Deck 8: Peers: a World of Their Own

Question 1

In mixed-gender groups:

A)boys are less competitive than in dyads
B)girls are less competitive than in dyads
C)girls become more active and boisterous than in same-gender groups
D)girls and boys adopt play styles that are the same as in same gender groups

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The term used to describe peers with whom the child has a special relationship:

A)a clique
B)a crowd
C)friends
D)peers

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Interaction in which young children share goals and work together to achieve them is labeled:

A)parallel play
B)pretend play
C)cooperative play
D)associative play

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Interaction in which young children share toys, materials, and sometimes conversation but are not engaged in a joint project is termed:

A)parallel play
B)pretend play
C)cooperative play
D)associative play

Question 5

Compared with girls' play, boys' play:

A)is less structured
B)involves exchange of more information
C)is less intimate
D)usually involves only two people

Question 6

Interaction in which young children are doing the same thing, often side by side, but are not engaged with each other has been described as:

A)parallel play
B)pretend play
C)cooperative play
D)associative play

Question 7

Relationships with peers:

A)are less likely to involve conflict and shared positive emotions than relationships with adults
B)offer children new opportunities for interpersonal exploration
C)inhibit the growth of social competence
D)are usually conflict free

Question 8

Pretend play is most common in:

A)Mexico
B)India
C)the U.S.
D)Russia

Question 9

Interactions with peers during adolescence:

A)are more infrequent than interactions with adults
B)are under relatively limited adult guidance
C)are equally salient across cultures
D)always involve members of the opposite gender

Question 10

During the first 6 months of life babies look at each other and are responsive to each other's behaviors. These behaviors are not truly social because:

A)there is no communication
B)there is no recognition of the peer as a social partner
C)there is no verbal communication
D)the child has not developed a sense of self

Question 11

At what age are interactions with peers characterized by touching and looking at peers and responding to peers crying?

A)0-6 months
B)6-12 months
C)1-2 years
D)2-3 years

Question 12

Make-believe activity in which objects are used symbolically is called:

A)parallel play
B)pretend play
C)cooperative play
D)associative play

Question 13

Pretend play:

A)is particularly important in the development of academic competence in early childhood
B)permits children to experience the roles and feelings of others
C)hinders children's capacity to function as part of a social group
D)all of the above

Question 14

Compared with relationships with adults, relationships with peers are:

A)less close
B)less free
C)less equal
D)more equal (297

Question 15

During interactions with peers during adolescence peers are especially likely to influence:

A)adolescents' educational plans
B)adolescents' religious beliefs
C)whether the adolescent uses controlled substances
D)adolescents' level of volunteer work

Question 16

At its peak, pretend play involves:

A)highly coordinated fantasies
B)slow transitions between multiple roles
C)standardized or routine-guided transformations of objects and situations
D)all of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the importance of peers' gender:

A)up to age 7, children are equally likely to choose same-gender or opposite-gender companions for play
B)only up to age 3 or 4, boys and girls increasingly choose playmates of the same gender and exclude children of the other gender
C)there are no exceptions to the gender-exclusivity rule
D)after ages 5 or 6 children choose same gender play partners

Question 18

The nature of peer interactions from 1 to 12 years includes increases in:

A)physical aggression
B)egotistic behavior
C)generosity
D)both a and b

Question 19

The term used to describe children of roughly the same age is:

A)a clique
B)a crowd
C)friends
D)peers

Question 20

At what age are interactions with peers characterized by a stable preference for same-gender playmates and a main friendship goal of coordinated and successful play?

A)2-3 years
B)4-5 years
C)6-7 years
D)7-9 years

Question 21

Youngsters who pretty well liked by their peers are labeled sociometrically:

A)controversial
B)secure
C)dominant
D)average

Question 22

Studies of the neurological bases of social pain find that in terms of fMRI patterns:

A)social pain activates the area that is linked to the uncomfortable feeling of physical pain
B)social pain activates the area that is linked to regulating feelings of physical pain
C)reactions to being rejected in a virtual environment are similar to reactions to social rejection in the real world
D)all of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is true regarding peers acting as social models:

A)children as young as 2 years old imitate each other
B)older children learn about social rules by watching their peers
C)peer models can be positive or negative
D)all of the above

Question 24

Children are more likely to imitate peers who are:

