Deck 11: Middle Childhood: Physical Development

Question 1

Parallel play is a nonsocial form of play.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Warm parents are

A) less likely than cold parents to hug or kiss their children.
B) less affectionate overall than coldparents.
C) less likely than cold parents to use physical punishment.
D) more likely than cold parents to blame the child for his/her actions.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Children who are physically punished are more likely to behave aggressively.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Parental warmth is related to child social and emotional well-being.

Question 5

Development of prosocial behavior is linked to the development of empathy and perspective taking.

Question 6

Preschoolers are most likely to have fears of animals, imaginary creatures, and the dark.

Question 7

Children show preferences for gender-typed toys by 15-36 months of age.

Question 8

In her observations of 2- to 5-year-old children, Mildred Parten found six categories of play.

Question 9

Which of the following is recognized as a dimension of childrearing?

A) Sensitivity-aloofness
B) Friendship-guardianship
C) Hands-on-unrestrictedness
D) Restrictiveness-permissiveness

Question 10

After age 6 or 7, aggressive behavior tends to be instrumental or possession-oriented.

Question 11

According to Baumrind, do the two broad dimensions of childrearing interact?

A) No, they do not.
B) Yes, parents can fall on either side of either continuum.
C) If one is permissive, then one is also warm.
D) There are no consistent dimensions of child-rearing.

Question 12

Which of the following children would be most likely to develop in socially and emotionally healthy ways?

A) A child raised by permissive parents
B) A child raised by restrictive parents
C) A child raised by warm parents
D) Social and emotional development do not depend upon child-rearing.

Question 13

Erikson referred to the early childhood years as the stage of initiative v. guilt.

Question 14

Conflict between siblings can enhance social competence.

Question 15

Saying a child "has a mind of his own" means

A) the child behaves and is obedient.
B) the child is stubborn.
C) the parents are unhappy with their child's independence.
D) the child may have a developmental problem.

Question 16

Evolutionary theorists believe that psychological sex differences are natural and have been formed in response to challenges humans have faced over time.

Question 17

Gender constancy is the knowledge that one is female or male.

Question 18

Stress is associated with the use of power-assertive parenting techniques.

Question 19

Self-definitions that refer to internal and changeable traits are called the categorical self.

Question 20

Children can distinguish between pictures of boys and girls by 2 to 2 ½ years of age.

Question 21

Richard prefers to use inductive techniques with his 5-year-old son, Nathan. Which of the following is Richard most likely to do?

A) Explain to Nathan why he should not do something.
B) Punish Nathan for doing something wrong.
C) Tell Nathan that what he is doing is wrong and not to do it again.
D) Withdraw love if Nathan does not do what is right.

Question 22

Generally speaking, permissive parents

A) impose few rules and do not supervise closely.
B) tend to have greater numbers of children than other types of parents.
C) are more likely to use power assertion as a parenting strategy.
D) are more permissive with first-born children than later-born children.

Question 23

According to Baumrind (1989), permissive-indulgent parents are on the dimension of restrictiveness and control and on the dimension of warmth and responsiveness.

A) high; high
B) low; low
C) low; high
D) high; low

Question 24

Celia is playing at the sand table. Each time one of her friends makes a sand castle, she knocks it down. As a preschool teacher, which of the following would likely be the best way to alter Celia's behavior?

A) Tell her to stop doing this.
B) Make her feel guilty by telling her you won't like her anymore unless she stops.
C) Ignore the behavior.
D) Involve her to another activity.

Question 25

Two-year-old Matt reaches over and pulls his mother's hair. She responds by saying, "Don't do that. It hurt Mommy!" This type of response qualifies as

A) an inductive technique.
B) a power-assertive method.
C) withdrawal of love.
D) permissive-indulgent parenting.

Question 26

The parental technique of power assertion is associated with

A) greater acceptance by peers.
B) lowered rates of antisocial behavior.
C) interpersonal problems.
D) long-term compliance with parental requests.

Question 27

Prosocial behaviors such as helping and sharing can be promoted by

A) restrictive parenting.
B) inductive techniques.
C) permissive parenting.
D) micro parenting.

