Deck 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Mark's daughter wants to start taking guitar lessons. He believes her when she says, "I know it will be hard and take a long time, but I know I can learn to play hard songs." Mark's daughter is high in:

A) self-concept.
B) self-regulation.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-awareness.

Answer 1

self-efficacy.

Question 2

References to self-worth or self-image are global evaluations categorized as _____, whereas domain-specific evaluations are categorized as _____.

A) self-efficacy; self-regulation
B) self-regulation; self-efficacy
C) self-esteem; self-concept
D) self-concept; self-esteem

Answer 2

self-esteem; self-concept

Question 3

Which of the following statements about perspective taking is FALSE?

A) As perspective-taking abilities increase, children's level of skepticism of others' claims decreases.
B) Children exhibit cognitive flexibility when engaging in perspective taking.
C) Perspective taking has been linked to executive function.
D) Children exhibit cognitive inhibition when engaging in perspective taking.

Answer 3

As perspective-taking abilities increase, children's level of skepticism of others' claims decreases.

Question 4

During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing references to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) psychological characteristics
B) social comparison.
C) social aspects.
D) physical characteristics.

Question 5

When Mary started third grade, her teacher asked students to write something about themselves. Mary wrote, "I'm a good person." This observation reflects Mary's:

A) self-control.
B) self-concept.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-esteem.

Question 6

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:

A) compare themselves with others.
B) refrain from social comparison.
C) use physical characteristics to describe themselves.
D) use outer states to describe themselves.

Question 7

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called:

A) self-concept.
B) self-confidence.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-esteem.

Question 8

Gisela's parents routinely give her praise for everything she does, even if it is not very good. No matter how poor her performance, she is always "a winner"! As a result, Gisela tends to avoid attempting tasks that are:

A) easy.
B) boring.
C) challenging.
D) social.

Question 9

Vilma's son wants to join in a community effort to create a park out of an abandoned lot. When she points out to him that it will probably involve boring, labor-intensive work, his response is, "I know that, but I have a lot of energy and I'm strong. I know I can make the work go faster." Vilma's son is high in:

A) self-concept.
B) self-regulation.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-awareness.

Question 10

Vanessa wants to tell her mother about something funny her teacher said, but she can see that her mother is really focused on driving in heavy traffic. Vanessa is showing her ability for _____ by choosing to not interrupt her mother's concentration.

A) moral reasoning
B) self-efficacy
C) perspective taking
D) executive function

Question 11

The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

A) very low.
B) moderate.
C) high.
D) very high.

Question 12

A recent study found that six- to nine-year-olds were ____ skeptical of others' distorted claims than were younger children.

A) more
B) equally
C) slightly less
D) dramatically less

Question 13

At the "Meet Your Teacher" day before the school year started, Robert met Ms. Taylor. She asked, "So Robert, tell me something about you." He responded, "I'm good in math but my printing is bad." Robert is revealing his:

A) self-control.
B) self-concept.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-esteem.

Question 14

When Joel met his new teacher, he said, "I struggle with everything." When she asked, "What about at school? Is there a subject you like or you are good in?" Joel replied, "No, I'm always behind." Joel's overall self-assessment reflects his:

A) self-control.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-regulation.
D) self-concept.

Question 15

When working with at-risk children with low self-esteem, it is important to remember that children feel the best about themselves when:

A) they are challenged in many areas.
B) they perform well in areas that are important to them.
C) they are extrinsically rewarded by role models.
D) they are encouraged to forget about the problems they face.

Question 16

At the "Meet Your Teacher" day before the school year started, Harish met Ms. Keppel. She asked, "So Harish, tell me something about you." He responded, "I was the best in my class last year, and picked for the All-Star Regional Soccer Team. I can accomplish anything I want to do." Harish is revealing his:

A) self-concept.
B) self-control.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-esteem.

Question 17

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this?

A) They tend to undervalue the rewards that assertiveness and ambition can bring.
B) The increased self-esteem produces better school performance.
C) They are increasingly prone to delinquency and truancy.
D) They may get upset easily when they lose a competition or receive a critique of their performance.

Question 18

_____ is the belief that "I can"; _____ is the belief that "I cannot."

A) Self-awareness; despair
B) Self-awareness; helplessness
C) Self-efficacy; despair
D) Self-efficacy; helplessness

Question 19

Consistently praising children for mediocre or even poor performance can lead to _____, which may cause children with _____ self-esteem to avoid important learning experiences.

A) an inflated self-esteem; low
B) an inflated self-esteem; high
C) a diminished self-esteem; low
D) a diminished self-esteem; high

Question 20

Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the specific domains of an individual's life?

