Deck 12: Traditional Models for Understanding Leadership

Question 1

Susan did not vote for a candidate because she thought he was too short to do the job.This reflects which view of leadership?

A)The LPC theory
B)The behavioral approach
C)The Vroom-Yetton-Jago model
D)The trait approach
E)The focus approach

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The Ohio State studies and the Leadership Grid are associated with the approach to leadership.

A)interactive
B)contemporary
C)trait
D)contingency
E)behavioral

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Although leadership and management are related, all of the following descriptions apply more to management than leadership except

A)producing a degree of predictability and order leading to expected results by various stakeholders.
B)establishing some structure for accomplishing plan requirements.
C)developing a vision of the future.
D)establishing detailed steps and timetables for achieving results.
E)monitoring results and identifying deviations.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

is the ability to affect the perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, motivation, and/or behaviors of others.

A)Force
B)Influence
C)Coercion
D)Authority
E)None of these

Question 5

Which of the following is not a part of initiating-structure behavior, as identified in the Ohio State leadership studies?

A)Subordinates are aware of what is expected of them in their positions.
B)The leader clearly defines leader-subordinate roles.
C)There is mutual trust and respect between the leader and subordinate.
D)Methods for accomplishing the task are determined.
E)Channels of communication are established.

Question 6

Pepsi CEO Indra Nooyi was named to "The Fifty Most Powerful Women in the World" by magazine.

A)Business Week
B)Newsweek
C)Inc.
D)Forbes
E)US News and World Report

Question 7

Researchers at Ohio State investigating the issue of stability of leader behaviors over time found that

A)an individual's leadership pattern did not change much in similar situations.
B)the situational context was not an important determinant of leader effectiveness.
C)employees whose supervisors ranked high on consideration had higher performance ratings.
D)leaders who exhibited high levels of consideration and structure-initiating behaviors were most effective.
E)employees whose supervisors ranked high in initiating structure had fewer absences from work.

Question 8

The definition of Leadership includes all of the following except

A)the ability to affect the perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes of others.
B)the effective use of force and/or coercion.
C)a set of characteristics attributed to certain people.
D)both a process and a property.
E)the use of noncoercive influence.

Question 9

Early studies of leadership focused on the traits, or personal characteristics, of leaders.Later research shifted to examine actual .

A)member behavior.
B)focus behavior.
C)leader behavior.
D)charismatic behavior.
E)follower behavior.

Question 10

The goal of the behavioral approach to the study of leadership was to

A)categorize a set of behaviors as effective or ineffective in terms of making decisions.
B)match a set of behaviors with corresponding situations.
C)study the behavior patterns of several well-known historical leaders.
D)define a standard list of leader characteristics.
E)determine what behaviors were associated with effective leadership.

Question 11

According to the Leadership Grid, who would be the most effective leader?

A)The manager who always takes time to chat with employees
B)The manager who rarely takes time to get to know employees
C)The manager who is always trying to improve worker production
D)The manager who always chats with employees and constantly strives to improve worker production
E)The Leadership Grid does not identify a most effective style.

Question 12

According to your text, what was the failure of the behavioral approach to studying leadership?

A)It did not move the field beyond the traditional trait theory approach.
B)It was too complicated for practical use.
C)The results of related studies were inconsistent.
D)It tended to specify a set of leader behaviors that would lead to effectiveness in all situations.
E)It only identified important leader behaviors.

Question 13

The goal of the Michigan leadership studies was to determine the pattern of leadership behaviors that results in effective .

A)individual performance
B)leader performance
C)group performance
D)supervisor behavior
E)None of these are correct.

Question 14

The textbook makes several distinctions between management and leadership.These distinctions include all of the following except

A)leadership is more involved in motivating and inspiring individuals.
B)management is more important in regard to creating and directing change.
C)leadership is more concerned with establishing direction.
D)management is more concerned with planning and budgeting.
E)management more often focuses on controlling and problem

Question 15

The basic premise of the early trait approach to leadership was that

A)leadership traits depended on the situation.
B)unique leadership traits could be identified and used to select leaders.
C)traits could be used to predict appropriate management styles.
D)traits were far less important than activities.
E)traits were relatively volatile characteristics of individuals.

Question 16

According to the continuum of leadership behavior proposed by Tannenbaum and Schmidt, managerial characteristics include all of the following except

A)the manager's value system.
B)confidence in subordinates.
C)personal inclinations.
D)interest in the problem.
E)feelings of security.

Question 17

Recent renewed interest in the trait approach to leadership has suggested all of the following are characteristics of leaders except

A)emotional intelligence.
B)cognitive ability.
C)motivation.
D)honesty and integrity.
E)competitiveness.

