Deck 6: Industrialization and the Expansion of the World-System

Question 1

In 1900 the capitalist core was made up principally of:

A) the United States, England, the Netherlands, and Japan
B) Russia, Japan, the Netherlands, and England
C) the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France
D) the United States, England, Spain, and Italy

Answer 1

the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France

Question 2

Transnational corporations are:

A) capitalist companies allowed to sell their products internationally
B) capitalist companies that have made major strides toward internationalizing their production processes
C) Western companies that do extensive business with the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries
D) corporations with a heightened sense of social responsibility

Answer 2

capitalist companies that have made major strides toward internationalizing their production processes

Question 3

A country that has achieved hegemonic status within the world-system is one that:

A) has simultaneously come to dominate world production, commerce, and finance
B) developed the world's largest army
C) will be able to destroy the economies of most other countries
D) has turned the capitalist world-system into a world-empire

Answer 3

has simultaneously come to dominate world production, commerce, and finance

Question 4

China's failure to become the first industrialized nation despite her technological equality with western Europe in 1500 indicates:

A) that technological advance depends on far more than a society's overall capability
For such advance
B) that China probably possessed characteristics that constituted serious obstacles to further technological development
C) both of these
D) neither of these

Question 5

Industrial capitalism differs from other forms of capitalism in that it involves the:

A) earning of profit through the exploitation of wage workers
B) reorganization of the work force into the factory system
C) establishment of the factory as the basic unit of production
D) all of these

Question 6

The leading industry of the Industrial Revolution during its first phase was:

A) opium production
B) railroads
C) textile manufacturing
D) electricity
E) mining

Question 7

How many societies have achieved hegemonic status within the capitalist world-system throughout its history?

A) 3
B) 8
C) 1
D) 12

Question 8

The European experience with industrialization suggests that:

A) capitalism has an inherent bias toward technological development for its own sake
B) capitalist evolution and technological innovation are largely unrelated processes
C) capitalism has an inherent bias toward increased profitability, which can be greatly aided by technological innovation
D) none of these

Question 9

The process whereby economic and social relationships come to be increasingly dominated by the logic of capitalist production is known as the:

A) deepening of capitalism
B) broadening of capitalism
C) amplification of capitalism
D) maturation of capitalism

Question 10

Japan was incorporated into the world-economy as a country:

A) core
B) semiperipheral
C) peripheral
D) state socialist

Question 11

The Industrial Revolution:

A) was a technological revolution only
B) involved a series of technological developments that radically reorganized the nature of capitalism
C) was immediately recognized as such by those who lived through it
D) none of these

Question 12

The first phase of the Industrial Revolution took place in from approximately :

A) England; 1760-1830
B) England; 1700-1750
C) Germany; 1760-1860
D) France; 1800-1860
E) United States; 1790-1870

Question 13

Which of the following has Wallerstein identified as fundamental trends in the evolution of the capitalist world-economy?

A) increasing mechanization of production
B) increasing commodification of the factors of production
C) increasing proletarianization of the labor force
D) all of these

Question 14

The most distinctive development in the evolution of capitalism beginning in the late nineteenth century was:

A) the rise of giant monopolies
B) the increasing competitiveness of capitalism
C) a decrease in the rate of foreign investment by core countries
D) the emergence of England as the dominant core power

Question 15

The increasing specialization of labor signifies all three major trends of capitalist evolution; that is, it results from a combination of and leads to the increasing of work and the worker:

A) mechanization and commodification; proletarianization
B) mechanization and proletarianization; commodification
C) mechanization and proletarianization; degradation
D) proletarianization and commodification; mechanization

Question 16

When viewed in the context of the evolution of the capitalist world-economy, the Industrial Revolution:

A) should be seen as part of a continuous process of the mechanization of production
B) should be seen as representing the first phase of rapid expansion of the capitalist world-economy
C) represents a "great divide" in world history
D) all of the above

Question 17

In which of the following ways is Japanese capitalism distinct from that of the West?

