Deck 11: Clinical Therapy the Powers of Social Cognition

Question 1

Vanessa is a mildly depressed college student.Considering the research findings presented in the text on depression,she probably

A)suffers from the better-than-average phenomenon.
B)assumes that her behavior is well-accepted by others.
C)demonstrates the sadder-but-wiser effect.
D)is below average in intelligence.

Answer 1

demonstrates the sadder-but-wiser effect.

Question 2

Compared to nondepressed people,depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are

A)unstable.
B)specific.
C)internal.
D)situational.

Answer 2

internal.

Question 3

Maxwell,a college junior,suffers from chronic depression.Which of the following statements is Maxwell most likely to make when he performs poorly on a test?

A)"The test was not a fair assessment of what I actually know."
B)"My chemistry professor does not grade his tests fairly."
C)"I am incompetent and probably will always be."
D)"I am sure most people did poorly on the test."

Answer 3

"I am incompetent and probably will always be."

Question 4

Explaining life events in terms of factors that are stable,global,and internal is a _____ explanatory style.

A)negative
B)positive
C)realistic
D)repressive

Question 5

Yvonne,a college senior,is mildly depressed.Asked to describe herself,she mentions both her positive and negative qualities.She recalls both past successes and failures and takes personal responsibility for both.Yvonne clearly illustrates the _____ effect.

A)rose-colored-glasses
B)sadder-but-wiser
C)head-in-the-clouds
D)feet-on-the-ground

Question 6

Your roommate Joel is depressed.As a result,you will tend to become

A)somewhat depressed yourself.
B)more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.
C)more optimistic about your own life.
D)more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Question 7

Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or a setback illustrates the global quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?

A)"It is my fault."
B)"It is going to last forever."
C)"It is going to affect everything I do."
D)"It is the same with everybody."

Question 8

Who is more likely to exhibit a negative explanatory style?

A)a teenager
B)a nondepressed person
C)an elderly person
D)a depressed person

Question 9

In a study conducted by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Abramson (1979),mildly depressed and nondepressed students were asked to press a button and observe whether the button controlled a light coming on.The results indicated that the

A)nondepressed students were able to accurately assess their degree of control.
B)depressed students were able to accurately assess their degree of control.
C)depressed students exaggerated their degree of control.
D)nondepressed students underestimated their degree of control.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is an example of one of the components of a pessimistic explanatory style?

A)"This is all my fault."
B)"I have learned my lesson."
C)"This is going to ruin everything."
D)"Things are going to be terrible from now on."

Question 11

"Explanatory style" refers to

A)the complexity of one's persuasive arguments.
B)one's habitual way of explaining life events.
C)the pitch and speed with which one communicates.
D)whether one relies primarily on reason or emotion when debating an issue.

Question 12

College students who have depressed roommates tend to become

A)somewhat depressed themselves.
B)more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.
C)more optimistic about their own lives.
D)more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Question 13

Compared to depressed people,nondepressed people

A)exaggerate their control of events around them.
B)have realistic perceptions of the good and bad things that the future holds.
C)readily accept responsibility for both successes and failures.
D)describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive and negative qualities.

Question 14

Which of the following best illustrates an internal attribution for a failure or setback?

A)"I will never succeed."
B)"This ruins everything."
C)"It is my fault."
D)"The whole world is against me."

Question 15

Jose's clinical psychologist diagnosed him as suffering from depression.Which of the following is NOT likely to be true of Jose's explanatory style after he fails his psychology test?

A)His failure on the test will affect everything else in his life.
B)It is his fault he failed the test.
C)He will never do well in school.
D)His teacher hates him.

Question 16

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments,attributions,and predictions is referred to as

A)the accurate explanatory style.
B)the Barnum effect.
C)realistic pessimism.
D)depressive realism.

Question 17

Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or setback illustrates the stable quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?

A)"It is all my fault."
B)"It is going to last forever."
C)"The whole world is against me."
D)"It is going to affect everything I do."

Question 18

In depression-prone people,the vicious cycle of depression is usually triggered by negative experiences that lead directly to

A)self-focused rumination and self-blame.
B)depressed moods.
C)further negative experiences.
D)blaming others for their negative experiences.

Question 19

Strack and Coyne (1983)found that depressed people were realistic in thinking that other people

A)possessed more accurate self-concepts than they did.
B)did not appreciate their behavior.
C)would welcome their friendship and trust.
D)were less influenced by fear of social disapproval than they were.

Question 20

A study conducted by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Abramson (1979)to test the accuracy of mildly depressed and nondepressed students in estimating their degree of control revealed that in contrast to the mildly depressed students,the nondepressed students were more

A)attuned to others' feelings.
B)accurate in their memories.
C)prone to distorted judgments.
D)self-preoccupied.

Question 21

Shy people tend to

A)make a good first impression.
B)depersonalize social situations.
C)become less well-liked over time.
D)be self-conscious.

Question 22

According to Martin Seligman (2002),which of the following is the most likely reason for high levels of depression in today's Western world?

A)reliance on technology
B)growth of individualism
C)poor quality of education
D)decline in morals and ethics

Question 23

Which of the following explains the relationship between depression and negative thinking?

A)Depressed moods cause negative thinking.
B)Negative thinking causes depressed moods.
C)Depression and negative thinking are unrelated in laboratory experiments.
D)Depressed moods can cause negative thinking and negative thinking can cause depressed moods.

Question 24

According to Cacioppo and Patrick (2008),loneliness can increase people's risk of all of the following

A)suicide.
B)cognitive decline.
C)heart disease.
D)low self-efficacy.

