Deck 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of it has.

A) protons
B) electrons
C) protons + electrons
D) neutrons
E) protons + neutrons

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A nucleotide consists of

A) a five- carbon sugar and an amino acid.
B) a five- carbon sugar and phosphate group.
C) a five- carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.
D) a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
E) a five- carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

AB -A + B is to decomposition as A + B -AB is to

A) exchange.
B) synthesis.
C) replacement.
D) metabolism.
E) combustion.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A shortage of cholesterol in the body could interfere with the formation of

A) plasma membranes.
B) sex hormones.
C) glycogen.
D) proteins.
E) both A and C

Question 5

Continuous breakdown and replacement of cellular molecules is termed

A) metabolic turnover.
B) metabolism.
C) anabolic turnover.
D) catabolic turnover.
E) both A and C

Question 6

When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be

A) a salt.
B) a strong base.
C) a weak base.
D) a weak acid.
E) a strong acid.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false?

A) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the properties of water.
B) Hydrogen bonds are important for holding large molecules together.
C) Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule.
D) Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules.
E) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms.

Question 8

The "atomic weight" of an atom reflects the average number of

A) protons + neutrons + electrons.
B) protons.
C) neutrons.
D) protons + neutrons.
E) electrons.

Question 9

An important buffer in body fluids is

A) H2O.
B) NaOH.
C) NaCl.
D) HCl.
E) NaHCO3.

Question 10

The molecule O2 is known as

A) oxygen.
B) organic.
C) oxide.
D) B or C
E) none of the above

Question 11

The mass number represents the number of

A) protons in an atom.
B) electrons in an ion.
C) protons + neutrons.
D) neutrons + electrons.
E) neutrons in an atom.

Question 12

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with

A) water, causing synthesis.
B) hydrogen, causing decomposition.
C) carbon, causing decomposition.
D) glucose, causing decomposition.
E) water, causing decomposition.

Question 13

Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP.

A) adenosine triphosphate
B) ribose
C) adenine
D) deoxyribonucleic acid
E) adenosine diphosphate

Question 14

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base

A) uracil.
B) thymine.
C) guanine.
D) adenine.
E) cytosine.

Question 15

A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called _ .

A) an R group.
B) nucleic acid.
C) a polypeptide chain.
D) fibrous or globular.
E) an isozyme.

Question 16

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be

A) exergonic.
B) thermonuclear.
C) endergonic.
D) activated.
E) neutral.

Question 17

In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward

A) hydrogen ions.
B) buffers.
C) anions.
D) water.
E) salt.

Question 18

A high- energy bond in ATP is present

A) between adenine and a phosphate group.
B) between adenine and ribose.
C) between the first and second phosphate group.
D) between the second and third phosphate group.
E) both C and D

Question 19

Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of

A) structural lipids.
B) steroids.
C) dietary fats.
D) lipid drugs.
E) prostaglandins.

Question 20

AMP + P -

A) adenine
B) DNA
C) ADP
D) ATP
E) 2ADP

Question 21

Muscle proteins are destroyed after 17 days and then replaced. This is an example of

A) surveillance.
B) metabolic turnover.
C) surface tension.
D) disease.
E) specificity.

Question 22

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that

A) RNA contains pyrimidines but not purines.
B) DNA contains pyrimidines but not purines.
C) DNA contains purines but not pyrimidines.
D) the backbone of RNA contains ribose.
E) RNA contains purines but not pyrimidines.

Question 23

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by

A) the mass of the nucleus.
B) the size of the atom.
C) the outermost electron shell.
D) the number of protons.
E) the number of neutrons.

Question 24

Of the list below, which has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?

A) pH 14
B) pH 7
C) pH 1
D) pH 10
E) pH 2

Question 25

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

A) fructose.
B) cellulose.
C) lactose.
D) glycogen.
E) sucrose.

Question 26

The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of _ it has.

A) electrons
B) protons + neutrons
C) protons
D) protons + electrons
E) neutrons

Question 27

Which pH is closest to normal body pH?

A) pH 3
B) pH 4
C) pH 8
D) pH 7
E) pH 2

Question 28

Which property of water helps keep body temperature stabilized?