A) Japanese firms are less oriented toward making profits
B) Japanese workers have little job security
C) Japanese firms are more competitive with one another
D) Japanese workers show a higher degree of loyalty to their companies

Question 18

Monopoly capitalism:

A) refers to a phase of capitalist development in which the competitive character of capitalism disappears completely
B) emerged at the turn of the nineteenth century
C) refers to a phase of capitalist development in which a few large corporations dominate the market for many industries
D) all of the above

Question 19

According to Sanderson and Alderson, the primary cause of the Industrial Revolution was:

A) the extensive urbanization of Western Europe
B) overpopulation and stagnating standards of living
C) the sudden expansion of humankind's intellectual powers of invention
D) the desire of capitalist entrepreneurs to expand economic productivity and widen markets

Question 20

Sanderson and Alderson suggest that the idea that the Industrial Revolution was rooted in population pressure:

A) is supported by the fact that so many other technological innovations have been rooted in population pressure
B) should be combined with other theories of the Industrial Revolution in order to yield a satisfactory explanation
C) is unsound
D) none of these

Question 21

Andre Gunder Frank argues that the rapid ascent of the United States as a world- economic power was facilitated by its:

A) privileged position in the mercantile trading system
B) incredibly strong military
C) "megastate" status
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 22

Sanderson and Alderson argue which of the following about the world's next hegemonic power?

A) given its strong economic position in the world-economy, it is very likely that Japan will be the next hegemon
B) it is unlikely that Japan will be the next hegemonic power because it is militarily weak
C) there is a good chance China will be the next hegemon
D) two of these
E) none of these

Question 23

Which of the following is a reason for the enormous economic development of the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?

A) the insertion of the US colonies into several triangular trades
B) the enormous amount of land and natural resources
C) the creation of a "megastate" after the end of the Civil War
D) all of these

Question 24

The first hegemonic power of the world-economy was:

A) Britain
B) The United States
C) Holland
D) France
E) Japan

Question 25

Giovanni Arrighi's systemic cycles of accumulation consist of two phases in each cycle. These are:

A) production/commerce phase; finance phase
B) industrial phase; finance phase
C) production/commerce phase; free market phase
D) none of these

Question 26

According to Wallerstein, which of the following countries have been hegemonic in the modern world-system?

A) Holland, Great Britain, and the United States
B) Holland
C) Great Britain and the United States
D) Great Britain, the United States, and Germany

Question 27

Which of the following is a basic reason why hegemons eventually lose their hegemony?

A) a hegemon's rivals will gang up on it and try to undercut its advantage
B) the things that made a hegemon effective tend to work for a limited time and eventually lose their effectiveness
C) both of these
D) neither of these

Question 28

A hegemonic society is one that:

A) is economically "number one"
B) controls a very strong military
C) has a very strong state
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 29

British hegemony was based on:

A) global militarism
B) free trade
C) a very strong commitment to finance or commercial capitalism
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 30

A general theory of hegemonic decline proposes which of the following to be an important cause of hegemonic decline?

A) the hegemonic society begins favoring free trade policies, thereby providing opportunities for competitors
B) internal obstacles, such as declining productive activity, reduce the hegemon's ability to maintain its position as the number one power
C) competing economic powers "gang up" on the hegemon to weaken it
D) the high standard of living in the hegemonic society leads to inefficiencies in that society
E) all of these

Question 31

Great Britain was hegemonic in the world-system between:

A) 1800 and 1945
B) 1815 and 1873
C) 1760 and 1830
D) 1865 and 1915

Question 32

Which of the following is a basic reason why British hegemony waned?

A) religious decay
B) insufficient technological development
C) an insufficient commitment to global militarism
D) a failure to invest sufficiently in industrial production

Question 33

According to Giovanni Arrighi, modern capitalism has gone through systemic cycles of accumulation:

A) 2
B) 6
C) 4
D) 8
E) 11

Question 34

The main economic rivals of Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were:

A) Germany and Italy
B) the United States and Japan
C) the United States and France
D) Germany and the United States

Question 35

The loss of American hegemony is revealed by such things as:

A) the wave of deindustrialization that began to sweep through the United States in the 1960s and 1970s
B) the reduction between 1956 and 1980 of the number of the world's top 50 firms that were American
C) the reduction between 1956 and 1980 of the number of different industries in which the United States was producing
D) all of these

Question 36

The capitalist world-system has been an expanding system, which means that it:

A) has gradually become industrialized over time
B) will never reach any geographical or economic limits
C) has brought an increasing amount of the globe under its influence over time
D) all of these

Question 37

One major reason for the decline of the United States as a hegemonic power is:

A) its resources were greatly exhausted after fighting two major world wars
B) its aging technological infrastructure led to costly replacements
C) it committed itself too heavily to militarism
D) none of these

Question 38

If Giovanni Arrighi's notion of the systemic cycle of accumulation is correct, then we should expect which of the following in the near future?