Question 25

According to Lewinsohn and her colleagues (1985),which of the following does belong in the vicious cycle of depression?

A)self-focus
B)self-blame
C)depressed mood
D)defensive pessimism

Question 26

Identify a true statement about self-conscious people.

A)They are unlikely to be prone to "the spotlight effect."
B)They are unlikely to consume alcohol following a failure.
C)They have a tendency to overpersonalize situations.
D)They see incidental events as irrelevant to themselves.

Question 27

According to the text,labeling oneself as shy,depressed,or under the influence of alcohol can serve a(n)_____ function.

A)anger-reducing
B)self-handicapping
C)concurrence-seeking
D)group-identification

Question 28

According to the self-presentation theory,we feel social anxiety when we are

A)motivated to impress others but have self-doubts.
B)motivated and able to impress others but are ignored.
C)under scrutiny.
D)depressed.

Question 29

In the context of social cognition and anxiety,people are likely to feel most anxious when they are

A)unable to focus on their family.
B)in structured situations.
C)with lower-status people.
D)in an evaluative context.

Question 30

According to the text,shyness is _____ characterized by self-consciousness and worry about what others think.

A)loneliness
B)social anxiety
C)depression
D)social incompetence

Question 31

In comparison to those in Western cultures,depressed people in Japan are more likely to report feeling

A)guilt and self-blame over personal failure.
B)shame over letting down their family or co-workers.
C)sad about social problems such as poverty and discrimination.
D)hopeless and helpless.

Question 32

Which of the following is a characteristic of chronically lonely people?

A)They have a negative explanatory style.
B)They blame others for their poor social relationships.
C)They perceive their interactions as making a good impression.
D)They are unskilled at recognizing emotional expression.

Question 33

In a research study conducted by Colin Sacks and Daphne Bugental (1987),young women were asked to get acquainted with a stranger who sometimes acted cold and unfriendly,creating an awkward social situation.The results indicated that women with a pessimistic explanatory style reacted by

A)showing a heightened preference for warm foods and drinks.
B)behaving antagonistically toward the next people they met.
C)recalling that their parents had been rejecting and punitive.
D)blaming themselves for the social failure.

Question 34

Brodt and Zimbardo (1981)found that shy women were no longer shy when they

A)were provided an alternative explanation for their social anxiety.
B)were provided alcohol before interacting with others.
C)discovered that most people feel shy.
D)were taught to blame their failures on circumstances beyond their control.

Question 35

Chronically lonely people tend to blame _____ for their poor social relationships.

A)their parents and early childhood experiences
B)the uncaring attitudes of those presently around them
C)themselves
D)cultural patterns

Question 36

Which of the following theories most likely assumes that we will feel anxious when we are motivated to impress others but have self-doubts?

A)social learning theory
B)self-presentation theory
C)self-perception theory
D)cognitive dissonance theory

Question 37

Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you

A)are alone most of the time.
B)have lost a significant relationship.
C)have less numerous or meaningful social relationships than you desire.
D)are not really respected even though you have many acquaintances.

Question 38

Chronically lonely people seem to have the same _____ as chronically depressed people.

A)unrealistic vision of the future
B)need to achieve perfection
C)illusion of control
D)negative explanatory style

Question 39

Brodt and Zimbardo (1981)found that shy women who were bombarded with a loud noise and told that it would leave them _____ were _____ on subsequent interaction with a handsome male.

A)with a pounding heart; no longer so shy
B)unaffected; no longer so shy
C)with a pounding heart; even more shy
D)unaffected; unaffected

Question 40

In the context of social anxiety,most people tend to be _____ when highly anxious.

A)unguarded
B)disagreeable
C)assertive
D)self-protective

Question 41

According to the text,which of the following is a social-psychological principle that can be applied to the treatment of psychological difficulties?

A)attitudes-follow-behavior principle
B)we-are-cognitive-misers principle
C)acceptance-breeds-compliance principle
D)behavior-follows-attitudes principle

Question 42

In a study by Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986),shy college men were enticed to participate in laboratory exercises that would enhance their social competence.The men

A)were taught specific communication skills.
B)took a short course on positive thinking.
C)delivered self-laudatory speeches to strangers.
D)had several successful conversations with women.

Question 43

Which of the following is a therapy that utilizes the "attitudes-follow-behavior" principle?

A)assertiveness training
B)rational-emotive therapy
C)self-help groups
D)psychoanalysis

Question 44

Both assertiveness training and rational-emotive therapy are cited in the text as examples of psychotherapeutic techniques that

A)utilize social support to change behavior.
B)utilize the attitudes-follow-behavior principle.
C)encourage changes in explanatory style.
D)use counterconditioning strategies.

Question 45

In the context of inducing internal change through external behavior,the rational-emotive psychotherapy technique

A)involves role-playing assertiveness in a supportive context.
B)assumes that people generate their own emotions.
C)involves expressing positive feelings in front of a group.
D)assumes that a client's emotions will change after his or her behavior changes.

Question 46

Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986)concluded that their social skills training was successful because their program

A)employed skilled counselors who took responsibility for inspiring the participants to feel confident and competent.
B)included no counseling,so the participants made internal attributions for their success.
C)protected the participants from having to participate in actual conversations until they had first been extensively trained.
D)paved the way for conversational success by providing many external reasons for initiating conversation.

Question 47

Research by Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986)supported the notion that social skills training can lead shy men to

A)become dependent on their therapist.
B)perceive themselves as socially competent.
C)concentrate on their social incompetence.
D)become more shy 6 months after treatment.