A)same-age
B)of equal status
C)more prestigious
D)opposite gender

Question 25

When asked to decide how to solve a social dilemma involving anther child in a video, youngsters who were rated as less socially competent by their teachers were observed to:

A)generate too many competent responses to choose from
B)choose appropriate responses but not execute them
C)be good at noticing and interpreting cues correctly
D)none of the above

Question 26

A strength of the step-by-step social information processing approach is the following:

A)children do not always respond reflexively and methodically
B)children make many social decisions outside of conscious awareness
C)the model accounts for behavior in new or ambiguous situations
D)the model is useful for assessing children with difficult temperaments

Question 27

Youngsters who are often socially isolated and, although they are not necessarily disliked, have few friends are labeled sociometrically:

A)controversial
B)neglected
C)rejected
D)average

Question 28

Youngsters who are not accepted by their peers because of their low level of self-control and high level of aggression are labeled:

A)controversial
B)neglected
C)nonaggressive-rejected
D)aggressive-rejected

Question 29

Peer rejection is worse when the school-age child:

A)is rejected by a casual acquaintance as opposed to a close friend or family member
B)approaches social situations as an opportunity to learn things instead of an evaluation of his or her 'okayness'
C)lacks social support
D)is rejected by children of the opposite gender

Question 30

Youngsters who are liked by many peers but also disliked by many are labeled sociometrically:

A)controversial
B)neglected
C)rejected
D)bullies

Question 31

Youngsters who are disliked by many peers and liked by few are labeled sociometrically:

A)controversial
B)neglected
C)rejected
D)none of the above

Question 32

A procedure for determining a child's status within his or her peer group in which each child in the group either nominates others whom she or he likes best and least or rates each child in the group for desirability as a companion is termed:

A)social comparison
B)sociometric technique
C)perceived popularity
D)dominance hierarchy

Question 33

Which of the following accurately describes the association between deficits in social understanding and actual peer rejection?

A)deficits in social understanding do not predict peer rejection
B)peer rejection does not predict deficits in social understanding
C)there is no association between deficits in social understanding and actual peer rejection
D)deficits in social understanding predict children's level of social rejection

Question 34

Youngsters who are liked by many peers and disliked by very few are labeled sociometrically:

A)controversial
B)secure
C)dominant
D)popular

Question 35

Youngsters who are excluded by their peers and who tend to be anxious, withdrawn, and socially unskilled are labeled:

A)controversial
B)neglected
C)nonaggressive-rejected
D)aggressive-rejected

Question 36

The importance of cultural contexts in peer behaviors is exemplified by the finding that:

A)regardless of age, U.S. children reject peers who are shy and sensitive, whereas Chinese children accept them
B)for younger children, U.S. children reject peers who are shy and sensitive, whereas Chinese children accept them
C)for older children, U.S. children reject peers who are shy and sensitive, whereas Chinese children accept them
D)for girls, U.S. children reject peers who are shy and sensitive, whereas Chinese children accept them

Question 37

The term used to describe peers actively reinforcing each others' behavior through rewards and punishments is:

A)social comparison
B)modeling
C)homophily
D)peer pressure

Question 38

A weakness of the step-by-step social information processing approach is the following:

A)the model does not apply to children who are temperamentally more reflective and rational
B)children sometimes make social decisions without conscious awareness
C)the model is not useful for describing children's behavior in new or ambiguous situations
D)assessing the steps involved in the approach is difficult

Question 39

The process by which people evaluate their own abilities, values, and other qualities by comparing themselves with others, usually their peers is:

A)social comparison
B)modeling
C)homophily
D)peer pressure

Question 40

Acceptance by peers is more likely when:

A)the child is more physically attractive
B)the child has a unique name or clothing that sets him or her apart and therefore focuses positive peer attention
C)the child pursues low-cost indirect social goals
D)the child suffers from a physical or mental handicap, because classmates feel sympathetic

Question 41

Specific social skills that children learn through interactions with their parents include:

A)displaying reflexive emotions
B)making accurate judgments about peoples' intentions and behaviors
C)gaining an understanding of social networks
D)an understanding of the social climate of their class

Question 42

Which of the following is not a way in which parents help children develop better peer relationships?

A)parents are teachers
B)parents are coaches
C)parents are replacements
D)parents are social arrangers

Question 43

Which of the following statements regarding neighborhood characteristics and peer relations is not accurate:

A)parents help children by selecting housing where there are suitable playmates
B)parents help children by selecting housing where there is good Internet access
C)parents help children by selecting housing where there are good play facilities
D)parents help children by selecting housing where there is less violence

Question 44

Which of the following is accurate regarding peer status stability?