A) a great boost in the hegemonic power of the United States
B) a cyclical return to the rise of Genoa as a world-economic power
C) a great decline in the hegemonic power of the United States, followed by the rise of a new hegemonic power
D) none of these

Question 39

The capitalist world-system is not only an expanding system, for it is also an evolving system. This means that it has:

A) gotten bigger over time
B) changed its structure over time
C) improved over time
D) none of these

Question 40

Graeme Donald Snooks argues that the rapid ascent of the United States as a world- economic power was due to:

A) its "megastate" character
B) its privileged position in the mercantile trading system
C) the huge amount of land it possessed west of the original colonies
D) two of these
E) none of these

Question 41

The state played only a modest role in the industrialization of Japan.

Question 42

Capitalism has become more competitive as it has evolved and expanded.

Question 43

Wallerstein supports the idea that the Industrial Revolution represented a dramatic rupture with the past.

Question 44

According to Wallerstein, Great Britain was the world's second great hegemonic power.

Question 45

Japan's incorporation into the capitalist world-economy began in the late eighteenth century.

Question 46

Compared to Western society, and especially the United States, Japan's version of capitalism is based less on collectivism and asceticism.

Question 47

Transnational corporations have had only subtle effects on the functioning of capitalism.

Question 48

The turn of the twentieth century witnessed the relative decline of Great Britain and the relative ascent of the United States in the world-economy.

Question 49

Contemporary Japanese capitalism differs from capitalism in the West in terms of labor-management relations and the length of time Japanese workers work for a particular company.

Question 50

The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late eighteenth century.

Question 51

In 1997 the total revenues of General Motors exceeded the revenues of Norway, Finland, Denmark, Poland, Portugal, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

Question 52

Industrialization is best thought of as a continual process rather than as a discrete event or series of events.

Question 53

The spearhead of the Industrial Revolution was textile manufacturing.

Question 54

The only necessary requirement for a society to be a hegemonic power is that it be economically "number one."

Question 55

The state contributed to the industrialization of Japan by subsidizing industry and encouraging the formation of a system of national banks.

Question 56

Increasing proletarianization occurs when a growing percentage of the work force exists under conditions of poverty.

Question 57

The Industrial Revolution was a perplexing occurrence that was difficult to deduce from the evolutionary logic of the capitalist world-economy.

Question 58

Considerable mechanization occurred in Europe in the centuries prior to the Industrial Revolution, especially during the period between 1540 and 1640.

Question 59

Smaller capitalist producers in the late nineteenth century welcomed the formation of giant monopolies because they brought more buyers to the marketplace.

Question 60

Sanderson and Alderson argue that Confucianism has played an important role in the economic development of Japan.

Question 61

Why did industrialization begin in other parts of Europe and in North America not long after it originated in England?

Question 62

Discuss the basic evolutionary trends that Wallerstein has identified as most characteristic of the trajectory of modern capitalism. Why does capitalism have the kind of "evolutionary logic" that it does?

Question 63

According to Arrighi's systemic cycles of accumulation, it is inevitable that hegemonic powers will eventually turn to a finance phase of capitalism.

Question 64

Why did England rather than China became the first nation to industrialize? Discuss.

Question 65

Discuss the basic reasons why hegemons decline. Refer to the cases of Great Britain and the United States as illustrating these reasons.

Question 66

Discuss the incorporation of Japan into the capitalist world-economy and the beginnings of its industrialization. What are some of the things that distinguish Japanese capitalism today from capitalism in the West?

Question 67

Describe and explain what is required for a society to become a hegemon in the world-economy. Use examples of actual hegemons to support your arguments.

Question 68

The rapid ascent of the United States as a hegemonic world power was greatly facilitated by the existence of early railroad systems that spanned the country.

Question 69

What was the Industrial Revolution, and when and where did it occur? Immanuel Wallerstein suggests that the Industrial Revolution was not really revolutionary at all. Explain what he means.

Question 70

What is monopoly capitalism and when and why did it develop?

Question 71

Sanderson and Alderson argue that chances are good the United States will not decline much more as a hegemonic power.