A) Self-concept
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-awareness
D) Self-control

Question 21

According to Erik Erikson, parents who continually see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess," and communicate this to their children often, will tend to foster a sense of _____ in their children.

A) helplessness
B) stagnation
C) shame and doubt
D) inferiority

Question 22

Santos is dreading the start of the school year because he is convinced he will never be able to read well. A student who says, "I just don't read well and I never will," is exhibiting:

A) high self-efficacy.
B) low self-efficacy.
C) high self-regulation.
D) low self-regulation.

Question 23

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:

A) industry versus inferiority.
B) trust versus mistrust.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 24

Kohlberg believed that development from one moral stage to the next was prompted by opportunities for perspective taking and:

A) self-efficacy.
B) empathy.
C) the conflict between an individual's stable self-concept and shifting self-esteem.
D) the conflict between an individual's current stage and the challenge posed by reasoning from someone at a higher level.

Question 25

Angela is developing the habit of doing her homework as soon as she gets home. Today she was tempted to go outside and play with her dog, and she actually got up from the table for a few seconds, but then thought better of it and sat back down. Angela is displaying her:

A) self-esteem
B) self-regulation
C) self-concept
D) self-efficacy

Question 26

Justin, age 12, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. Like usual, Justin decides to give up and just take the bad grade. According to Erik Erikson, Justin is at risk for developing a sense of:

A) stagnation.
B) inferiority.
C) shame and doubt.
D) identity diffusion.

Question 27

Conrad is in a hurry to get home, driving well over the speed limit on a section of road where he seldom sees any law enforcement vehicles. After turning on a busier road where law enforcement patrol often sits, Conrad slows down because he is worried about getting a ticket. According to Kohlberg, Conrad is operating in the _____ stage.

A) heteronomous morality
B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
D) social systems morality

Question 28

Which of the following statements about self-regulation is FALSE?

A) It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex.
B) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior.
C) It leads to increased social competence and achievement.
D) It is characterized by an impulsiveness to perform challenging tasks.

Question 29

Which of the following was NOT listed as an important change in the emotional development of school-age children?

A) Improved emotional understanding
B) Reacting impulsively
C) The use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings
D) A capacity for genuine empathy

Question 30

Recent studies found that _____ was a protective factor for children growing up in low-socioeconomic-status conditions.

A) self-regulation
B) low self-esteem
C) perspective taking
D) industry

Question 31

Which of the following was NOT listed as an important change in the emotional development of school-age children?

A) Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation
B) Ability to move quickly from one emotion to another
C) Ability to suppress negative emotional reactions
D) Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings

Question 32

Pham, a fifth grader, just gave a report in front of the class. After his report some of the students made fun of him. Although in the past Pham would have been upset and shown his anger, this time he did not react to his classmates. Pham is exhibiting a(n):

A) understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
B) capacity for genuine empathy.
C) ability to suppress negative emotional reactions.
D) use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.

Question 33

Mariel wants to know how everything works, and if you aren't keeping an eye on her, she will start taking things apart to see what's inside. If there is a knob to turn or door to open, she will do it! Mariel is typical of a child developing what Erik Erikson called:

A) autonomy.
B) industry.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-regulation.

Question 34

Olivia was very upset when she found out her dog had been hit by a car while she was at school. Over the next few days she tried hard to think of something else whenever she remembered her dog, with the goal of not crying. By learning to soothe herself, Olivia is showing emotional growth in the:

A) understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
B) capacity for genuine empathy.
C) ability to suppress negative emotional reactions.
D) use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.

Question 35

Keith is trying to help his son, Judd, deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless. Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings in this natural disaster. One strategy Keith should NOT implement is to:

A) allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event.
B) encourage his son to talk about his nightmares.
C) allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.
D) reassure his son that this type of tragedy is rare, and that he is safe.

Question 36

Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

A) They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks.
B) They frequently experience helplessness.
C) They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.
D) They avoid learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

Question 37

Darren is a 12-year-old active boy. Sometimes when his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why it is bad practice to cheat. Darren is displaying his:

A) self-esteem.
B) self-regulation.
C) self-concept.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 38

Megan wants to get a cookie before dinner, but she knows that's against her mother's rules. As she is considering getting a cookie she can hear her mother walking toward the kitchen where the cookie jar is. Realizing she would probably get caught and punished, Megan decides to leave the kitchen without a cookie. According to Kohlberg, which level of moral development is Megan currently in?

A) Preconventional reasoning
B) Conventional reasoning
C) Formal conventional reasoning
D) Postconventional reasoning

Question 39

According to Kohlberg, when we stop making decisions based on "I'll do something for you if you'll do something for me" and progress to the next stage, we are moving into the _____ stage.

