Deck 11: Motivation and Affect

Question 1

Mr.Rawlins is faculty advisor for the high school service club.He attends every meeting, and he regularly provides the support students need to carry out their activities.During group discussions, however, he typically sits in the back of the room and offers advice only if club members ask for it or if he thinks the club's planned activities are in some way inappropriate.In taking this approach, Mr.Rawlins is most likely to:

A)Promote debilitating anxiety
B)Decrease club members' sense of competence
C)Enhance club members' sense of self-determination
D)Reduce club members' interest in public service

Answer 1

Enhance club members' sense of self-determination

Question 2

Which one of the following classroom strategies is most likely to increase students' sense of self-determination?

A)Mr.Aas reminds his students that they cannot participate in the school's extracurricular sports program if their grade point averages fall below 2.0.
B)Ms.Brown asks her third graders to develop some class rules to ensure that all class members will have a chance to express their ideas openly.
C)Mr.Cranwell explains to his middle school students that their future bosses in the business world will expect them to have good writing skills.
D)Mr.Diaz gives his students enough practice with basic arithmetic facts that they learn the facts to automaticity.

Answer 2

Ms.Brown asks her third graders to develop some class rules to ensure that all class members will have a chance to express their ideas openly.

Question 3

The four statements below all involve evaluating a student's essay.Which one is most likely to preserve the student's sense of self-determination?

A)"In evaluating your essay, why don't you apply the four criteria you've been using all year to critique your written work?"
B)"This essay is the best one you've written all semester.I think you should include it in the portfolio you're creating for this class."
C)"Your essay is so good that I'd like to submit it to the statewide essay contest."
D)"This essay has the variety of sentence structures that I like to see in my students' writing."

Answer 3

"In evaluating your essay, why don't you apply the four criteria you've been using all year to critique your written work?"

Question 4

Which one of the following students shows motivation consistent with theoretical views of self-worth?

A)Monica doesn't read the comments her teacher has written on her research paper because she suspects that they're not very flattering.
B)Isabelle goes to see the horror movie "Scream" with her friends; later that night, she has considerable trouble falling asleep.
C)Jacob spends long hours staring at the sky each night, looking for various constellations and thinking about ancient legends associated with each one.
D)Luke reads People magazine from cover to cover as soon as it arrives in the mail each week; he especially enjoys reading stories about movie stars.

Question 5

Which one of the following descriptions of a student best illustrates a cognitive perspective of motivation?

A)"Eron loves the attention he gets from his classmates when he tells jokes in class."
B)"I don't think Mary gets much to eat at home.She always seems to be hungry at school."
C)"Reggie gets very upset with himself when he makes mistakes or doesn't know how to do something.It's as if he's not happy unless he's perfect."
D)"Shelley is convinced that her poor performance in class is due to 'bad tests' and 'unfair grading.' In fact, Shelly would do a lot better if she studied more often."

Question 6

Three of the following are accurate statements regarding cultural diversity in how people address basic motivational needs.Which statement is false?

A)Children in some cultural groups have especially strong ties to other family members-ties that can satisfy their need for relatedness to some extent.
B)People in Asia are more likely to focus on their strengths than on their weaknesses, whereas the reverse is true for people in Western countries.
C)People in some Native American groups give their children considerable autonomy, thereby enhancing their children's sense of self-determination.
D)Compared to children in Western countries, children in Asia are more comfortable with having other people make their choices for them.

Question 7

Mike desperately wants to do well on the SAT Reasoning Test, as his scores on this test will affect his chances of getting into his first-choice college.He also knows that many students at his school think SAT scores are good indicators of how "smart" one is.Yet the night before the test, rather than get a good night's sleep, Mike goes out with his friends, has a few beers, comes home late, and wakes up with a hangover.With this information in mind, we might suspect that Mike:

A)Is working hard to counteract the effects of stereotype threat
B)Has facilitating anxiety about the test
C)Is the victim of situated motivation
D)Is engaging in self-handicapping

Question 8

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of situated motivation?

