Question 1

Which of the following is not a way that bacteria can evade complement activation?

Accepted Answer

A)  build a capsule to hide surface antigens that would trigger complement activation 
B)  release enzymes that break down lectins responsible for triggering complement activation 
C)  release enzymes that break down antibodies that trigger complement activation 
D)  release enzymes that break down complement proteins 
E)  produce proteins that mimic our naturally occurring regulators of complement activation 
A)  build a capsule to hide surface antigens that would trigger complement activation 
B)  release enzymes that break down lectins responsible for triggering complement activation 
C)  release enzymes that break down antibodies that trigger complement activation 
D)  release enzymes that break down complement proteins 
E)  produce proteins that mimic our naturally occurring regulators of complement activation B

Question 2

Skin is one of the most important physical barriers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

What triggers the release of cytokines, which signal the hypothalamus of the brain to raise the body's baseline temperature from 37°C to a higher temperature?

Accepted Answer

A)  interleukin 1 
B)  interferon alpha 
C)  prostaglandins 
D)  tumor necrosis factor 
E)  pyrogens 
A)  interleukin 1 
B)  interferon alpha 
C)  prostaglandins 
D)  tumor necrosis factor 
E)  pyrogens E

Question 4

Which of the following is true about antimicrobial peptides?

Accepted Answer

A)  It's rare for microbes to develop resistance to AMPs. 
B)  Only destroy bacteria 
C)  Specifically target viral capsids for degradation 
D)  About 50 different AMPs exist. 
E)  Produced by leukocytes 
A)  It's rare for microbes to develop resistance to AMPs. 
B)  Only destroy bacteria 
C)  Specifically target viral capsids for degradation 
D)  About 50 different AMPs exist. 
E)  Produced by leukocytes

Question 5

The general goal of first- line defenses is to

Accepted Answer

A)  tag intruders with a signaling molecule to identify them as foreign. 
B)  prevent pathogen entry. 
C)  weaken pathogens. 
D)  isolate pathogens. 
E)  destroy pathogens. 
A)  tag intruders with a signaling molecule to identify them as foreign. 
B)  prevent pathogen entry. 
C)  weaken pathogens. 
D)  isolate pathogens. 
E)  destroy pathogens.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a reason the skin is a useful barrier?

Accepted Answer

A)  The skin is enriched with lipids to serve as a water- resistant layer. 
B)  The outermost layer is made up of tightly compacted dead epithelial cells. 
C)  The skin is enriched with specialized proteins such as keratin. 
D)  The skin is enriched with antimicrobial peptides. 
E)  The skin produces mucus to trap microbes. 
A)  The skin is enriched with lipids to serve as a water- resistant layer. 
B)  The outermost layer is made up of tightly compacted dead epithelial cells. 
C)  The skin is enriched with specialized proteins such as keratin. 
D)  The skin is enriched with antimicrobial peptides. 
E)  The skin produces mucus to trap microbes.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a main goal of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  limit the spread of infectious agents 
B)  recruit immune defenses to the injured tissue 
C)  transport chemical factors essential for tissue recovery 
D)  produce localized heat and swelling in an effort to denature key bacterial proteins 
E)  deliver oxygen and nutrients 
A)  limit the spread of infectious agents 
B)  recruit immune defenses to the injured tissue 
C)  transport chemical factors essential for tissue recovery 
D)  produce localized heat and swelling in an effort to denature key bacterial proteins 
E)  deliver oxygen and nutrients

Question 8

Neisseria gonorrhoeae circumvents our iron- sequestering defenses by

Accepted Answer

A)  using manganese in their metal- requiring enzymes instead of iron. 
B)  breaking down red blood cells to get to the iron- rich hemoglobin inside. 
C)  making siderophores that pull iron from our iron- binding proteins. 
D)  capturing our iron- binding proteins and pulling the iron out of them for their own use. 
E)  releasing lytic enzymes and then scavenging the debris for iron. 
A)  using manganese in their metal- requiring enzymes instead of iron. 
B)  breaking down red blood cells to get to the iron- rich hemoglobin inside. 
C)  making siderophores that pull iron from our iron- binding proteins. 
D)  capturing our iron- binding proteins and pulling the iron out of them for their own use. 
E)  releasing lytic enzymes and then scavenging the debris for iron.

Question 9

Which of the following describes the classical pathway of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Complement proteins activate when triggered by macrophages or neutrophils. 
B)  Complement proteins activate when mannose- binding lectin binds to the pathogen. 
C)  Complement proteins activate by coming into contact with certain blood- clotting proteins. 
D)  Complement proteins activate when antibodies bind to a pathogen. 
E)  Complement proteins activate by directly interacting with the pathogen. 
A)  Complement proteins activate when triggered by macrophages or neutrophils. 
B)  Complement proteins activate when mannose- binding lectin binds to the pathogen. 
C)  Complement proteins activate by coming into contact with certain blood- clotting proteins. 
D)  Complement proteins activate when antibodies bind to a pathogen. 
E)  Complement proteins activate by directly interacting with the pathogen.

Question 10

Where is the iron- binding protein transferrin found?