A)the child's reputation does not contribute to stability in peer status
B)the child's behaviors do not contribute to stability in peer status
C)the child's characteristics do not contribute to stability in peer status
D)rejected children have the most stable peer status across time

Question 45

A relationship of shared dislike between two people is termed:

A)dominance hierarchy
B)social antagonism
C)mutual antipathy
D)dyadic antagonism

Question 46

Interventions designed to help children who are lonely have focused on communication with peers including:

A)asking questions in a positive tone
B)waiting for peers to offer suggestions
C)replacing general statements of support with focused expressions of the child's goals
D)hovering at the edge of a social group they wish to join

Question 47

If you hoped to establish good relations with a new peer group, the wisest strategy might be:

A)to avoid others' bids for attention at first, thus playing somewhat "hard to get"
B)to immediately introduce yourself to these peers and win acceptance by noting your previous accomplishments
C)to observe the aggregation, understand its activities, and slowly work your way into the group
D)to gain status immediately by challenging the group leader to prove his/her worth to you

Question 48

Parents who coach their children are particularly effective when:

A)parents themselves are socially skilled
B)parents do not appeal to prepared scripts
C)parents went to the same school as their children
D)parents are in unhappy marriages

Question 49

When coaching their children, mothers of children with high peer status:

A)suggest positive social strategies
B)suggest fewer rule-oriented strategies
C)suggest avoidance strategies

Question 50

Parents indirectly contribute to children's peer relationships through:

A)their warmth and acceptance
B)their negative and controlling behavior
C)the quality of attachment with the child
D)all of the above

Question 51

The tendency to interpret peers' behavior on the basis of past encounters and feelings is called:

A)social comparison
B)social antagonism
C)negative gossip
D)reputational bias

Question 52

Interventions in which children are assigned to either a learning goal condition or a performance goal condition suggest that:

A)the children given the learning goal are more persistent and successful because of higher social self-efficacy
B)the children given the learning goal are more persistent and successful because of higher peer acceptance
C)the children given the performance goal are more persistent and successful because of higher social self-efficacy
D)the children given the performance goal are more persistent and successful because of higher peer acceptance

Question 53

Studies of rejection and loneliness suggest that:

A)aggressive-rejected children typically feel lonelier than nonaggressive-rejected children
B)rejected children who have at least one friend are less lonely than those who are totally friendless
C)rejection is not associated with other outcomes beyond loneliness
D)loneliness is reduced only if the rejected child has two or more friends

Question 54

Which of the following is accurate regarding peer rejection of abused children?

A)parental abuse is equally detrimental to peer acceptance regardless of severity or duration
B)parent abuse affects children's capacity to form friendships but not their capacity to maintain friendships
C)abused children have difficulty especially if the abuse occurred during the preschool years
D)abused children are rejected because of their superior emotion recognition skills

Question 55

Research on mutual antipathies finds that:

A)girls are more likely than boys to have mutual dislikes with same-gender peers
B)boys who have same-gender mutual antipathies at age 10 are more likely to have problems with substance addiction and delinquency
C)boys in mutual antipathies actually really like each other
D)mutual antipathies have no long term consequences for children's adjustment

Question 56

When parents arrange social activities for very young children:

A)children end up with a smaller group of playmates
B)children are less capable of making friends themselves
C)children are better liked by their peers
D)children resent their parent's intrusion in their social lives

Question 57

Children are thought to transfer the strategies they acquire in the family to their interactions with peers via:

A)internal mental representations
B)working models
C)scripts or cognitive maps
D)all of the above

Question 58

Which of the following is not accurate regarding parents' contribution to children's social understanding:

A)the ability to encode and decode emotional signals is acquired to some extent in the context of parent-child play
B)only mothers make a clear contribution to their children's social understanding
C)parent responsiveness and warmth predict children's attentional abilities and, in turn, higher peer competence
D)parents teach their children working models of social relationships

Question 59

When coaching their children during a game with peers, mothers of children with low peer status often:

A)take control of the game
B)disrupt the child's play
C)avoid supervising the group
D)all of the above

Question 60

Which of the following is accurate regarding parent monitoring of children's activities?

