Deck 9: Behavior and Belief

Question 1

Research in France found that having people first sign a petition against landmines increased the likelihood that Internet users would contribute to a fund for victims of landmines.This is an example of the _____ phenomenon.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)low-ball
C)compliance
D)conformity

Answer 1

foot-in-the-door

Question 2

Research indicates that harming an innocent victim,especially voluntarily,leads one to

A)feel increasingly guilty.
B)disparage the victim to justify the behavior.
C)act more kindly toward others.
D)become more aggressive toward others.

Answer 2

disparage the victim to justify the behavior.

Question 3

As noted in the textbook,at the beginning of the Iraq war,only 38 percent of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.When no such weapons were found after the war,58 percent of Americans then supported the war.Myers explains this revision of people's memories of the government's rationale for going to war as an example of

A)self-presentation.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)self-justification.
D)self-perception.

Answer 3

cognitive dissonance.

Question 4

Although you were opposed to the war with Iraq,your attitude changed when you were required to report on the justifications for it at your job as a newspaper journalist.Which theory best explains the change in your attitude?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 5

Historian Richard Grunberger (1971)reported that for people who had their doubts about Hitler,the German greeting "Heil Hitler" was a powerful conditioning device.Once the people decided to intone it as an outward token of conformity,they experienced discomfort at the contradiction between their words and their feelings.Prevented from saying what they believed,they consciously made themselves believe what they said.This is a classic example of the _____ technique.

A)low-ball
B)bait-and-switch
C)salami-slice
D)foot-in-the-door

Question 6

The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971)classic study of a simulated prison.

A)attitudes; behaviors
B)behaviors; attitudes
C)roles; attitudes
D)attitudes; roles

Question 7

_____ are beliefs and feelings that can influence our reactions.

A)Attitudes
B)Attributions
C)Aptitudes
D)Prejudices

Question 8

Attitudes include all of the following

A)feelings.
B)behavioral tendencies or actions.
C)beliefs or thoughts.
D)aptitudes.

Question 9

Which theory best explains why 40 percent of smokers in the United States judge smoking as not very harmful?

A)self-presentation theory
B)cognitive dissonance theory
C)insufficient justification theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 10

Following the U.S.Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools,the percentage of European Americans favoring integrated schools more than doubled.This is an example of how

A)attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B)attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C)moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D)moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Question 11

If the number of people in favor of gay and lesbian marriages increases after a law is passed,this would be an example of how

A)attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B)attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C)moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D)moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Question 12

In Freedman's (1965)study,children were given a mild or severe threat for playing with a toy.Two weeks later,when the children were given the option to play with the toy again,_____ of the children in the mild threat condition played with the toy.

A)all
B)one-third
C)two-third
D)none

Question 13

The cognitive dissonance theory was formulated by

A)James Laird.
B)William James.
C)Leon Festinger.
D)Daryl Bem.

Question 14

Research indicates that if you wish to love someone more,you should

A)let them do favors for you.
B)ignore their negative traits.
C)act as if you do.
D)focus on their positive traits.

Question 15

When induced to give spoken or written support to something they doubt,without bribery or coercion,people will

A)make excuses for their deceit.
B)blame their deceit on the inducement.
C)deny that they did it.
D)begin to believe what they are saying.

Question 16

Edgar Schein (1956)interviewed many of the prisoners of war (POWs)and reported that the captors' methods included a gradual escalation of demands.The captors always started with trivial requests and gradually worked up to more significant ones.This technique is known as the _____ technique.

A)bait-and-switch
B)salami-slice
C)foot-in-the-door
D)low-ball

Question 17

Sarah has always strongly believed that it is wrong to steal,but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drug store,her attitude toward stealing becomes significantly less harsh.Which theory best accounts for the change in her attitude?

A)cognitive dissonance theory
B)self-perception theory
C)reinforcement theory
D)role-playing theory

Question 18

The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information is known as

A)psychological reactance.
B)depressive realism.
C)regression toward the average.
D)selective exposure.

Question 19

The tactic used for the socialization of terrorists and torturers where trivial requests are gradually worked up to more significant demands is known as the _____ technique.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)salami-slice
C)bait-and-switch
D)low-ball

Question 20

Research revealed that the prisoners of war (POWs)of the Korean War were brainwashed through the tactic of

A)torture and punishment.
B)gradually escalating demands,or "start small and build."
C)attitude adjustment.
D)confidence-building.

Question 21

When we are unsure of our attitudes,we infer them the same way someone else would who was observing us,that is,we look at our behavior.Which theory does this describe?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory