Deck 11: Innate Immunity

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of a mechanical barrier?

A) lysozyme
B) stomach acid
C) mucus
D) skin
E) antimicrobial peptides

Answer 1

mucus

Question 2

Which cell type is the most numerous white blood cell in circulation, is the first leukocyte recruited from the bloodstream to injured tissues, and releases potent antimicrobial peptides?

A) monocytes
B) dendritic cells
C) basophils
D) neutrophils
E) eosinophils

Answer 2

neutrophils

Question 3

What is the general classification used to categorize leukocytes?

A) It depends on the age of the cell, as all agranulocytes start off as a granulocyte and later change their function and structure over the life of the cell.
B) whether or not leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained and then viewed by light microscopy
C) whether they function as part of the innate or adaptive immune system
D) whether or not the cells contain a nucleus
E) whether the cells originate from primary or secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 3

whether or not leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained and then viewed by light microscopy

Question 4

Which of the following are primary lymphoid tissues?

A) spleen and mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue
B) thymus and bone marrow
C) thymus and lymph nodes
D) lymph nodes and spleen
E) bone marrow and mucosa- associated lymphatic lymphoid tissue

Question 5

What are the two categories of second- line defenses?

A) antibodies and platelets
B) mucus and lysozyme
C) assorted molecular factors and leukocytes
D) platelets and red blood cells
E) red blood cells and antibodies

Question 6

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A) filter lymph and sample surrounding body sites for antigens which are brought into contact with the leukocytes that reside in secondary lymphoid tissues to stimulate an immune response.
B) are monocytes and dendritic cells.
C) are neutrophils and eosinophils.
D) are where formed elements in blood are produced.
E) are where leukocytes mature.

Question 7

What role do erythrocytes play in our blood?

A) deliver oxygen
B) clump together and help stem blood loss
C) form mesh like clots to trap pathogens
D) give rise to white blood cells that phagocytize pathogens
E) damage blood vessels when released by bacteria

Question 8

Which of the following is not a reason the skin is a useful barrier?

A) The skin is enriched with lipids to serve as a water- resistant layer.
B) The outermost layer is made up of tightly compacted dead epithelial cells.
C) The skin is enriched with specialized proteins such as keratin.
D) The skin is enriched with antimicrobial peptides.
E) The skin produces mucus to trap microbes.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier?

A) urine
B) mucus
C) tears
D) antimicrobial peptides
E) skin

Question 10

Antimicrobial peptides can do all of the following except

A) disrupt plasma membrane and/or cell wall.
B) target intracellular components.
C) stimulate leukocytes.
D) regulate body temperature.
E) insert themselves into target cell membranes.

Question 11

In the correct order, what are the names of the fluid leaving the capillaries, going into the space between cells and then into the lymphatic capillaries?

A) plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid
B) interstitial fluid, lymph, and plasma
C) plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph
D) lymph, plasma, and interstitial fluid
E) lymph, interstitial fluid, and plasma

Question 12

The general goal of first- line defenses is to

A) tag intruders with a signaling molecule to identify them as foreign.
B) prevent pathogen entry.
C) weaken pathogens.
D) isolate pathogens.
E) destroy pathogens.

Question 13

From the image below, identify which of the following numbers are indicating primary lymphoid tissues?

A) 3 and 4
B) 5 and 7
C) 1 and 2
D) 1 and 8
E) 6 and 8

Question 14

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

A) mast cell
B) dendritic cell
C) eosinophil cell
D) neutrophil cell
E) basophil cell

Question 15

Which of the following is true about antimicrobial peptides?

A) It's rare for microbes to develop resistance to AMPs.
B) Only destroy bacteria
C) Specifically target viral capsids for degradation
D) About 50 different AMPs exist.
E) Produced by leukocytes

Question 16

Which of the following does not describe adaptive immunity?

A) recognizes pathogens it previously fought, allowing for quicker and more aggressive defense mobilization upon later exposures to the same agent
B) generalized responses that don't vary based on the pathogen being fought
C) evolved more recently
D) only in vertebrate animals
E) matures over time

Question 17

What is edema?

A) irregular heart palpitations
B) tissue swelling
C) the spreading of a pathogen from the circulatory system to the lymphatic system
D) the hardening of infected lymph nodes
E) when a capillary bursts and is releasing fluid under the skin

Question 18

Which of the following is false about the enzyme lysozyme?

A) breaks down bacterial cell walls
B) kills bacterial cells
C) acts as a chemical barrier
D) can be found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk
E) destroys viruses and fungi

Question 19

Which of the following is not a benefit of our normal microbiota?

A) competes for nutrients with pathogens
B) makes substances that may directly damage pathogens
C) generates an environment that limits pathogen survival
D) competes for space with pathogens
E) neutralizes harmful wastes that pathogens produce

Question 20

Which of the following features are shared between both innate and adaptive immunity?

A) respond immediately, remember antigens, and exist in all eukaryotic organisms
B) recognize diverse pathogens and eliminate identified invaders
C) recognize diverse pathogens, eliminate identified invaders, and discriminate between self and foreign antigens
D) respond immediately and remember antigens
E) discriminate between self and foreign antigens

Question 21

Which of the following are the three phases of inflammation?

A) vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, and resolution
B) margination, histamine release, and apoptosis
C) cytokine production, vasodilation, and phagocytosis
D) chemoattractant production, exudate release, and healing
E) vasoactive release, diapedesis, and angiogenesis

Question 22

Which cell type has a nucleus that appears to have two lobes connected by a thin band, has granules that contain diverse enzymes and antimicrobial toxins, and has mediators that are expelled in response to certain allergens and parasites?

A) mast cells
B) basophils
C) neutrophils
D) monocytes
E) eosinophils

Question 23

Why are leukocytes so central to second- line molecular defenses?

A) Leukocytes trigger other cells of the immune system to produce second- line molecular defenses.
B) Leukocytes have nothing to do with second- line molecular defenses.
C) Leukocytes respond to the production of second- line molecular defenses.
D) Leukocytes remove second- line molecular defenses to inhibit damage to healthy tissues in the surrounding area.
E) Leukocytes produce second- line molecular defenses.

Question 24

Which of the following pairs is not an example of a cytokine and its function?

A) interferons: produced by virus- infected cells to signal neighboring cells to mount antiviral defenses
B) eicosanoids: promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes
C) interleukins: regulate inflammation, fever, T cell development, and innate and adaptive immune responses
D) tumor necrosis factors: induce inflammation and kills tumor cells
E) chemokines: recruit white blood cells to areas of injury or infection

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of a bacterial cell utilizing a siderophore to collect iron?

A) Bacteria use manganese instead of iron.
B) Hemolytic bacteria collect hemoglobin from host red blood cells and breaks them down to extract iron.
C) Bacteria produce proteins that degrade host cells and cause the release of iron.
D) Bacteria produce proteins that steal iron from host iron- binding proteins.
E) Bacteria collect host iron- binding proteins and breaks them down to extract iron.

Question 26

Which of the following images represents a mast cell that produces granules that act as the initial chemical alarm that recruits neutrophils and other leukocytes to the scene and simultaneously promotes early phases of inflammation?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 27

Which of the following is not a function of a molecular second line defense?

A) recruiting leukocytes to the site of infection
B) slowing the growth of the pathogen
C) producing antibodies specific to the bacterial infection
D) triggering fever
E) stimulating inflammation

Question 28

What are cytokines?

A) alert hormones that trigger the body to prepare for injury by shrinking capillaries and increasing platelet production
B) enzymes that promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes
C) carbohydrates which reduce inflammation in the body
D) signaling proteins that help cells communicate with each other, initiating and coordinating immune actions
E) organic chemicals which stimulate fever via an increase in metabolism

Question 29

Which of the following describes the classical pathway of complement activation?

A) Complement proteins activate when triggered by macrophages or neutrophils.
B) Complement proteins activate when mannose- binding lectin binds to the pathogen.
C) Complement proteins activate by coming into contact with certain blood- clotting proteins.
D) Complement proteins activate when antibodies bind to a pathogen.
E) Complement proteins activate by directly interacting with the pathogen.

Question 30

Which of the following is not a main goal of inflammation?

A) limit the spread of infectious agents
B) recruit immune defenses to the injured tissue
C) transport chemical factors essential for tissue recovery
D) produce localized heat and swelling in an effort to denature key bacterial proteins
E) deliver oxygen and nutrients

Question 31

Which of the following is not a way that bacteria can evade complement activation?

A) build a capsule to hide surface antigens that would trigger complement activation
B) release enzymes that break down lectins responsible for triggering complement activation
C) release enzymes that break down antibodies that trigger complement activation
D) release enzymes that break down complement proteins
E) produce proteins that mimic our naturally occurring regulators of complement activation

Question 32

Where is the iron- binding protein transferrin found?

A) neutrophil granules
B) red blood cells
C) blood plasma and extracellular fluids
D) saliva and mucus
E) milk and tears

Question 33

Which cell type is the largest agranular white blood cell, mature as they leave the circulatory system, and increase cell levels due to chronic infections and inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and certain cancers?

A) mast cells
B) natural killer cells
C) monocytes
D) lymphocytes
E) dendritic cells

Question 34

Chronic inflammation

A) can lead to muscle aches and fatigue as the body struggles to heal itself.
B) can take years to go away but will go away eventually.
C) works to protect host tissues until all pathogens have been eradicated.
D) is not useful or protective and promotes atherosclerosis, cancers, and neurodegenerative disorders.
E) is only of concern if the chronic inflammation is occurring in or next to the brain.

Question 35

Which cell type works to prevent our immune system from attacking self and from over- reacting to nonthreatening substances, is abundant in tissues next to body openings, and phagocytizes a broad range of antigens?

A) natural killer cells
B) dendritic cells
C) lymphocytes
D) monocytes
E) macrophages

Question 36

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

A) swelling
B) loss of function
C) pain
D) redness
E) fever

Question 37

Neisseria gonorrhoeae circumvents our iron- sequestering defenses by

A) using manganese in their metal- requiring enzymes instead of iron.
B) breaking down red blood cells to get to the iron- rich hemoglobin inside.
C) making siderophores that pull iron from our iron- binding proteins.
D) capturing our iron- binding proteins and pulling the iron out of them for their own use.
E) releasing lytic enzymes and then scavenging the debris for iron.

Question 38

Which of the following is an outcome of complement activation?

A) opsonization, cytolysis, and inflammation
B) cytolysis and inflammation
C) cytolysis
D) opsonization and cytolysis
E) opsonization

Question 39

Which of the following key chemical mediators in inflammation is not matched to its function?

A) kinin: induces vascular changes, stimulate pain receptors, and assist in blood- clot cascades
B) histamine: induces vascular changes
C) prostaglandins: induce vascular changes and stimulate pain receptors
D) thromboxanes: reduce pain receptor stimulation and reduces fever
E) TNF- a: enhances inflammation

Question 40

Which cell type is a subgroup of lymphocytes, abundant in the liver, and has important roles in innate immune protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and even tumor cells?

A) macrophages
B) T cells
C) dendritic cells
D) B cells
E) natural killer cells

Question 41

Which term describes an elevated body temperature that fluctuates, but doesn't reach normal in the course of the fluctuations?

A) relapsing fever
B) intermittent fever
C) Pel- Ebstein fever
D) remittent fever
E) sustained fever

Question 42

What triggers the release of cytokines, which signal the hypothalamus of the brain to raise the body's baseline temperature from 37°C to a higher temperature?

A) interleukin 1
B) interferon alpha
C) prostaglandins
D) tumor necrosis factor
E) pyrogens

Question 43

Which of the following is not a potentially useful effect of a fever?

A) increases phagocyte efficiency
B) promotes tissue repair
C) enhances cytokine production
D) limits growth of certain pathogens
E) enhances antiviral effects of interferons

Question 44

Name two similarities between macrophages and dendritic cells.

Question 45

Ferritin is a specific example of a siderophore produced by Borrelia bugdorferi.

Question 46

Explain the collection and flow of lymph.

Question 47

Kinins block histamine's actions and therefore serve as anti- inflammatory drugs.

Question 48

Eosinophil granules contain diverse enzymes and antimicrobial toxins that are released into surrounding tissues in response to certain allergens and parasites.

Question 49

Skin is one of the most important physical barriers.

Question 50

The spleen is a primary lymphoid tissue.

Question 51

Name three reasons why inflammation can be protective and useful?

Question 52

Pyretic drugs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen are all commonly used to reduce fever by increasing the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus.

Question 53

Which of the following would you expect to see if your patient had been bitten by a tick infected with the Borrelia bacteria species?

A) quatan fever
B) intermittent fever
C) relapsing fever
D) Pel- Ebstein fever
E) tertian fever

Question 54

Explain the hygiene hypothesis and describe one example that supports it.

Question 55

Complement activation has three different outcomes but which outcome occurs depends on which complement pathway is activated.

Question 56

Molecular second- line defenses include cytokines, iron- binding proteins, and complement proteins.

Question 57

Dendritic cells prevent the immune system from attacking self and from over- reacting to nonthreatening substances.

Question 58

Antimicrobial peptides are able to stimulate leukocytes and destroy bacteria by disrupting their plasma membranes.

Question 59

Which term describes a fever lasting 3- 10 days followed by a non- fever state of similar length?

A) Pel- Ebstein fever
B) relapsing fever
C) sustained fever
D) remittent fever
E) intermittent fever

Question 60

Explain the mechanical and chemical barriers of the skin.