A)Nathan gets extremely upset when he gets anything less than a perfect score on a test paper, probably because his parents have always expected him to be perfect at everything he does.
B)Last year Ophelia was bored to tears in history class, but this year she loves history because her teacher conducts many activities that make the subject matter come alive.
C)Polly is afraid of water because once, when she was a little girl, she almost drowned.
D)Quinton would really like to play on his high school basketball team, but because he's quite short he has settled for what he considers to be second-best: being on the wrestling team.

Question 9

Which one of the following descriptions of a student best illustrates a trait perspective of motivation?

A)"Did you see that big grin on Maurice's face when the principal announced that he was the winner of the essay contest?"
B)"Jane is always putting herself in dangerous situations.She's the kind of person who likes the adrenaline rush that comes with living on the edge."
C)"Chloe seems bored with what's going on in class most of the time.I've tried everything I can think of to motivate her, but so far nothing's worked."
D)"David is really struggling with his reading, and his spelling is atrocious.I wonder if he has an undiagnosed learning disability."

Question 10

Which one of the following is the best example of extrinsic motivation?

A)Enjoying scary movies
B)Finding a good book impossible to put down
C)Wanting a good grade in your literature class
D)Thinking that aerobic exercise is a healthy way to spend your time

Question 11

Which one of the following students is displaying extrinsic motivation?

A)Elbert wants to become a professional football player so others will admire him.
B)Roxanne wants to be an accountant because she likes working with numbers.
C)Brad wants to be a veterinarian because he loves animals and wants to help them.
D)Donnetta wants to become an actress because she thinks acting is fun.

Question 12

If you want to address your students' need for competence, your best strategy would be to:

A)Help them master challenging tasks
B)Remind them of how proud their parents will be of their achievements
C)Remind them of how important school grades are for getting into college
D)Give them many easy tasks to boost their sense of self-efficacy

Question 13

Three of the following are true statements about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Which one is false?

A)Reminding students of the importance of good grades will promote extrinsic rather than intrinsic motivation.
B)Compared to students who are extrinsically motivated, students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to learn classroom material in meaningful and effective ways.
C)Students' intrinsic motivation to learn school subject matter tends to decrease as they get older.
D)Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are mutually exclusive: Students who have one are highly unlikely to have the other.

Question 14

Which one of the following alternatives best describes the concept of self-worth as a factor in motivation?

A)Students are always comparing their own performance to that of the adults around them.
B)In early adolescence, students believe they are invulnerable to the typical dangers of life.
C)In the high school years especially, most students greatly underestimate their ability levels.
D)Students like to believe that they are competent individuals.

Question 15

Marion puts off doing a project for the science fair until she has so little time to do it that she cannot possibly complete a good project.Such behavior is most consistent with the concept of:

A)Trait anxiety
B)Hot cognition
C)Self-handicapping
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 16

Which one of the following students is displaying intrinsic motivation?

A)Annette loves to play the viola and so practices for at least an hour every day.
B)Bob works hard in his classes because his parents have promised to buy him a car if he gets at least a 3.5 grade point average this year.
C)Cassie does her math homework faithfully every night because she likes her teacher and wants to please him.
D)Dennis takes physics because he wants to become an engineer and make a lot of money.

Question 17

Which one of the following statements best describes motivation theorists' concept of sense of self-determination?

A)Reinforcing yourself when you do a good job
B)Believing that you have some choice about what you do
C)Deciding what kind of profession you want to pursue
D)Knowing that you can accomplish something if you put your mind to it

Question 18

Day after day, Raymond's history teacher lectures about the subject matter in a dry, unengaging manner and expects students simply to sit quietly and take notes.To make class a little more exciting for himself and the students sitting near him, Raymond often draws cartoon faces on the tips of his fingers and performs little finger-puppet shows at his desk.Raymond's behavior in class can probably best be explained as:

A)Satisfying his need for arousal
B)Reducing cognitive dissonance
C)Reflecting a high need for self-worth
D)Enabling him to achieve self-actualization

Question 19

The four statements below describe effects that motivation may have on learning and/or behavior.Three of the statements are accurate.Which one is not accurate?

A)Motivation influences how students think about information.
B)Motivation increases students' persistence at tasks.
C)Motivation enhances students' memory for irrelevant information.
D)Motivation influences the choices students make.

Question 20

Three of the following statements about the need for relatedness are accurate.Which one is not true about the need for relatedness?