A) reactivity
B) thermal inertia
C) kinetic energy
D) surface tension
E) lubrication

Question 29

Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons

A) are inert gases.
B) will normally form cations.
C) frequently form hydrogen bonds.
D) will form many compounds.
E) will normally form anions.

Question 30

The most abundant high- energy compound in cells is

A) DNA.
B) adenosine triphosphate.
C) RNA.
D) adenosine diphosphate.
E) adenosine monophosphate.

Question 31

The molecule NO is known as

A) noxious oxygen.
B) noxious oxide.
C) nitrous oxide.
D) nitric oxide.
E) nitric oxygen.

Question 32

Artificial sweeteners

A) are inorganic sugar substitutes.
B) are generally many times sweeter than sucrose.
C) are naturally similar to sugars.
D) provide the same number of calories as an equivalent amount of sucrose.
E) are always some form of carbohydrate.

Question 33

Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?

A) -AMO
B) -PO3
C) -OH
D) -NH2
E) -COOH

Question 34

The average time between synthesis and breakdown is known as the _ time.

A) anabolism
B) catabolism
C) turnover
D) metabolism
E) specificity

Question 35

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of

A) +2.
B) +1.
C) - 2.
D) - 1.
E) either +2 or - 2

Question 36

If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is

A) 26.
B) 18.
C) 16.
D) 8.
E) 12.

Question 37

Ionic bonds are formed when

A) a pair of electrons is shared unequally by two atoms.
B) two or more atoms lose electrons at the same time.
C) electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.
D) atoms share electrons.
E) hydrogen forms bonds with negatively charged atoms.

Question 38

Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with

A) hydrophobic molecules.
B) water molecules.
C) lipid molecules.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 39

Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is

A) 2.3.
B) 4.5.
C) 1.0.
D) 6.0.
E) 12.0.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about water is not correct?

A) is responsible for much of the mass of the human body
B) is composed of polar molecules
C) has a relatively low heat capacity
D) contains hydrogen bonds
E) can dissolve many substances

Question 41

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges,

A) a molecule is formed.
B) a hydrogen bond is formed.
C) an ion is formed.
D) an ionic bond is formed.
E) a covalent bond is formed.

Question 42

Each of the following is an example of an inorganic compound, except

A) water.
B) rocks.
C) bases.
D) salts.
E) acids.

Question 43

A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of

A) elements that occur in a salt.
B) amino acids in a globular protein.
C) atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of.
D) atoms that function in the body.
E) elements that form at high pH.

Question 44

Oxygen is required in biological systems for

A) chemical messengers.
B) serving as catalysts.
C) storage of energy.
D) cellular metabolism.
E) serving as structural components of bone.

Question 45

Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus?

A) neon
B) hydrogen
C) helium
D) argon
E) none of the above

Question 46

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain

A) 1 magnesium and 2 chlorine.
B) 2 magnesium and 7 chlorine.
C) 1 magnesium and 1 chlorine.
D) 2 magnesium and 1 chlorine.
E) impossible to tell without more information

Question 47

By weight, which element is the second most abundant in the human body?

A) carbon
B) calcium
C) hydrogen
D) oxygen
E) nitrogen

Question 48

When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4, except

A) Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl.
B) Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.
C) Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH.
D) Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer.
E) Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid.

Question 49

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and

A) lipids.
B) fatty acids.
C) nucleic acids.
D) carbohydrates.
E) none of the above

Question 50

Indicate which of these lists contains only trace elements.

A) sulfur, chlorine, oxygen
B) silicon, fluorine, tin
C) selenium, hydrogen, calcium
D) cobalt, calcium, sodium
E) boron, oxygen, carbon

Question 51

Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of

A) prostaglandins.
B) cholesterol.
C) monoglycerides.
D) phospholipids.
E) triglycerides.

Question 52

A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates

A) static electricity.
B) surface tension.
C) hydrophilic attraction.
D) chemical tension.
E) heat capacity.

Question 53

Identify which of the following is both an anion and a compound:

A) HCO3-
B) Na+
C) Cl-
D) NaCl
E) K+

Question 54

How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function?

A) The enzyme would not be able to function.
B) The enzyme would function more quickly.
C) The enzyme's function would not be altered.
D) The enzyme would cease to function after reaching a maximum rate.
E) The enzyme would function more slowly.