Question 28

Which of the following might be a reason why permissive parenting is associated with higher self-esteem in children who live in Brazil and Spain?

A) Permissive parenting may be more in accord with that culture.
B) The permissive parenting style has been passed down from generation to generation in these countries.
C) Children's temperaments in Brazil and Spain tend to respond better to the permissive parenting style.
D) There is no research to support the premise that permissive parenting is associated with higher child self- esteem in these countries.

Question 29

The statement that parents who use strict control create rebellious children

A) is true.
B) is true for girls, but not for boys.
C) is false, when combined with strong support and affection for the child.
D) can be true or false depending upon the child's temperament.

Question 30

Children raised by warm parents are more likely to

A) develop a conscience or a moral sense.
B) act in aggressive ways with other children.
C) be perceived as naughty.
D) have poor social and emotional well-being.

Question 31

According to Baumrind (1989), which pattern of parenting is low on the dimensions of both restrictiveness/control and warmth/responsiveness?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Uninvolved-neglectful
D) Rejecting-neglecting

Question 32

Providing children with knowledge that enables them to generate desirable behavior patterns is called

A) an inductive method.
B) a deductive method.
C) a power method.
D) a love withdrawal method.

Question 33

Which of the following may be the most appropriate method for regulating a preschooler's behavior?

A) Give the child a direct request.
B) Threaten to withdraw love.
C) Use physical punishment.
D) Withdraw the child's privileges.

Question 34

The best way to get a preschooler to stop doing something may be to

A) punish her by taking away toys.
B) reward her with a cookie.
C) ignore her.
D) involve her in doing something else.

Question 35

Research indicates that parental warmth can come from parental beliefs about how to best rear their children, from parents' tendencies to imitate the behavior of their own parents, and

A) by adopting the parenting styles of their friends.
B) by taking a parenting class.
C) through possible genetic factors.
D) through their own children's insistence.

Question 36

Zoe hits another child on the playground. Her mother responds by telling her she will stop loving her if this continues and then she ignores Zoe for a period of time. Which method of child control is this?

A) Inductive technique
B) Love withdrawal
C) Power assertion
D) Indulgent parenting

Question 37

Which researcher used the dimensions of warmth-coldness and restrictiveness-permissiveness to develop four parenting styles?

A) Erikson
B) Baumrind
C) Ainsworth
D) Piaget

Question 38

Leila's parents use a parenting style characterized by consistent control, strong support, and love for her. This is referred to as parenting.

A) indulgent
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) insecure

Question 39

Which of the following phrases would a power-assertive parent agree with the most?

A) "Defiance is normal."
B) "Kids will be kids."
C) "Spare the rod, spoil the child."
D) "Too much discipline ruins a child's creativity."

Question 40

As a parent, Kevin is high on control and low on warmth. Which of the following phrases would Kevin most likely agree with?

A) "Children should be involved in their own rearing."
B) "Obedience is a virtue."
C) "Children have opinions too."
D) "Children should be reasoned with."

Question 41

As siblings move from early childhood through adolescence, their relationships become less intense and

A) less friendly.
B) less egalitarian.
C) more egalitarian.
D) more competitive.

Question 42

Does the birth of a sibling have an impact on existing children in the family?

A) No, it usually does not.
B) Yes, but the effects are almost always positive.
C) No, unless there is more than one sibling already in the family.
D) Yes, in both positive and negative ways.

Question 43

In the early years, siblings

A) always show quite strong rivalry.
B) may spend more time with each other than with their parents.
C) rarely, if ever, show sibling rivalry.
D) provide little support of any kind for each other.

Question 44

According to the research of Diana Baumrind (2013),

A) girls of authoritarian parents are likely to be defiant.
B) boys of authoritarian parents are likely to be low in independence.
C) children of authoritarian parents tend to anxious and irritable.
D) authoritarian parenting is associated with high levels of emotional and social maturity.

Question 45

Which child would probably be less friendly and spontaneous in social interactions?

A) Ella, who is being raised by authoritative parents
B) Ben, who has younger siblings
C) Lilly, who has an easy temperament
D) Todd, who is being raised by authoritarian parents

Question 46

Are there positive outcomes to permissive-indulgent parenting?

A) Yes, children tend to be high in self-confidence and social competence.
B) Yes, children are less likely to engage in substance abuse.
C) Yes, children are more creative due to lack of parental control and rules.
D) No, there are no positive outcomes to permissive-indulgent parenting.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about conflict among siblings is TRUE?

A) These conflicts are detriment to a child's social competence.
B) These conflicts contribute to the child's sense of who they are and what they stand for.
C) These conflicts provide no positive consequences.
D) Parents should intervene and minimize these conflicts whenever possible.

Question 48

Children who show high levels of independence, self-esteem, exploration, and self-reliance are likely to have parents.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) rejecting
D) authoritative

Question 49

Older siblings tend to

A) be nurtured by their younger siblings.
B) be submissive to their younger siblings.
C) be role models for their younger siblings.
D) show very little interest in their younger siblings.

Question 50

In many cultures,

A) older brothers typically take care of younger siblings.
B) younger siblings typically turn to older sisters when their mothers are unavailable.
C) the influence of older sisters on siblings disappears after adolescence.
D) as siblings reach adolescence, their conflict increases.

Question 51

Jesse answers the question "I am..." by saying "a vegetarian who likes classical music and runs marathons for fun." This perspective is that of a/n

A) collectivist.
B) socialist.
C) individualist.
D) naturalist.

Question 52

Jordan's parents place few demands on her behavior. They are not warm or responsive to her needs. Jordan's parents would be classified as

A) permissive-indulgent.
B) authoritative.
C) authoritarian.
D) rejecting-neglecting.

Question 53

The difference between permissive-indulgent parents and permissive-neglecting parents is on the dimension of

A) control.
B) warmth/responsiveness.
C) control and warmth/responsiveness.
D) demands for mature behavior from their children.

Question 54

Various research studies examining Diana Baumrind's parenting styles have found that

A) parenting styles cause certain behavior patterns in children.
B) characteristics of children contribute to parental responses.
C) parenting styles and characteristics of children may interact to establish the parent-child relationship.
D) the temperaments of parents and children always match because temperament is inherited.

Question 55

As a parent, Thomas is high on control and high on warmth. Which of the following phrases would Thomas most likely agree with?

A) "Spare the rod, spoil the child."
B) "If you ignore bad child behavior, it will go away."
C) "Children should be reasoned with."
D) "Obedience is a virtue."

Question 56

In the textbook, parenting is described as

A) driven by the child's temperament.
B) driven by the parent's personality and goals.
C) determined by the particular situation parents and children find themselves in.
D) a two-way street.

Question 57

Which of the following is TRUE about siblings?

A) Their interactions are mostly negative.
B) Their interactions are usually unemotional.
C) There are no consistent findings in sibling relationships.
D) There are both positive and negative aspects to sibling relationships.

Question 58

Parents prefer induction over power-assertive techniques when they believe that children

A) are behaving badly in an attempt to get attention.
B) don't understand what rule they have violated.
C) are not capable of acting appropriately.
D) are socially withdrawn

Question 59

In the study by Kobayashi-Winata and Power (1991), were there any differences in the childrearing techniques of middle-class parents from Japan and America?

A) In both cases, parents used high amounts of punishment.
B) Japanese parents were higher in control and lower in warmth.
C) American parents were low in control and low in warmth.
D) American parents relied on external punishments, such as sending a child to his/her room, whereas Japanese parents used more verbal comments, explanations and reprimands.

Question 60

Conflict between siblings can become greater when

A) parents treat the children differently.
B) the oldest child is a boy.
C) there is a large age range between the siblings.
D) all the children are girls.

Question 61

What is probably the most important thing children learn from peer interactions?

A) Social skills
B) Negative behaviors
C) Motor skills
D) Language skills

Question 62

Which of the following children is most likely to have an imaginary playmate?

