Deck 41: Maintaining the Internal Environment

Question 1

It can take up to __________ days after marijuana use before the urine tests negative for the drug.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)10
E)14

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is false about human kidneys?

A)Each has more than one million nephrons.
B)They filter about 180 liters of fluid from the blood every day.
C)An individual can live a normal life even if one kidney is nonfunctional or surgically removed.
D)Two sets of blood capillaries are associated with each nephron.
E)None of these are false.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Women wishing to get pregnant can monitor the amount of which of the following?

A)LH
B)PSA
C)MDH
D)ESP
E)none of these

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The disease that we know as diabetes mellitus was detected by urine examination around the year __________ by physicians in __________.

A)1000 BC; India
B)500 BC; China
C)500 AC; Africa
D)1000 AC; Russia
E)1500 AC; France

Question 5

Filtrate that is removed from the blood is collected by the

A)loop of Henle.
B)glomerulus.
C)distal tubule.
D)proximal tubule.
E)Bowman's capsule.

Question 6

Which of the following is the last structure that urine passes through?

A)distal tubule
B)urethra
C)urinary bladder
D)ureter
E)loop of Henle

Question 7

Which of the following is a mismatch between a urinalysis result and its possible cause?

A)acidic urine; metabolic problem
B)alkaline urine; bacterial infection
C)excess protein; kidney disease
D)excess solutes; diabetes insipidus
E)glucose in urine; diabetes mellitus

Question 8

A by-product of aerobic respiration that is of vital importance to the kangaroo rat is

A)glucose.
B)metabolic water.
C)phosphate.
D)NADH.
E)ADP.

Question 9

Urinalysis can be used to identify all of the following EXCEPT

A)a metabolic problem.
B)a bacterial infection.
C)kidney disease.
D)diabetes insipidus.
E)cardiac damage.

Question 10

Collecting ducts in the kidney lead immediately into the

A)renal cortex.
B)renal medulla.
C)renal pelvis.
D)ureter.
E)urethra.

Question 11

Filtration occurs in which section of mammalian nephrons?

A)glomerular capillaries in Bowman's capsule
B)loop of Henle
C)proximal tubule
D)distal tubule
E)peritubular capillaries

Question 12

All EXCEPT which of the following are significant routes for water loss from the body?

A)excretion in urine
B)sneezing
C)sweating
D)elimination in feces
E)evaporation from respiratory surfaces

Question 13

Which of the following processes is under voluntary control?

A)filtration
B)reabsorption
C)urination
D)secretion
E)excretion

Question 14

The entire blood volume of a human adult is filtered more than __________ times a day by the kidneys.

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)30
E)40

Question 15

The tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder is the

A)glomerulus.
B)ureter.
C)urethra.
D)bladder.
E)rectum.

Question 16

The process that normally exerts the greatest control over the water balance of an individual is

A)sweating.
B)elimination in feces.
C)kidney function.
D)evaporation through the skin.
E)respiratory loss.

Question 17

Blood goes to the __________ after it leaves the glomerular capillaries.

A)renal vein
B)renal artery
C)peritubular capillaries
D)vena cava
E)heart

Question 18

Extracellular fluid includes

A)interstitial fluid.
B)blood.
C)lymph.
D)blood and lymph, only.
E)interstitial fluid, plasma, and lymph

Question 19

The kidneys function to rid the body of

A)excess water.
B)excess solutes.
C)toxins and drugs.
D)metabolic wastes.
E)all of these.

Question 20

The subunit of a kidney that purifies blood and restores solute and water balance is the

A)glomerulus.
B)loop of Henle.
C)nephron.
D)ureter.
E)peritubular capillary.

Question 21

The process during which potassium and hydrogen ions, penicillin, and some toxic substances are put into the urine by active transport is

A)tubular secretion.
B)reabsorption.
C)filtration.
D)countercurrent multiplication.
E)diffusion.

Question 22

Which of the following substances is NOT normally filtered from the blood?

A)water
B)plasma proteins
C)urea
D)glucose
E)sodium

Question 23

Which of the following features would tend to promote water reabsorption by the vertebrate kidney?

A)many nephridia
B)a long loop of Henle
C)a short collecting duct
D)a short distal tubule
E)a high filtration rate

Question 24

Use the figure above to answer questions

The renal cortex is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 25

The letter "D" in the above figure represents

A)a kidney.
B)a urethra.
C)a urinary bladder.
D)a ureter.
E)water.

Question 26

__________ is the fluid removed from the blood but not yet processed by the nephron tubules.

A)Urine
B)Water
C)Urethral fluid
D)Filtrate
E)Renal plasma

Question 27

Which of the following does NOT act to maintain the osmotic gradient necessary for the concentration of urine in mammals?

A)countercurrent flow at the loop of Henle
B)decreased hypothalamic signals leading to a decrease in ADH production
C)impermeability of the descending limb of the loop of Henle to Na⁺, Cl^-, and other solutes
D)impermeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to water
E)all of these

Question 28

Water reabsorption into the capillaries associated with a nephron is achieved principally by

A)bulk flow.
B)active transport and osmosis.
C)countercurrent multiplication.
D)phagocytosis.
E)all of these.

Question 29

Use the figure above to answer questions

The source of blood for the glomerular capillaries is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 30

Reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the __________ to the __________.

A)interstitial fluid; tubules
B)glomerular capillaries; Bowman's capsule
C)Bowman's capsule; nephron tubules
D)nephron tubules; peritubular capillaries
E)glomerular capillaries; peritubular capillaries

Question 31

In reabsorption

A)plasma proteins are returned to the blood.
B)excess hydrogen ions are removed from the blood.
C)excess water is passed on to the urine.
D)nutrients and ions are selectively returned to the blood.
E)drugs and foreign substances are passed into the urine.

Question 32

Use the figure above to answer questions

The region where completely formed urine collects is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)D.
D)E.
E)both A and B.

Question 33

At what point in the figure above is the urine most concentrated?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)none of these

Question 34

Use the figure above to answer questions

The region where loops of Henle are located is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)E.
E)both A and B.

Question 35

An animal's capacity to conserve water and to concentrate solutes for excretion in the urine is greater in a kidney with longer

A)Bowman's capsules
B)loops of Henle
C)proximal tubules
D)ureters
E)afferent arterioles

Question 36

The process of filtration in the glomerulus is driven by

A)active transport.
B)hydrostatic pressure.
C)osmosis.
D)dialysis.
E)sodium-potassium pumps.

Question 37

The first region where water and sodium are reabsorbed is the

A)glomerulus.
B)proximal tubule.
C)distal tubule.
D)loop of Henle.
E)collecting duct.

Question 38

The movement of excess H⁺ and K⁺ ions from peritubular capillaries to the nephron tubules is

A)reabsorption.
B)secretion.
C)excretion.
D)filtration.
E)osmosis.

Question 39

Which of the following are most permeable to water and small molecules?

A)glomerular capillaries
B)peritubular capillaries
C)afferent arterioles
D)ureters
E)efferent arterioles

Question 40

During reabsorption, sodium ions cross the proximal tubule walls into the interstitial fluid principally by means of

A)bulk flow.
B)active transport.
C)countercurrent multiplication.
D)phagocytosis.
E)none of these.