Question 18

Karla, manager of a women's apparel sales team, wanted to increase the overall quarterly sales performance during a particularly slow business season.According to the Michigan studies, which behavior by Karla is most likely to increase the group's performance?

A)Explain all sales procedures to each member on the sales team.
B)Pay close attention to the work of her subordinates.
C)Threaten to withhold quarterly bonuses if the group's sales performance does not increase.
D)Discuss her concerns with the store manager.
E)Set high performance goals.

Question 19

According to the Leadership Grid, a manager who is highly concerned about production but exhibits little concern for people would be a manager on the grid.

A)1,9
B)9,9
C)9,1
D)1,1
E)5,5

Question 20

Unlike the Ohio State studies, the University of Michigan studies on leadership

A)placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior on opposite ends of a single continuum.
B)identified only two categories of leadership behavior.
C)placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior in a grid.
D)placed all defined dimensions of leadership behavior on the same side of a single continuum.
E)saw the various defined dimensions as independent of one another.

Question 21

Paul, a new hire in the traffic department of an advertising agency, has little confidence in his ability and believes he only got the job because his uncle is the owner of the firm.According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leadership style is Paul most likely to prefer?

A)Achievement-oriented
B)Cooperative
C)Supportive
D)Directive
E)Participative

Question 22

According to the path-goal theory, leaders can affect subordinates' performance by

A)clarifying what behaviors will lead to desired rewards.
B)identifying important traits of the leader and his or her subordinate.
C)establishing fixed responses to environmental situations.
D)allowing subordinates to set their own goals.
E)evaluating performance and communicating this to the employee.

Question 23

What factor is presumed to have the least effect on the favorableness of a situation?

A)Task structure
B)Leader-member relations
C)Leader position power
D)Leader personality
E)Organizational structure

Question 24

The LPC theory of leadership was developed by

A)Charles Greene.
B)Fred Fiedler.
C)Arthur Jago.
D)George Graen.
E)Victor Vroom.

Question 25

Tasks that are simple, easily understood, routine, and unambiguous are considered

A)complex.
B)unfavorable.
C)unstructured.
D)rote.
E)structured.

Question 26

Fiedler contends that when a leader's style and the situation are mismatched, the only available course of action is to change the situation through

A)transferring the subordinates.
B)job engineering.
C)transferring the leader.
D)a "laissez-faire" approach.
E)hiring a consultant.

Question 27

In the LPC theory, the degree of task or relationship motivation is measured by the

A)Managerial Grid.
B)Lowest Performance Cycle scale.
C)Least Preferred Coworker scale.
D)Task-Relationship model.
E)Least Productive Coworker scale.

Question 28

Leadership is a set of characteristics an individual actually possesses or is perceived to possess.

Question 29

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, the two types of situational factors that influence how leaders should behave are

A)locus of control and perceived ability.
B)personal characteristics of the leader and environmental characteristics.
C)personal characteristics of the subordinates and locus of control.
D)personal characteristics of the leader and personal characteristics of the subordinates.
E)personal characteristics of the subordinates and environmental

Question 30

Leadership involves neither force nor coercion.

Question 31

Vroom's current formulation includes two different decision trees. One tree is to be used when the manager is primarily interested in making a timely decision.The other tree is to be used when the manager is interested in

A)balancing task and relationship behaviors.
B)clarifying the path to desired rewards.
C)increasing subordinate motivation and performance.
D)helping subordinates develop their decision-making skills.
E)eliminating resistance to a chosen alternative.

Question 32

A major difference between the behavioral approach and the LPC theory of leadership is that

A)the behavioral approach allows for the complex nature of a leader's personality.
B)the behavioral approach views the task-oriented and relationship-oriented traits of a given individual as constant.
C)the LPC theory contends a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation.
D)the LPC theory views the task-oriented and relationship- oriented traits of a given individual as variable.
E)the behavioral approach presumes that a task-oriented leader

Question 33

Position power is considered to be strong when

A)the subordinate is a member of the out-group.
B)the subordinate is a member of the in-group.
C)the subordinate's position is more powerful than the leader's position.
D)the leader must get job assignments from someone else.
E)the leader can assign work and recommend promotions.

Question 34

Vroom's decision tree approach to leadership focuses on which aspect of leader behavior?

A)Clarification of lines of authority
B)Streamlining communication patterns
C)Meeting subordinates' personal needs
D)Balancing task and relationship activities
E)Subordinate participation in decision making

Question 35

The path-goal theory and the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model are illustrative of the perspective in which

A)leadership is viewed as a set of behaviors displayed by effective leaders.
B)nearly all situations benefit from strong task-oriented leadership.
C)leadership effectiveness depends on characteristics of the situation.
D)leadership is viewed as a set of traits possessed by effective leaders.
E)leadership traits are seen to vary according to the situation.