A) heteronomous morality
B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
D) social systems morality

Question 40

Julio wants to build a doghouse. His parents help him pick out materials and go over the plans. They let him build it, and only intervened when he had a question. The result wasn't perfect, but it was functional. Using Erik Erikson's vocabulary, Julio's parents are helping him develop:

A) industry.
B) autonomy.
C) self-regulation.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 41

The criticism of Kohlberg is that his theory assumes that people think about moral conflicts all the time, and the reality is that moral thinking involves a gut reaction to an event. After encountering something that is immoral, people then try to cognitively justify their reactions. This is the _____ criticism.

A) culture versus family
B) justice versus care
C) conscious/deliberate versus unconscious/automatic
D) moral thought versus moral behavior

Question 42

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, a person who is at the _____ stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development will follow conscience, even though the decision might involve personal risk.

A) universal ethical principles
B) social systems morality
C) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
D) punishment and obedience orientation

Question 43

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. According to Kohlberg, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

A) Postconventional
B) Conventional
C) Preconventional
D) Universal

Question 44

A _____ perspective toward morality views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

A) justice
B) care
C) community
D) collaborative

Question 45

Fernando doesn't cut in line, he raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following best describes Fernando's reasoning?

A) Prosocial reasoning
B) Moral reasoning
C) Social consensus reasoning
D) Social conventional reasoning

Question 46

In terms of moving up in moral development stages, Kohlberg believed cognitive development:

A) was not needed.
B) was all that was needed.
C) was foundational and came before increases in moral development.
D) was foundational and came simultaneously or after increases in moral development.

Question 47

Which of the following stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty?

A) Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
B) Social systems morality
C) Universal ethical principles
D) Social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 48

Fausto is in a disagreement with his older brother. He says, "I don't get mad; I get even! If you mess up my bike then I'm going to mess up yours!" According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is Fausto currently in?

A) Social systems morality
B) Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) Social contract or utility and individual rights
D) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 49

Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others so that others are nice in return. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is Clarissa currently in?

A) Social systems morality
B) Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) Social contract or utility and individual rights
D) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 50

Children and adolescents who choose their actions based on wanting to be seen as "good girls" or "good boys" by the important people in their lives are displaying:

A) social systems morality.
B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange.
C) social contract or utility and individual rights.
D) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity.

Question 51

According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory puts _____ at the heart of morality, and she would prefer to have _____ at the heart of morality.

A) cognition; emotion
B) care; justice
C) emotion; cognition
D) justice; care

Question 52

Ava's friends were trying to get her to shoplift a small bottle of nail polish but she refused. All Ava could think about was how disappointed her grandmother would be if she heard that Ava had shoplifted. She wouldn't risk disappointing her grandmother in that way. Kohlberg would say Ava is reasoning at the _____ stage.

A) social systems morality
B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) social contract or utility and individual rights
D) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 53

Sarah is listening to her parents debate the morality of stealing items from already destroyed businesses during a natural disaster. They are discussing the importance of maintaining law and order when faced with stealing food or medicines to survive. Kohlberg would say this debate reflects thinking in the _____ stage.

A) social systems morality
B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) social contract or utility and individual rights
D) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 54

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlberg's theory is based on the prevention of suffering of others.
B) Compassion is given too much importance in Kohlberg's theory.
C) There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.
D) There is no emphasis on the need for justice in matters of morality.

Question 55

When Mason's father was pulled over by law enforcement for not stopping at a red light, the officer said, "We cannot have people ignoring the traffic signs and signals. Our community couldn't function or protect its citizens if that happened." Kohlberg would say the officer is thinking in the _____ stage.

A) social systems morality
B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) social contract or utility and individual rights
D) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 56

Carol Gilligan, known for her perspective of care, has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development because:

A) it is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships.
B) it does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain cultural groups.
C) Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development.
D) it places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

Question 57

Alexander gets very upset when he sees another student stealing books from the bookstore. When confronting the student, Alexander said, "What if everyone started stealing things all over campus? The place would shut down. The campus couldn't function that way." Kohlberg would say Alexander is reasoning at the _____ stage.

A) social systems morality
B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) social contract or utility and individual rights
D) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 58

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that treat women unfairly and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. What is Kai's likely moral level according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

A) Postconventional reasoning
B) Conventional reasoning
C) Unconventional reasoning
D) Preconventional reasoning

Question 59

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

A) Social contract or utility and individual rights
B) Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C) Punishment and obedience orientation
D) Social systems morality

Question 60

In which of Kohlberg's levels do individuals shift from desiring to be admired in the eyes of important people in their lives to focusing on what is good for the most people?

