of yourself arises from your group membership(s). It is your:

A) social identity.
B) ethnic/cultural identity.
C) personal identity.
D) sense of belongingness.

Question 33

According to Sherif (1962) ethnocentrism is the outcome of:

A) conflict between groups associated with competition for resources.
B) political propaganda promoting the majority in a society.
C) learned and modelled attitudes and behaviour within cultures.
D) ignorance of other cultural perspectives or attitudes.

Question 34

The free-rider effect occurs when people:

A) take buses instead of drive cars.
B) use train concession cards.
C) cause costs to others by pursuing their self-interest.
D) indulge in car-pooling.

Question 35

One feature of a commons dilemma is that:

A) cooperation between individuals is required to protect a renewable resource.
B) group norms often conflict with what individuals commonly want to do.
C) common people often want to be in an exclusive group but can't afford it.
D) having a commons or shared area is not possible with urbanisation.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT true of group prototypes?

A) Group prototypes are cognitive representations of groups
B) Group prototypes are composed of an average of ingroup member attributes
C) Group prototypes are context-dependent
D) Group prototypes are closely related to stereotypes

Question 37

A common method to study realistic conflict theory involves using a two-person game in which both parties are torn between competition and cooperation and, depending on mutual choices, both parties can win or both can lose. An appropriate paradigm to create this situation experimentally would be:

A) the soldier game and the prisoner's dilemma.
B) the prisoner's dilemma and the uncommon attitudes.
C) the trucking game and the common game.
D) the prisoner's dilemma and the trucking game.

Question 38

Are there any solutions to social dilemmas? Brewer and colleagues identified a condition where individuals cooperate for the preservation of the common good, namely, when they:

A) have regulations to punish those who abuse common goods.
B) derive their social identity from the group with access to the resource.
C) negotiate behavioural guidelines for all members.
D) understand the detrimental consequences of their actions.

Question 39

Who said that 'we cannot extrapolate from the properties of individuals to the characteristics of group situations'?

A) Zimbardo
B) Doise
C) Fiedler
D) Sherif

Question 40

Social categorisation refers to:

A) a process associated with the realistic conflict theory.
B) the attitude that precedes discrimination.
C) collective attribution.
D) the process of classifying people as members of different social groups.

Question 41

Social creativity is a type of strategy to improve social identity when:

A) there are cognitive alternatives available to induce social change.
B) individuals can assimilate into a high-status group through various methods.
C) there are no cognitive alternatives available to induce social change.
D) there are artistically-oriented people in charge.

Question 42

Social identity should become more positive through EACH of:

A) social competition, individual creativity and social isolation.
B) social competition, social creativity and individual mobility.
C) individual competition, individual creativity and individual mobility.
D) social castes, ideologies and a feudal system.

Question 43

In a number of studies on ingroup bias conducted between 1961 and 1970, Vaughan found that urban Maori changed from showing outgroup preference to ingroup preference. This can be attributed to:

A) a decline in the Maori population.
B) a cognitive trend.
C) social change.
D) an ambiguous experimental design.

Question 44

Intergroup differentiation refers to:

A) a widely shared and simplified evaluative image of a social group.
B) behaviours that emphasise differences between one's own group and other groups.
C) an evaluative preference for all aspects of one's own group relative to another.
D) a low level of discrimination.

Question 45

Comparison with a different outgroup, or using alternative dimensions for comparison, are tactics employed to enhance social identity:

A) where there is direct social competition.
B) when there are no cognitive alternatives to bring about social change.
C) as part of the social mobility belief system.
D) only when there are similar groups that allow for comparison.

Question 46

Uncertainty-identity theory argues that social identity processes are motivated by:

A) the desire to reduce uncertainty about one's own identity (with regard to how one behaves and relates to other people).
B) uncertainty and ambivalence about the future and its consequences.
C) uncertainty regarding how to relate to other individuals.
D) a desire to identify with groups and adjust our own behaviour accordingly.

Question 47

A social mobility belief system:

A) prohibits group action by subordinate groups.
B) allows individuals to assimilate into higher-status groups.
C) is enshrined in Eastern collective political systems.
D) directly attacks the dominant group's position.

Question 48

In societies characterised by a social mobility belief system, individuals can improve the quality of their social identity by:

A) engaging in civil rights activities.
B) assimilating into a high-status group.
C) emigrating.
D) challenging the higher-status group.