A)It seems to be especially strong in early adolescence.
B)In some students, it may be reflected in a desire to look "cool"; in others, it may be manifested in a desire to help those who are less fortunate.
C)It has been observed in some cultures but not in others.
D)For many students, relating to peers will be one of their highest priorities during the school day.

Question 21

Considering recommended strategies for promoting interest, choose the teacher who is most likely to capture students' interest in classroom subject matter.

A)In her physical education class, instead of having students warm up with calisthenics, Ms.Gaffery warms them up by teaching them the popular line dance "The Boot Scootin' Boogie."
B)In her English literature class, Ms.Isaacs has her students compete to see who can memorize Hamlet's soliloquy "To be or not to be ...")the fastest.
C)In his history class, Mr.Jacobs intersperses occasional anecdotes about his days as a high school football hero into his lecture on the Renaissance.
D)In his driver education class, Mr.Lancaster lists statistics describing the probabilities of accidents happening to senior citizens who drive drunk.

Question 22

Which one of the following teaching practices is most consistent with Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)Tell students they must finish an assignment before they go to lunch.
B)Reinforce students consistently for appropriate classroom behavior.
C)Occasionally remind students that they can get good grades only if they study on a regular basis.
D)Let students release pent-up energy before asking them to watch an educational video.

Question 23

Motivation theorists suggest that three conditions are important for the development of internalized motivation.Which one of the following is probably not an important condition for internalized motivation to occur?

A)The student is capable of abstract thought; from a Piagetian perspective, the person has advanced to the formal operations stage.
B)Important people in the student's life have expectations for his or her behavior and will impose consequences for inappropriate behavior.
C)The student has some autonomy in choosing how to act in various situations.
D)The student feels the warmth and support of important people in his or her environment.

Question 24

From Maslow's perspective, which one of the following best reflects a deficiency need?

A)Geri finds ancient civilizations absolutely fascinating.
B)Lorne writes and plays folk songs as a way of expressing himself.
C)Bill is worried that Mark might beat him up on the way home from school.
D)Rachel is curious about why her science experiment didn't turn out the way she expected it would.

Question 25

Which one of the following illustrates personal interest rather than situational interest?

A)Jennifer is puzzled when a peeled hardboiled egg is suddenly sucked into a bottle after the teacher lights a fire inside the bottle.
B)Trent gets totally wrapped up in the new adventure novel he reads during free time.
C)Victoria loves ballet and wants to become a ballerina when she grows up.
D)Riley can't wait to find out what's in the big cardboard box his teacher has brought to school today.

Question 26

If you were to incorporate Maslow's hierarchy of needs into your teaching practices, you would be most likely to:

A)Emphasize the importance of getting good grades
B)Make sure your students feel safe and secure in the classroom
C)Remind students frequently about how their current achievements in school will affect their success as adults
D)Focus on the use of intrinsic reinforcers such as feelings of pride)rather than extrinsic reinforcers such as praise)for all students

Question 27

Three of the following statements are accurate descriptions of the effect interest has on learning and performance.Which one is not accurate?

A)Interest promotes meaningful learning of information.
B)Interest increases the probability of conceptual change.
C)Interest promotes performance goals more than mastery goals.
D)Interest increases the likelihood that students will apply what they learn.

Question 28

Given what motivation theorists tell us about expectancies and values, which one of the following activities are you least likely to value?

A)One that will make you look good in front of your peers
B)One at which you will have to work exceptionally hard to succeed
C)One that you don't enjoy but is important for career success
D)One that will enable you to obtain a desired outcome

Question 29

According to Maslow, the need for self-actualization is never completely fulfilled.Which one of the following examples best reflects the need for self-actualization?

A)Ellen spends as much of her school time as she can talking to her many friends.
B)Fiona hasn't been feeling well lately, so she is very good about taking her medication.
C)Gail loves art and spends all of her free time drawing on whatever is handy.She takes an art class every chance she gets.
D)Helen strives for perfection in the speech she will give to her English class because she wants her classmates to think she is smart.