Question 36

According to path-goal theory, a leader who lets subordinates know what is expected of them, gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks, schedules work to be done, and maintains definitive standards of performance for subordinates is exhibiting leadership.

A)participative
B)achievement-oriented
C)supportive
D)directive
E)cooperative

Question 37

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Vroom-Yetton- Jago model?

A)It focuses on the degree to which the leader allows subordinates to participate in decision making.
B)It is presented in the form of decision trees.
C)It assumes that one leader may display various leadership styles.
D)It assumes a high level of participation in decision making is best for all situations.
E)It attempts to prescribe an appropriate leadership style for any

Question 38

According to Vroom, a manager who presents the program to group members individually, obtains their suggestions, and then makes the decision is using a style of subordinate participation.

A)delegate
B)consult (group)
C)consult (individual)
D)facilitate
E)decide

Question 39

Path-goal theory has its roots in the theory of motivation.

A)expectancy
B)behavioral
C)valence
D)contingency
E)leadership

Question 40

Unlike LPC theory, path-goal theory assumes that

A)leaders can change their behaviors.
B)task motivation is the primary determinant of a leader's style.
C)decisions as to appropriate leader style should be made at the top of the organization.
D)the primary goal of leadership is employee satisfaction.
E)leaders operate best in one type of situation.

Question 41

A manager exhibits job-centered leader behaviors, avoids conflict, and strives for friendly relations with subordinates.

Question 42

The path-goal theory has its roots in the equity theory of motivation.

Question 43

The degree of task or relationship motivation is measured by the Least Preferred Contingency (LPC) scale.

Question 44

The LPC theory uses a decision tree to guide the managerial decision-making process.

Question 45

A basic premise of the LPC theory is that, for any given leader, the leader's personality is basically constant.

Question 46

According to path-goal theory, the greater an individual perceives his or her ability to be, the more acceptable he or she will find directive leadership.

Question 47

Although leaders and leadership have profoundly influenced the course of human events, careful scientific research of leadership began only about a century ago.

Question 48

Current study of leadership focuses almost exclusively on the traits, or personal characteristics, of leaders.

Question 49

Fred Fiedler contends that leadership effectiveness depends on the match between the leader's personality and the employee's ability to complete the task.

Question 50

A person can be a manager, a leader, both, or neither.

Question 51

Leader-member relations refers to the personal relationship that exists between subordinates and their leader.

Question 52

Subordinates' locus of control and perceived ability are part of LPC theory.

Question 53

The LPC theory indicates that a task-oriented leader is appropriate for very favorable and very unfavorable situations.

Question 54

The end result of using the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model is a recommended decision style without regard to the appropriate situation.

Question 55

Unlike LPC theory, path-goal theory assumes that leaders will not change their behaviors and exhibit a variety of leadership styles.

Question 56

According to the LPC, task motivation closely parallels job-centered and initiating-structure leader behavior.

Question 57

Leader position power is the power inherent in the leader's role itself.

Question 58

Even though there are several leadership styles, situational theories demonstrate there is only one that can have a truly positive impact on an organization's effectiveness.

Question 59

The LPC theory says that leaders will be effective in all situations.

Question 60

According to path-goal theory, when task structure is high, directive leadership is more effective than when structure is low.

Question 61

The horizontal axis of the Leadership Grid represents concern for
.

Question 62

According to path-goal theory, a leader consults with subordinates about issues and takes their suggestions into account before making a decision.

Question 63

Leadership is both a and a .

Question 64

The Leadership Grid was originally called the
.

Question 65

Fiedler identified three factors that determine the of the situation.

Question 66

In LPC theory, is the second most important determinant of situational favorableness.

Question 67

A -_ leader is appropriate for very favorable as well as very unfavorable situations.

Question 68

The LPC theory attempts to explain and reconcile both the leader's
and the complexities of the _.

Question 69

In Feidler's model, the degree of task or relationship motivation is measured by the scale.

Question 70

Vroom's decision-tree model has been fully scientifically tested.

Question 71

Vroom's current formulation of the decision-tree model includes one type of decision tree.

Question 72

Problems with the approach prompted researchers to examine leader behaviors.

Question 73

The belief that taller people make better leaders reflects the
approach to leadership.

Question 74

The two firms that have experimented with Fiedler's training program are and _.

Question 75

The University of Michigan studies identified the _-centered and _-centered forms of leader behavior.

Question 76

The _-_ theory states that subordinates are motivated by the leader to the extent that leader behavior influences their expectancies.

Question 77

In Vroom's decision-tree approach, there are three basic decision styles that correspond to three levels of subordinate participation in decision making.

Question 78

Martin Evans and Robert House developed the -
theory.

Question 79

Although related, and leadership are not identical.

Question 80

The approach to leadership attempted to identify stable and enduring character traits.