A)monitoring is solely the parents' responsibility
B)monitoring becomes less important in adolescence
C)parents are less likely to know about their children's activities if the children are sociable
D)successful monitoring requires parents to be realistic about their children's ability to take responsibility and regulate their impulses

Question 61

The honest sharing of information of a very personal nature, often with a focus on problem-solving, is a central means by which adolescents and others develop friendships. This is called:

A)self-exploration
B)self-disclosure
C)facilitative gossip
D)verbal fluency

Question 62

The stage of friendship expectations characterized by an expectation of similar values and attitudes towards rules and sanctions (but not necessarily a wider range of topics) is:

A)normative
B)empathic
C)facilitative
D)reward-cost

Question 63

In research by Eccles and her colleagues, 10^th graders who identified themselves as _________ were found to have the most financial success when assessed again at age 24:

A)basket-cases
B)druggies
C)princesses
D)jocks

Question 64

A peer group formed on the basis of friendship is called a:

A)social system
B)crowd
C)clique
D)peer group network

Question 65

The cluster of peer acquaintances who are familiar with and interact with one another at different times for common play or task-oriented purposes is labeled:

A)social system
B)crowd
C)clique
D)peer group network

Question 66

The correct developmental sequence in the stages of expectations of friends is:

A)normative, reward-cost, empathic
B)empathic, reward-cost, normative
C)reward-cost, normative, empathic
D)empathic, normative, reward-cost

Question 67

A group of adolescents or adults who form an allegiance for a common, antisocial purpose is:

A)social system
B)combination
C)clique
D)gang

Question 68

Researchers trying to improve children's social acceptance:

A)do not focus on the accompanying deficits in attention, self-regulation, and academics because these decrease the effectiveness of their interventions
B)do not focus on the accompanying deficits in attention, self-regulation, and academics because these may enhance the effectiveness of their interventions, but make it difficult to identify the actual mechanism of change
C)focus on the accompanying deficits in attention, self-regulation, and academics because these are easier to improve than social acceptance
D)focus on the accompanying deficits in attention, self-regulation, and academics because these enhance the effectiveness of their interventions

Question 69

Unpopular children can improve their social skills and experience peer acceptance by:

A)limiting their interactions to same-age peers
B)limiting their interactions to same-sex peers
C)transitioning from elementary school to middle school
D)limiting their interactions to older peers

Question 70

The tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others who are similar to them is described as:

A)a clique
B)a gang
C)social comparison
D)homophily

Question 71

Children who are more successful at forming friendships have more advanced:

A)perspective-taking ability
B)understanding of other people's intentions and emotions
C)regulation of their own emotional states
D)all of the above

Question 72

Rejected children can be helped to increase their social competence by:

A)impersonal exposure to global, generalized messages about social skills
B)learning to seek recognition for their own ideas
C)playing games and sports
D)hanging around other rejected children

Question 73

Interactions with peers are rarely one-sided because they involve reciprocal liking and mutual respect

Question 74

Gender differences in friendship behaviors include:

A)girls play sports and games with friends more than boys
B)unlike girls, boys tend to form their friendships in isolation from the larger group
C)in girls' friendships there is more conversation about personal problems and negative feelings
D)girls prefer to interact with a large group of friends rather than friendship dyads

Question 75

Adverse or detrimental information shared about another child with a peer:

A)dominance hierarchy
B)mutual antipathy
C)negative gossip
D)reputational antipathy

Question 76

An ordering of individuals in a group from most to least dominant is referred to as a/an:

A)ordered social ladder
B)dominance hierarchy
C)social influence structure
D)peer group network

Question 77

A collection of people whom others have stereotyped on the basis of their perceived shared attitudes or activities is called a:

A)social system
B)crowd
C)clique
D)peer group network

Question 78

Children who end up in gangs in adolescence or adulthood are more likely to:

A)have neglectful parents
B)come from dysfunctional families
C)live in communities surrounded by drugs and crime
D)all of the above

Question 79

The peer relationships formed by the Jewish children at Bulldog Banks during World War II showed that:

A)children without friends suffer serious developmental problems that are not easily reversed
B)although children without friends suffer serious developmental problems, these are easily reversed by acquiring friends
C)children's friendships can provide fun and games in a stressful environment
D)children's friendships can provide comfort and care

Question 80

The friendship patterns represented by children who engaged in playful teasing at summer camp were:

A)friendless and declining
B)static and growing
C)rotating and declining
D)friendless and growing