Question 30

When Scott was first learning how to write, he wrote quickly and sloppily, without regard for how his papers looked.But his teachers praised him regularly for writing carefully and legibly, and eventually he began to pride himself on his neat and careful handwriting.This transition can best be described as

A)Acquiring an external locus of control
B)Developing internalized motivation
C)Developing situational interest
D)Developing extrinsic motivation

Question 31

The four children below are all learning how to play the piano.Which one of them best illustrates the role of value in motivation?

A)Angie takes piano lessons only because her parents insist that she does.
B)Beth is afraid of how embarrassed she'll be if she makes a mistake.
C)Cara thinks her teacher has asked her to play too difficult a piece.
D)Dena thinks she can impress her friends by playing well.

Question 32

When 14-year-old Jonathan goes out for the high school cross-country team, he discovers that he's the slowest runner on the team.After three weeks of daily practice with the team, his speed and endurance improve very little, if at all.Given what we know about how expectancies and values are interrelated in the secondary school years, we can reasonably guess that Jonathan will:

A)Expect greater success as more time elapses
B)Value cross-country running more than he has previously
C)Value cross-country running less than he has previously
D)Try to convince his teammates that he's a better runner than he really is

Question 33

Three of the following strategies should engage students' interest in class material.Which one is least likely to do so?

A)Have each student read a different character's lines when the class is reading the play Our Town.
B)Ask students to imagine what it must have been like to live in medieval England.
C)Show students a scientific phenomenon that isn't what they'd expect to happen given their existing beliefs about the world.
D)Tell students that occasional failures are probably due to circumstances beyond their control.

Question 34

Which one of the following students clearly has a performance goal rather than a mastery goal?

A)Alec judges his own performance on the basis of how his classmates do.
B)Blanche persists when she encounters a difficult mathematics problem.
C)Christina always does more than her teacher requires.
D)Devon is bored by easy assignments.

Question 35

Maggie does her homework primarily to gain her teacher's approval.She has little internal desire to do her homework, although she does feel slight twinges of guilt when she fails to get an assignment done on time.Within the sequence in which internalized motivation evolves-external regulation, introjection, identification, integration- Maggie is showing:

A)External regulation
B)Introjection
C)Identification
D)Integration

Question 36

Which one of the following illustrates the role of expectancy in motivation?

A)Antonio plays for hours on end in the sandbox.
B)Bernie's younger brother almost drowned last year.
C)Chip's parents promise him a new bike if he can learn the alphabet.
D)Drew is pretty sure he can learn to hit a baseball if his older sister helps him.

Question 37

Which one of the following illustrates situational interest rather than personal interest?

A)Adam finds the Guinness Book of World Records on a library shelf and is intrigued by the strange people it describes.
B)Blaine can't think of anything he'd rather do than play video games with his friends.
C)Chuck spends every Saturday and Sunday working on the 1951 Chevy in his garage.
D)Dave loves to snorkel and hopes to major in marine biology when he goes to college.

Question 38

Which one of the following statements indicates that the speaker is focused on a performance-avoidance goal?

A)"This is my chance to show all my classmates how smart I am."
B)"I hope I don't get this problem wrong.If I do, I'll look like an idiot."
C)"I'd really like to become a better math student.I hope the teacher gives me feedback about how I can improve my skills."
D)"I need to do well in my science classes so I can get into a good engineering school."

Question 39

Four students in Ms.Bennett's social studies class have to give an oral report on a country of their choosing.Which one of the students appears to have a mastery goal?

A)When Eldon gives his report on Hungary, he stands up straight and speaks clearly because he wants to impress his teacher and fellow students with his knowledge and ability.
B)Francis wants to give a good presentation on the United Arab Emirates because he needs to improve his overall class grade.
C)As Holly gives her report on Mongolia, she is very nervous.She is afraid she might make a fool of herself in front of her classmates.
D)John does his report on Spain because that is where his family is from.He has enjoyed talking to his grandfather about what it is like to live in Spain.

Question 40

A student's expectancy about classroom success is influenced by three of the following factors.Which one will probably be least influential?

A)Whether the student has set short-term or long-term goals
B)How helpful the student thinks the teacher's instruction will be
C)How much effort the student thinks will be necessary to succeed
D)How successful the student has been in the past

Question 41

Students often have multiple goals toward which they are striving.Under such circumstances, they may do any three of the following things.Which one are they least likely to do?

A)Pursue one or two goals first, leaving others to be accomplished at a later time
B)Redefine their ideas about what it means to achieve their goals successfully
C)Find activities that enable them to accomplish two or more goals simultaneously
D)Become so frustrated that they don't accomplish any of their goals

Question 42

Three of the following characterize students with a performance goal.Which one characterizes students with a mastery goal?

A)Looking at classmates' performance as an indication of how well you're doing
B)Doing something you know you will be reinforced for
C)Concluding that you need to work harder when you fail
D)Trying to learn something word for word

Question 43

Which one of the following students clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?

A)Alice stays away from science courses because she's never done very well in science.
B)Boris wants the recognition that being a star football player will bring him.
C)Cal is relieved to learn he passed his English composition course.
D)Dinah doesn't worry about making mistakes as long as she knows she's making progress.

Question 44

Frank is a good student.He attributes his success partly to studying long hours and partly to his intelligence "It runs in the family," he says).From the perspective of attribution theory, three of the following statements are likely to be accurate descriptions of Frank.Which one is probably not an accurate description?

A)He feels proud of his academic accomplishments.
B)He engages in meaningful learning when he studies.
C)He expects to continue doing well in school over the next few years.
D)He is reluctant to ask questions when he's confused about class material.

Question 45

John has just failed a test-in a sense, his test performance has been punished.From the perspective of attribution theory, is John likely to work harder to pass his next test?

A)Definitely not.
B)Absolutely yes.
C)Yes, provided that his low test score is accompanied by information about strengths and weaknesses about his performance.
D)Yes, provided that he believes his test performance is the result of something he didn't do but could do next time.

Question 46

The textbook recommends that teachers encourage students to set and work toward proximal goals.Which one of the following illustrates a proximal goal?

A)Maintaining a 4.0 GPA throughout the high school years
B)Becoming a reporter for a major news channel such as CNN
C)Learning the symbols for all the elements in a chemistry class
D)Shooting for admission to a local community college rather than a prestigious and highly selective private college

Question 47

Which one of the following students is attributing success or failure on a geology test to an internal source and thinks the cause is unstable and controllable?

A)Jane said she failed the test because it was too difficult.
B)Duncan said he did well on the test because he studied hard.
C)Emily said she did well on her test because she is smart in science.
D)Joe said he studied hard, but he failed because he is just not good in geology.

Question 48

Which one of these students most clearly has a performance-approach goal?

A)Frank finds a homework assignment too easy to waste his time with.
B)Herb frequently asks questions in class in order to understand the information better.
C)Selena decides to enter the school science fair in hopes of impressing her teacher and classmates.
D)Rita was somewhat disappointed about her last test score in math.Realizing that people learn from their mistakes, she decides to study harder for the next test using different study strategies.

Question 49

Three of the following strategies should promote productive achievement goals.Which strategy is not recommended?

A)Encourage students to focus on long-term rather than short-term goals.
B)Encourage students to rely on one another for occasional academic assistance and support.
C)Commend students for truly understanding material rather than just memorizing it.
D)Show students how the things they learn in class are relevant to their present and future needs.

Question 50

In which one of the following situations is a student attributing failure to stable and uncontrollable factors?

A)Kami tells herself that she is getting low grades in math because, like her mom, she just isn't any good at math.
B)Lana thinks she was the last one chosen for the baseball team because she hadn't been practicing enough.She vows to do better next time.
C)Maury believes he is having trouble in music because he's been absent the last two weeks.He knows he'll have to work extra hard to catch up in his work.
D)Jason tells himself that he failed the last history test because the substitute teacher constructed a bad test.He expects to do better when his regular teacher returns from maternity leave.

Question 51

Three of the following are examples of social goals.Which one would not necessarily be considered a social goal?

A)Robert is eager to learn everything he can about terrorists and their personalities.
B)Harry is worried that the homeless in his community may freeze during a bitter cold spell.
C)Jasmine works hard to keep a promise she made to her parents.
D)Mikaela has her hair professionally styled so that she'll look nice at the school dance.

Question 52

Francine failed her English literature exam.Given what attribution theory tells us about how students typically interpret failures, how is Francine least likely to explain her failure?

A)She had bad luck.
B)She didn't study enough.
C)The teacher writes bad exams.
D)The room was too noisy during the exam.

Question 53

Roxanne and her teammates consistently lose basketball games by a very close margin. Roxanne believes that their losses are always due to bad calls on the part of the referees.With this information in mind, identify the statement below that is most likely to be an accurate description of Roxanne.

A)She feels resentment toward the referees.
B)She feels guilty about not practicing harder.
C)She has decreasing self-confidence about her ability to play basketball.
D)She intends to ask her coach for suggestions about how to improve her game.

Question 54

Three of the following statements accurately describe the diversity we are likely to see in students' career goals.Which statement is not accurate?

A)Despite more open-mindedness about career options in recent years, many students continue to aspire to careers that are stereotypically "for" their own gender.
B)Many young children reach relatively stable decisions about which career they want to pursue; adolescents change their minds fairly frequently.
C)Many children and adolescents from low-income neighborhoods express interest in becoming well-educated professionals
D)Students' career choices are to some extent dependent on the values they assign to various professions.
E)g., doctors, lawyers, teachers).

Question 55

As many students move through the grade levels, performance goals increasingly predominate over mastery goals.Three of the following are partial explanations for this developmental trend.Which alternative is not a reasonable explanation for the increasing focus on performance goals with age?

A)Older students are regularly reminded of the importance of good grades for getting into college.
B)With the acquisition of abstract thought, older students are better able to imagine accomplishing great things.
C)As academic tasks become increasingly complex, older students must often rely on other people to evaluate their progress.
D)As students reach adolescence, they become increasingly concerned about how other people will judge their behavior.

Question 56

Which one of the following is the best example of a student attributing success to internal factors?

A)Nita has just gotten an A on her final exam in world history and is feeling very grateful to the teacher for her good grade.
B)Polly's teacher has just told her that she will be the group leader for her reading group next quarter.Polly is glad her teacher is in a good mood today.
C)Renata has just gotten a good grade on her math test and she is glad that her mother got her a math tutor.
D)Sue Ellen has just gotten a good grade on her geography test.She is proud that she did so well and glad that she studied hard.

Question 57

Which one of the following students most clearly has a work-avoidance goal?

A)Frederick stayed up so late last night watching television that he can hardly stay awake in class.
B)Loni is so active in student government that she often doesn't have time to get her homework done.
C)Chris asks for his teacher's help on something he is perfectly capable of doing on his own.
D)Nancy wonders why she has to work harder than her friends to get the same grades they do.

Question 58

Identify the student who appears to have a mastery goal rather than a performance goal.

A)When Abby gets a new assignment, she likes to set it aside for a day or so before she actually begins to work on it.
B)Bonnie is a perfectionist who gets upset when her test performance is anything but A+.
C)Cora is easily distracted by the many stimuli competing for her attention in the classroom.
D)When given the choice between taking an easy class or a more challenging one, Dana chooses the challenging one.

Question 59

Four students in Mr.Kent's physical education class have just done poorly on the school district's physical fitness test.Which student is exhibiting a mastery goal?

A)Muriel gets As in all of her other classes, so she doesn't mind getting a C in physical education.
B)Oliver is going to come back after class to look at his scores and ask Mr.Kent for suggestions about how to improve in his weak areas.
C)Patrice is very upset about her poor performance and plans to work very hard to do better next year because she doesn't want her friends to think she's a klutz.
D)Robert plans to start working out this very weekend so he will be in better shape.Because his father is the school football coach, everyone expects Robert to excel in athletics.

Question 60

Three of the following characterize students with a mastery goal.Which one characterizes students with a performance goal?

A)Being bored by easy tasks
B)Believing that errors are an inevitable part of the learning process
C)Seeking out your teacher's guidance when you're having trouble doing something
D)Thinking that if you have to try hard, you must not be very smart

Question 61

Mr.Maleska has high expectations for his students' classroom performance.With this fact in mind, we would expect him to:

A)Insist on perfection in students' classwork
B)Give students many challenging tasks
C)Give little if any feedback about how students are doing
D)Give his students more help than they really need to complete tasks successfully

Question 62

Which one of the following statements reflects an entity view of intelligence?