Question 49

Charles lives in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney but has not received a tertiary education. He decides that learning speech elocution should ease him up from a lower-status group to a higher-status group. Charles believes in:

A) speech-ism.
B) a social change belief system.
C) a social mobility belief system.
D) a groupthink mentality.

Question 50

Group-based behavioural strategies can make individuals' social identity more positive. One way is to confront the dominant group's position directly. This is:

A) social competition.
B) revolution.
C) intergroup confrontation.
D) social mobility.

Question 51

An accentuation of intergroup differences produced by social categorisation:

A) is particularly strong where there are clear boundaries between groups.
B) occurs predominantly on dimensions that favour the outgroup.
C) can be most successfully accomplished through the media.
D) is amplified when there is a strong need to differentiate the groups.

Question 52

The social mobility belief system refers to:

A) the belief that social boundaries between groups are impermeable.
B) the mass exodus of people from the city in the summer holidays.
C) the belief that social boundaries between groups are permeable.
D) collective action taken by individuals to challenge the status quo.

Question 53

Brigham and Barkowitz (1978) had African American and Caucasian college students view a photograph set of African American and Caucasian faces. Participants were then shown a second set of faces in which they had to indicate whether they had seen each of the faces in the previous photoset. They found that participants had more difficulty recognising outgroup than ingroup faces. This is an example of:

A) racism.
B) the relative homogeneity effect.
C) social categorisation.
D) self-categorisation.

Question 54

The relative homogeneity effect refers to:

A) policies aimed at closing the gaps between minorities and the dominant group.
B) the process of estimating individuals' similarities relative to a standard.
C) the tendency to view ingroup members as more differentiated than outgroup members.
D) higher level analyses of a group that focus on commonalities rather than individual differences.

Question 55

The accentuation effect includes the:

A) pressure on a new group member to fit into a newly adopted category.
B) overestimation of similarities among people within a category.
C) attempt by language minorities to retain their accent.
D) underestimation of dissimilarities between members of different categories.

Question 56

When we categorise others, we see them through the lens of the relevant ingroup or outgroup prototype-we view them as members of a group, not as unique idiosyncratic individuals. This is referred to as:

A) dehumanisation.
B) the meta-contrast principle.
C) depersonalisation.
D) self-enhancement.

Question 57

The relative homogeneity effect occurs when we treat:

A) everyone to a jolly good time.
B) our relatives in exactly the same way.
C) our own group as more heterogeneous than outgroups.
D) someone as a prototypical embodiment of the group.

Question 58

A prototype is:

A) the cognitive representation of the typical/ideal defining features of a category.
B) an idealised representation of a group member.
C) an agreed specimen as a yard stick for selecting new group members.
D) a technical invention not yet gone into production.

Question 59

Helga has been living here for almost a decade now. Despite her German accent she sees herself as a local. Her group identification is at the core of:

A) self-categorisation.
B) groupthink.
C) identity loss.
D) deindividuation.

Question 60

The social change belief system refers to:

A) the natural progression from one social system to another through time.
B) individuals' inherent belief that social groups have what they deserve.
C) individuals dissociating themselves from their group to join another group.
D) the belief that social boundaries between groups are impermeable.

Question 61

SIDE is a social identity approach to understanding:

A) good things that often happen inside a crowd.
B) gossip that takes place on the side.
C) deindividuation phenomena.
D) Seriously Individual DEviants.

Question 62

Gene sees aspects of his life as a balancing act. He frequently finds that there is a fine line between being part of the gang and expressing his individuality. What Gene is striving to achieve is:

A) optimal distinctiveness.
B) relative homogeneity.
C) the metacontrast principle.
D) social mobility.

Question 63

Jenny is a staunch atheist who doesn't particularly like religious people. One day at lunchtime, her fellow atheist friend Jack starts telling Jenny about an old friend he has, Tina, who is a Christian. When Jenny discovers that Jack has such a close friend who is religious, she begins to wonder 'perhaps religious people aren't quite as bad as I thought?' This is an example of:

A) the extended contact effect.
B) generalisation.
C) ingroup favouritism.
D) bargaining.