A) Preconventional reasoning
B) Conventional reasoning
C) Formal conventional reasoning
D) Postconventional reasoning

Question 61

Researchers have found that family management practices are positively related to:

A) students' grades and self-responsibility.
B) emotional and behavioral problems.
C) lack of autonomy.
D) school-related problems.

Question 62

Which of the following is not true regarding gender differences in the use of aggression?

A) Relational aggression comprises a greater percentage of girls' overall aggression.
B) Boys are more physically aggressive than girls.
C) No gender differences are found in verbal aggression.
D) Girls report experiencing and expressing more anger than boys.

Question 63

Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "math is for boys and reading is for girls," that then set up expectations that all boys should be good at math and any boy who likes to read is feminine, are known as gender:

A) identities.
B) types.
C) stereotypes.
D) roles.

Question 64

Which of the following is FALSE regarding stepfamilies?

A) There are more infants and preschool children in stepfamilies than older children.
B) Divorces occur at a 10% higher rate in remarriages than in first marriages.
C) About half of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent within four years after the separation.
D) Only one-third of stepfamily couples remain married.

Question 65

An individual who has both positive feminine and positive masculine characteristics is called:

A) disordered.
B) androgynous.
C) nondistinct.
D) binary.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is FALSE?

A) Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes.
B) Until about seven to eight years of age, gender stereotyping is extensive.
C) Gender stereotypes still exist for both children and adults.
D) Across the elementary school years, children become more flexible in their gender attitudes.

Question 67

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her own study and relaxation times, with the expectation that Angie must continue doing well in school and must discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time. Her mother checks on Angie's school progress frequently and also talks to her about her social life and problems. This approach is called:

A) boundary ambiguity.
B) latchkey control.
C) unilateral control.
D) coregulation.

Question 68

Kathryn Kerns and her colleagues have found that during the middle and late childhood years, _____ is associated with a lower level of internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children.

A) sense of industry
B) insecure attachment
C) secure attachment
D) sense of inferiority

Question 69

_____ are more likely to be the ones who organize the family environment and monitor a child's behavior.

A) Mothers
B) Fathers
C) Grandmothers
D) Babysitters

Question 70

Which of the following is FALSE regarding developmental changes in parent-child relationships?

A) Elementary schoolchildren tend to receive more physical discipline than they did as preschoolers.
B) During middle and late childhood, parental control changes to coregulation along with the child.
C) Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.
D) During middle and late childhood, children are allowed to engage in moment-to-moment self-regulation.

Question 71

Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during:

A) middle and late infancy.
B) late infancy.
C) middle and late childhood.
D) early adolescence.

Question 72

Which of the following is not true regarding gender and school contexts?

A) Boys get better grades.
B) Boys are more likely to drop out of school.
C) Girls complete high school at a higher rate.
D) Boys are more likely to be in special/remedial education classes.

Question 73

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the differences in helping behavior of males versus females?

A) Females are helpful irrespective of the situation.
B) Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.
C) Males are more likely to engage in caregiving behavior.
D) Females are more likely to help in dangerous situations when the other person involved is a female.

Question 74

During the time of _____, children are allowed to engage in moment-to-moment self-regulation while parents continue to exercise general supervision and control.

A) deregulation
B) socioregulation
C) coregulation
D) primitive attachment

Question 75

Which of the following techniques will parents tend NOT to use to discipline elementary school children?

A) Coercive holding
B) Deprivation of privileges
C) Appeals to the child's self-esteem
D) Comments designed to increase the child's sense of guilt

Question 76

One area of math in which boys were found to be better at is:

A) advanced calculus.
B) numeracy skills.
C) visuospatial skills.
D) computation skills.

Question 77

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

A) Regulating to have complete control over their own lives
B) Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis
C) Learning to live with deprivation of privileges
D) Exercising supervision and control of younger siblings

Question 78

All of the following are true regarding social conventional and moral reasoning EXCEPT:

A) there are sanctions for violating social conventional rules.
B) moral rules are obligatory and somewhat impersonal.
C) social conventional rules are arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.
D) violating social conventional rules are usually more serious than violating moral rules.

Question 79

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that:

A) girls engage in more prosocial behavior.
B) boys engage in more prosocial behavior.
C) boys are more likely to share than girls
D) boys show more kindness than girls.

Question 80

In terms of gender differences, a recent international study involving 65 countries found that:

A) boys were better in science reading and girls were better with poetry interpretation.
B) boys and girls were well matched in terms of reading achievement.
C) boys had higher reading achievement than girls.
D) girls had higher reading achievement than boys.