A)"Practice makes perfect."
B)"Phoebe is one of the brightest students I know."
C)"If at first you don't succeed, try, try again."
D)"The more you know about a topic, the more quickly and easily you can learn new things about it."

Question 63

Alexander is doing poorly in class.It seems that no matter how hard he tries, he fails. Finally he just stops trying.As his teacher, you want to motivate Alexander to try again.Considering the textbook's discussion of strategies for enhancing students' motivation, which one of the following should you do?

A)Encourage Alexander to try harder.
B)Provide the support Alexander needs to succeed.
C)Attribute Alexander's failures to factors beyond his control.
D)Praise Alexander frequently regardless of what he is or is not doing.

Question 64

Considering research regarding when teacher expectation effects are most likely to occur, which teachers should be most careful to communicate high expectations for students' performance?

A)First- and second-grade teachers
B)Third- and fourth-grade teachers
C)Teachers of students who are finishing their second year of high school
D)Teachers of students who are beginning their final year of high school

Question 65

In which one of the following situations does a teacher's behavior reflect low expectations for a student's classroom performance?

A)Ms.Ingalls rarely interacts with Joseph.
B)Ms.Littlefield assigns Owen a difficult math problem.
C)Mr.Oya gives René positive feedback when she performs well.
D)Mr.Montoya asks Mei-Yau thought-provoking questions in class.

Question 66

Mr.Richardson does not expect much of his students from a poor, inner-city neighborhood.Given what we know about the effects of teacher expectations, which outcome is most likely?

A)His students are more likely to develop a realistic understanding of their own strengths and weaknesses than they would otherwise.
B)His students are likely to develop more positive self-concepts than they would otherwise.
C)His students are likely to learn information in a rote rather than meaningful fashion.
D)His students are likely to achieve at a lower level than they would otherwise.

Question 67

Eileen is reluctant to go out for the school soccer team.We want to enhance her self- confidence about becoming a successful soccer player.If we consider attribution theory, the best thing we can say to Eileen is:

A)"Skill in soccer is totally a function of how hard you work at the game."
B)"You have some natural athletic ability, and practice will make you even better."
C)"Some people are just naturally good soccer players, and I've seen signs that you're probably one of them."
D)"The game of soccer is largely a matter of luck.Some days are good ones and some days are bad.You just never know how things will go."

Question 68

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for forming expectations and attributions for students' performance.Which one is not consistent with the textbook's recommendations?

A)Assume that every student has one or more areas of strength.
B)Keep in mind that teachers do make a difference in students' lives.
C)Limit your assessments of student achievement to informal observations.
D)Communicate the belief that learning more effective strategies may help students perform more successfully.

Question 69

You have several students with learning disabilities in your class, and you want to help them improve their reading skills.From the perspective of attribution theory, you should:

A)Reinforce them when they demonstrate proficiency in reading.
B)Punish them when they don't read as well as they are capable of reading.
C)Help them discover that they can improve with effort and practice.
D)Remind them how important reading will be for their success in life.

Question 70

Three of the following statements are true with regard to student diversity in motivation.Which one is false?

A)Students in Western countries are more likely than their Asian peers to work diligently on boring classroom tasks.
B)Students from some ethnic minority groups may be especially interested in achieving high grades as a way of making their parents proud.
C)On average, girls tend to be more discouraged by failure than boys are.
D)Girls are more likely than boys to try hard in school and earn good grades.

Question 71

Three of the following statements accurately describe cultural and ethnic group differences in motivation.Which statement is false?

A)Compared to their classmates raised in mainstream Western culture, students from Asian cultures are more likely to attribute school success to hard work.
B)On average, Asian students are less concerned about getting good grades than students from other ethnic groups.
C)Some African American students have a sense of learned helplessness about their ability to achieve school success, perhaps because of prior experiences with racial discrimination.
D)Some Hispanic students set mastery goals for themselves and others rather than for themselves alone.

Question 72

Which one of the following alternatives best describes differences between students with a mastery orientation and students with learned helplessness?