Question 55

Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?

A) 3 glycerol molecules
B) 3 fatty acid molecules
C) 1 glycerol molecule
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 56

You would expect a peptide bond to link

A) two nucleotides.
B) two simple sugars.
C) a peptide and a fatty acid.
D) two amino acids.
E) a sugar and a peptide.

Question 57

In the reaction listed below, what coefficient needs to be added to balance the equation? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -C6H12O6 + O2

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 58

H2O is an example of an)

A) water molecule.
B) glucose molecule.
C) covalent formula.
D) molecular formula.
E) ionic formula.

Question 59

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

A) inorganic molecules.
B) acids.
C) salts.
D) bases.
E) organic molecules.

Question 60

Each amino acid differs from another in the

A) number of peptide bonds in the molecule.
B) number of central carbon atoms.
C) nature of the side chain.
D) number of carboxyl groups.
E) size of the amino group.

Question 61

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,

A) hydrolysis occurs.
B) two new monosaccharides are formed.
C) a starch is formed.
D) a polysaccharide is formed.
E) a disaccharide is formed.

Question 62

The nucleus of an atom consists of

A) protons.
B) electrons.
C) protons + electrons.
D) protons + neutrons.
E) neutrons.

Question 63

An example of an organic substance is

A) sucrose.
B) sodium chloride.
C) oxygen.
D) carbonic acid.
E) nitric oxide.

Question 64

Carbohydrate molecules

A) are composed of C, H, O, and N atoms.
B) form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes.
C) contain the genetic information found in cells.
D) are the building blocks of cellular membranes.
E) are the body's most readily available source of energy.

Question 65

In the body, inorganic compounds

A) can serve as buffers.
B) are structural components of cells.
C) may be held together by ionic bonds.
D) can make up proteins.
E) both A and C

Question 66

Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by

A) heat capacity of water.
B) hydration spheres.
C) hydrogen bonding.
D) free radicals.
E) water's nonpolar nature.

Question 67

The molecule CO2 is known as

A) carbonated oxygen.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) carbonized oxygen.
D) carbon monoxide.
E) carbon oxide.

Question 68

Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is structure.

A) tertiary
B) pentagonal
C) primary
D) quaternary
E) secondary

Question 69

Which one of the following statements is not correct about the reaction H2 + Cl2 -2 HCl?

A) One molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms.
B) H2 and Cl2 are the reactants.
C) This reaction is easily reversible.
D) HCl is the product.
E) Two molecules of HCl are formed in the reaction.

Question 70

The reaction A + B + energy -AB is an example of an)

A) endergonic reaction.
B) equilibrium reaction.
C) exchange reaction.
D) exergonic reaction.
E) decomposition reaction.

Question 71

A nanometer is

A) 10- 6 meter.
B) 10- 12 meter.
C) 10- 8 meter.
D) 10- 9 meter.
E) 10- 10 meter.

Question 72

In dehydration reactions, compounds

A) convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen.
B) lose water molecules.
C) convert hydrogen and oxygen to water.
D) gain electrons.
E) gain water molecules.

Question 73

Molecules that store and process genetic information are the

A) proteins.
B) steroids.
C) nucleic acids.
D) carbohydrates.
E) lipids.

Question 74

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, an) _ occurs.

A) hydrogen bond
B) double covalent bond
C) single covalent bond
D) triple covalent bond
E) polar covalent bond

Question 75

The smallest stable units of matter are

A) electrons.
B) protons.
C) molecules.
D) atoms.
E) neutrons.

Question 76

The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction occurs at

A) hydrolysis.
B) dehydration.
C) synthesis.
D) saturation limit.
E) reversible.

Question 77

Fructose

A) is a hexose.
B) is found in male reproductive fluids.
C) is an isomer of glucose.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Question 78

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the sites.

A) carboxyl
B) amino
C) neutral
D) reactant
E) active

Question 79

Ions with a + charge are called

A) isotopes.
B) cations.
C) positrons.
D) anions.
E) radicals.

Question 80

Which of the following is not a cation?

A) Mg2+
B) K+
C) Cl-
D) Na+
E) Ca2+