Question 64

In the same year that the US Supreme Court desegregated the education system, Allport (1954) proposed:

A) social identity theory.
B) the contact hypothesis.
C) deindividuation.
D) the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Question 65

Song is Korean and thinks she can pick the facial differences between northern Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese people much better than she can between French, Spanish and Italian people. Carlos is Portuguese, and he sees it exactly in reverse. Whether they can or not, their beliefs point to:

A) the relative homogeneity effect.
B) East-West differences in the self-concept.
C) the relative differentiation effect.
D) different ethnic phenotypes.

Question 66

Superordinate goals will not reduce intergroup conflict if:

A) a monetary incentive is not provided.
B) the groups fail to achieve the goal.
C) the groups are ethnically diverse.
D) the goal is not a shared threat.

Question 67

When representatives of different groups resolve intergroup conflict through direct negotiation, we have a case of:

A) bargaining.
B) conciliation.
C) arbitration.
D) mediation.

Question 68

In his book The Crowd (1908), Le Bon argued that people in a crowd:

A) unleash primitive and homogenous behaviour.
B) locate food sources before settling down.
C) establish personal territories.
D) relax and get to know each other.

Question 69

Emergent norm theory focuses on:

A) normative behaviour that is collectively negotiated by individuals' stress.
B) collective action as norm-governed behaviour within an initially normless crowd.
C) how leaders emerge in initially normless crowds to create order.
D) the breakdown of established norms and their replacement by new ones.

Question 70

Diener et al. (1976) studied the behaviour of children on Halloween. In a series of focal homes, children were warmly invited into the houses and told that they could take one piece of candy from a bowl on a table. It was found that children who remained anonymous were more likely to take extra pieces of candy compared to children who disclosed their name and address to the homeowners. This finding can be attributed to:

A) deindividuation.
B) crowd behaviour.
C) greed.
D) the free-rider effect.

Question 71

According to Zimbardo (1970) deindividuation:

A) induces behaviour that is normative in our society.
B) provides a cloak of anonymity that diffuses individual responsibility.
C) heightens concern for social evaluation.
D) makes us very conscious of who we are.

Question 72

Education, contact, superordinate goals and conciliation are strategies to:

A) generate intergroup competition.
B) clarify group boundaries.
C) facilitate the dissemination of prototypes.
D) improve intergroup relations.

Question 73

In social psychology, intergroup bargaining refers to a process of:

A) groups making cooperative gestures to avoid conflict.
B) individuals negotiating and promoting their self-interest.
C) conflict resolution through negotiation to reach agreement.
D) partners negotiating their relationship to create harmony.

Question 74

According to intergroup emotion theory proposed by Mackie and her colleagues, in an intergroup context:

A) positive emotions about an outgroup can lead to discrimination against the outgroup.
B) our own self appraises whether a situation will harm or benefit individuals.
C) positive emotions about an ingroup should lead to ingroup solidarity.
D) the more strongly we identify with a group, the weaker our emotions become.

Question 75

Le Bon's 1908 theory on crowd behaviour has influenced modern theories because he argued that:

A) only despotic leaders use crowds for their own purposes.
B) crowd behaviour has pathological and abnormal elements.
C) the more people in the crowd, the more primitive they become.
D) crowds trigger pre-modern behaviours.

Question 76

According to ________ norm theory, a crowd is at first without a norm to guide its behaviour. Then some unusual behaviour, such as being violent, may come about and become a norm for that crowd.

A) personal
B) emergent
C) productive
D) idiosyncratic

Question 77

The uniform behaviour of a large group of people who are gathered in the same place at the same time is referred to as:

A) a mosh pit.
B) collective behaviour.
C) the lemming effect.
D) social modelling.

Question 78

Cooperative activities, equal status and institutional support comprise:

A) ways to increase hostility between groups.
B) ways to avoid deindividuation.
C) Allport's conditions for optimal contact.
D) conditions affecting social identity.

Question 79

Bargaining, mediation and arbitration are strategies of improving intergroup relations through:

A) intergroup contact.
B) applying methods borrowed from disciplines other than psychology.
C) conciliation.
D) communication.

Question 80

According to distinctiveness-based illusory correlation, which of the following would a person be more likely to remember?

A) Mayor Smith walking down the street with a cane
B) A minority staring at expensive jewellery in the window of a shop
C) A child walking around his mother while she is talking
D) A woman walking her dog on a leash