A)Students with a mastery orientation expect that they will have to work extremely hard to master new tasks.Students with learned helplessness usually overestimate their abilities.
B)Students with a mastery orientation set easily attainable goals and become frustrated when they don't attain those goals effortlessly.Students with learned helplessness set goals that are almost impossible to attain.
C)Students with a mastery orientation attribute their successes to external, uncontrollable factors.Students with an attitude of learned helplessness attribute failures to internal, controllable factors.
D)Students with a mastery orientation set high goals and seek challenges.Students with learned helplessness underestimate their ability and set low goals.

Question 73

Virginia is 4 years old.Georgia is 14 years old.Both girls like figure skating, but neither is a very good skater.Given developmental trends in attributions, we can predict that Virginia is more likely than Georgia to believe that:

A)Good skating is all a matter of luck.
B)She has little chance of ever skating professionally.
C)She can become an excellent skater if she continues to work at it.
D)Professional skating is beyond the reach of all but a few very talented individuals.

Question 74

Three of the following statements characterize students with learned helplessness.Which one does not characterize learned helplessness?

A)They set low goals for themselves.
B)They become easily discouraged when they fail.
C)They have little confidence in their ability to succeed.
D)They are usually young children rather than older children or adolescents.

Question 75

Mark and Sarah are two eighth-grade students who have just failed a math test. Considering gender differences in students' explanations for failure, how are the two students likely to explain their poor test performance?

A)Mark will think that he failed because he "just can't do math." Sarah will think, "I got an F because I didn't work hard enough on this subject-I could have studied more."
B)Mark will attribute his failure to a lack of effort, thinking, "I didn't study very hard because I don't need to get good grades." Sarah will think, "I'm just not very good at math."
C)Mark will think that he isn't very lucky when it comes to tests, and Sarah will think that she failed because she didn't have her friends help her study.
D)Mark will think, "I got an F because I'm not smart enough to do this math." Sarah will think, "I failed because the teacher hates me and the test wasn't fair."

Question 76

Ms.Simons believes that Jeremy has the ability to do much better on math tests than he is currently doing.Given the textbook's discussion of teacher attributions, how is Ms.Simons most likely to act toward Jeremy?

A)She'll completely ignore Jeremy, in an attempt to extinguish his nonproductive behavior.
B)She'll express sympathy and pity when he doesn't do well.
C)She'll be annoyed when he doesn't do well.
D)She'll model performance goals for Jeremy.

Question 77

Which one of the following is a student who has developed learned helplessness about his or her spelling ability most likely to say?

A)"I have to work harder than my friends to learn to spell."
B)"I can learn how to spell words correctly without even trying."
C)"No matter how much I study words, I can't remember how to spell them."
D)"I would learn to spell eventually, but it's not worth the time it would take to do so."

Question 78

From the perspective of attribution theory, in which way are teachers' attributions to effort most likely to backfire?

A)When students fail at a task at which they have tried very hard and are then told that they didn't try hard enough, they may decide they simply don't have the ability to do the task and give up.
B)When students fail at a task at which they have not tried very hard and are then told that they didn't exert enough effort, they are likely to feel either embarrassed or angry.
C)When students are told that they didn't try hard enough at a task that they expended quite a bit of effort on, they are likely to decide that the subject area has little relevance to their own lives and needs.
D)When students are told that they didn't exert enough effort, and they really didn't try very hard, they are likely to attribute their failure to an external factor and not accept responsibility for it.

Question 79

Students have just done well on what was obviously an easy assignment.If their teacher praises them for their success, they are likely to:

A)Exert more effort next time
B)Develop a mastery orientation
C)Have high self-efficacy for academic tasks
D)Conclude that they will have difficulty with more challenging tasks

Question 80

Students in Mr.Green's eighth-grade English class spend much of their class time memorizing definitions of vocabulary words and completing workbook exercises involving practice with grammatical rules.In contrast, students in Mr.Gray's eighth- grade English class spend much of their time writing stories and essays and critiquing one another's work.Without knowing anything else about the two classes, we might reasonably guess that:

A)Mr.Green's students value good writing more than Mr.Gray's students.
B)Mr.Green's students are more intrinsically motivated than Mr.Gray's students.
C)Mr.Green's students are more likely to have mastery goals and Mr.Gray's students are more likely to have performance-approach goals.
D)Mr.Green teaches in a low-income neighborhood, whereas Mr.Gray teaches in a more affluent school district.