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrophil granules 
B)  red blood cells 
C)  blood plasma and extracellular fluids 
D)  saliva and mucus 
E)  milk and tears 
A)  neutrophil granules 
B)  red blood cells 
C)  blood plasma and extracellular fluids 
D)  saliva and mucus 
E)  milk and tears

Question 11

Antimicrobial peptides are able to stimulate leukocytes and destroy bacteria by disrupting their plasma membranes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which of the following are the three phases of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, and resolution 
B)  margination, histamine release, and apoptosis 
C)  cytokine production, vasodilation, and phagocytosis 
D)  chemoattractant production, exudate release, and healing 
E)  vasoactive release, diapedesis, and angiogenesis 
A)  vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, and resolution 
B)  margination, histamine release, and apoptosis 
C)  cytokine production, vasodilation, and phagocytosis 
D)  chemoattractant production, exudate release, and healing 
E)  vasoactive release, diapedesis, and angiogenesis

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a bacterial cell utilizing a siderophore to collect iron?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria use manganese instead of iron. 
B)  Hemolytic bacteria collect hemoglobin from host red blood cells and breaks them down to extract iron. 
C)  Bacteria produce proteins that degrade host cells and cause the release of iron. 
D)  Bacteria produce proteins that steal iron from host iron- binding proteins. 
E)  Bacteria collect host iron- binding proteins and breaks them down to extract iron. 
A)  Bacteria use manganese instead of iron. 
B)  Hemolytic bacteria collect hemoglobin from host red blood cells and breaks them down to extract iron. 
C)  Bacteria produce proteins that degrade host cells and cause the release of iron. 
D)  Bacteria produce proteins that steal iron from host iron- binding proteins. 
E)  Bacteria collect host iron- binding proteins and breaks them down to extract iron.

Question 14

The spleen is a primary lymphoid tissue.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which cell type is a subgroup of lymphocytes, abundant in the liver, and has important roles in innate immune protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and even tumor cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  macrophages 
B)  T cells 
C)  dendritic cells 
D)  B cells 
E)  natural killer cells 
A)  macrophages 
B)  T cells 
C)  dendritic cells 
D)  B cells 
E)  natural killer cells

Question 16

Which of the following is not a benefit of our normal microbiota?

Accepted Answer

A)  competes for nutrients with pathogens 
B)  makes substances that may directly damage pathogens 
C)  generates an environment that limits pathogen survival 
D)  competes for space with pathogens 
E)  neutralizes harmful wastes that pathogens produce 
A)  competes for nutrients with pathogens 
B)  makes substances that may directly damage pathogens 
C)  generates an environment that limits pathogen survival 
D)  competes for space with pathogens 
E)  neutralizes harmful wastes that pathogens produce

Question 17

Explain the mechanical and chemical barriers of the skin.

Accepted Answer

Mechanical barriers rinse, flush, or tra

Question 18

Which term describes an elevated body temperature that fluctuates, but doesn't reach normal in the course of the fluctuations?

Accepted Answer

A)  relapsing fever 
B)  intermittent fever 
C)  Pel- Ebstein fever 
D)  remittent fever 
E)  sustained fever 
A)  relapsing fever 
B)  intermittent fever 
C)  Pel- Ebstein fever 
D)  remittent fever 
E)  sustained fever

Question 19

Ferritin is a specific example of a siderophore produced by Borrelia bugdorferi.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Which of the following pairs is not an example of a cytokine and its function?

Accepted Answer

A)  interferons: produced by virus- infected cells to signal neighboring cells to mount antiviral defenses 
B)  eicosanoids: promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes 
C)  interleukins: regulate inflammation, fever, T cell development, and innate and adaptive immune responses 
D)  tumor necrosis factors: induce inflammation and kills tumor cells 
E)  chemokines: recruit white blood cells to areas of injury or infection 
A)  interferons: produced by virus- infected cells to signal neighboring cells to mount antiviral defenses 
B)  eicosanoids: promote the replication and gathering of leukocytes 
C)  interleukins: regulate inflammation, fever, T cell development, and innate and adaptive immune responses 
D)  tumor necrosis factors: induce inflammation and kills tumor cells 
E)  chemokines: recruit white blood cells to areas of injury or infection

Exam 11: Innate Immunity

Which of the following is not a way that bacteria can evade complement activation?

Skin is one of the most important physical barriers.

What triggers the release of cytokines, which signal the hypothalamus of the brain to raise the body's baseline temperature from 37°C to a higher temperature?

Which of the following is true about antimicrobial peptides?

The general goal of first- line defenses is to

Which of the following is not a reason the skin is a useful barrier?

Which of the following is not a main goal of inflammation?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae circumvents our iron- sequestering defenses by

Which of the following describes the classical pathway of complement activation?

Where is the iron- binding protein transferrin found?

Antimicrobial peptides are able to stimulate leukocytes and destroy bacteria by disrupting their plasma membranes.

Which of the following are the three phases of inflammation?

Which of the following is an example of a bacterial cell utilizing a siderophore to collect iron?

The spleen is a primary lymphoid tissue.

Which cell type is a subgroup of lymphocytes, abundant in the liver, and has important roles in innate immune protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and even tumor cells?

Which of the following is not a benefit of our normal microbiota?

Explain the mechanical and chemical barriers of the skin.

Which term describes an elevated body temperature that fluctuates, but doesn't reach normal in the course of the fluctuations?

Ferritin is a specific example of a siderophore produced by Borrelia bugdorferi.

Which of the following pairs is not an example of a cytokine and its function?

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

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