A) A later-born girl
B) A first-born boy
C) A later-born boy
D) A middle child

Question 63

Whereas Piaget examined the aspects of play, Parten focused on the aspects of play.

A) social; cognitive
B) cognitive; emotional
C) cognitive; social
D) physical; emotional

Question 64

At what age do children first show interest in their peers?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 65

Bridgette and Ben have created a basketball game in which whoever gets three baskets first wins. There are rules such as how far you have to be from the basket and how much time is allowed before the game is over. According to Piaget, this type of play is defined as

A) functional play.
B) symbolic play.
C) constructive play.
D) a formal game.

Question 66

How would a typical preschooler define a friend?

A) "Someone I really like"
B) "Someone who looks like me"
C) "Someone shares my toys"
D) "Someone who understands how I feel"

Question 67

In comparison to later-born children,

A) parents expect less from first-born children.
B) parents expect first-born children to help raise their younger siblings.
C) parents impose tougher restrictions on first-born children.
D) parents relax previously stringent rules for first-born children.

Question 68

Does play serve a purpose?Are early friendships stable?

A) No, it is a simple pleasure of childhood.
B) Yes, it serves many important functions.
C) Not until the age of 3 or older, when the child can learn from it cognitively.
D) No, because not all children in all cultures demonstrate play.

Question 69

Dramatic play

A) is the same as parallel play.
B) may foster social and cognitive development.
C) can create problems, as children pretend to be something they are not.
D) reinforces egocentrism on the part of the child.

Question 70

By what age will children show a preference for a small group of playmates?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 71

Which of the following represents regression on the part of a child when a sibling is born?

A) Wanting to help mommy take care of the new baby
B) An older child having toilet accidents, even after having been potty trained
C) A younger sibling attempting to imitate an older sibling
D) Refusing to spend any time with the new child.

Question 72

Research on the differences in personality between first- and later-born children explains such findings by saying that

A) they may be linked to contrasts in the parenting styles used with each child.
B) later-born children tend to have easier temperaments.
C) parents tend to be more authoritarian with later-born children.
D) there are no definite personality differences found between first- and later-born children.

Question 73

When observing young children playing, how can one tell if they are friends or just ordinary playmates?

A) It is impossible to tell.
B) Friends have more conflict than ordinary playmates.
C) Friends show more competition for toys.
D) Friends smile and laugh more and show more cooperation and collaboration.

Question 74

Which of the following children is likely to have the poorest self-concept?

A) An only-born boy
B) A first-born girl
C) A later-born child
D) Birth order is not related to self-concept.

Question 75

Which of the following appears to be an effect of being an only child?

A) They are more likely to get into serious trouble as adolescents.
B) They tend to perform better academically.
C) They tend to be less anxious than later-born children.
D) They tend to be more self-reliant.

Question 76

Why might later-born children be more popular with their peers?

A) They learn social skills by dealing with their older siblings.
B) Their peers feel sorry for them.
C) Their parents force them to interact with peers at an early age.
D) They strive to attract peers to counteract the low amounts of attention they get at home.

Question 77

Are early friendships stable?

A) No, children are too young to form attachment bonds that last.
B) Yes, even 1-year-olds show stable friendships.
C) No, friendships are not stable before 3 years of age.
D) Yes, but the stability generally doesn't last longer than six months.

Question 78

Asal answers the question "I am…" by saying "a sister, a Jordanian, and a Muslim." This perspective is that of a/n

A) collectivist.
B) socialist.
C) individualist.
D) naturalist.

Question 79

How can parents diminish the potential negative effects of the birth of a new sibling on existing children in a family?

A) Explain what is to come and give the existing child/children lots of support.
B) There is little that can be done.
C) Punish negative behaviors right away, so that they will not get worse.
D) Explain to the older child that this is just a fact of life and give him/her time to get used to it.

Question 80

Why might parents "relax" in their expectations of later-born children?

A) They have come to doubt their parenting skills.
B) They have greater resources to "share" amongst multiple children.
C) They see that the first-born child is developing in a healthy way.
D) They anticipate that the older sibling will impose the restrictions instead.