Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Another name for short-term memory is:

A) iconic memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) working memory.
D) procedural memory.

Answer 1

working memory.

Question 2

Modern cognitive scientists refer to short-term memory as "working" memory because they believe that it functions similar to a(n):

A) keyboard on a personal computer.
B) office of a busy librarian.
C) holding station for information.
D) tiny loading platform.

Answer 2

office of a busy librarian.

Question 3

Prior to transferring information to long-term memory, both elaborative and maintenance rehearsal keep information active in memory.

A) sensory
B) long-term
C) short-term
D) visual

Answer 3

short-term

Question 4

Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map. List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1, which suggests that
An important role in short-term memory is played by _____ encoding.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) visual
D) phonological

Question 5

Research on the duration of iconic memory suggests that it is:

A) 5 to 9 seconds long.
B) indefinite in length.
C) a fraction of a second long.
D) about 2 seconds long.

Question 6

With regard to human memory, the assumed process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called:

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) priming.

Question 7

Approximately, 5 to 9 meaningful pieces of information is the capacity of ________ memory.

A) episodic
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) procedural

Question 8

As you are reading this question, you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and words look. Instead, you are probably using phonological encoding by saying the words to yourself silently and then you think about their meaning and utilize
________ encoding.

A) episodic
B) motor
C) semantic
D) visual

Question 9

Many modern cognitive memory researchers believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions, such as problem solving. Based on this belief, these cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as:

A) semantic memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) working memory.

Question 10

The iconic store and echoic store are subsystems that are important parts of:

A) the storage process.
B) sensory memory.
C) the retrieval process.
D) long-term memory.

Question 11

According to the three-stage model of memory, when playing a memory game in which a child is shown a tray of toys for a second and is then asked to recall as many of the toys as he can remember, the child is relying on his _.

A) sensory memory
B) remote access memory
C) long-term memory
D) declarative memory

Question 12

The memory process in which information is retained over time is referred to as:

A) Storage
B) Priming
C) Encoding
D) Retrieval

Question 13

Individual items to be recalled are grouped into larger units of meaning in a memory process called:

A) grouping.
B) elaborating.
C) encoding.
D) chunking.

Question 14

If you are using a computer, the keystrokes you type are translated into an electrical code that the computer can understand. This process is most similar to which of the following human memory constructs?

A) schema-building
B) encoding
C) retrieving
D) storing

Question 15

You want to work on an essay that you have saved on the hard drive of your computer. You search through the hierarchically organized folders on your computer until you find and open the document you want. It appears on the screen of your monitor. Relative to the information-processing system metaphor of human memory, this example is most similar to:

A) sensory memory.
B) encoding.
C) retrieval.
D) storage.

Question 16

George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by:

A) measuring how long it took people to add three two-digit numbers in their head and provide the correct sum.
B) investigating the accuracy of flashbulb memories.
C) asking people to recall different sets of numbers that were simultaneously presented to both ears.
D) briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall.

Question 17

The component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized is known as:

A) long-term memory.
B) working memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 18

Incoming visual or auditory information that is stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in:

A) short-term memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) declarative memory.
D) sensory memory.

Question 19

George Sperling briefly presented people with arrays of 12 letters (3 rows of 4 letters each) and asked them to immediately recall what they had seen. Under these conditions, people typically recalled:

A) 3 to 5 letters.
B) 1 to 2 letters.
C) 11 to 12 letters.
D) 8 to 10 letters.

Question 20

The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both contributed to the metaphor of human memory as a(n):

A) library system.
B) information-processing system.
C) audio tape recorder.
D) filing cabinet.

Question 21

The tendency of people to remember words at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle of the list is called the _.

A) serial position effect
B) recency effect
C) state-dependent memory
D) primacy effect

Question 22

If we desired to eliminate the recency effect, we could:

A) present the words on the list more slowly.
B) delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds.
C) present the words on the list more quickly and then delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds.
D) delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds and prevent rehearsal with a distracter task.

Question 23

When you mentally repeat the number of houses you are looking as you drive around a neighbourhood, you are using the
Model.
Component of Baddeley's working memory

A) visual-spatial working memory
B) auditory working memory
C) central executive control
D) episodic buffer

Question 24

According to the three-stage model of memory, we remember the words presented at the beginning of a list better because:

A) we use procedural memory to encode them instead of elaborative rehearsal.
B) these words tend to be visually encoded instead of phonetically encoded.
C) these words are not "bumped out" of short-term memory by new information.
D) we can quickly rehearse them and transfer them to long-term memory.

Question 25

The superior recall of words presented at the end of a list is referred to as the effect.

A) rehearsal
B) recency
C) serial position
D) primacy

Question 26

According to psychologist Alan Baddeley, working memory is divided into which of the following four components?

A) auditory, visual-spatial, episodic buffer, and central executive working memory
B) sensory, short-term, levels of processing, and long-term memory
C) episodic, procedural, implicit, and semantic memory
D) encoding, storage, organization, and retrieval

Question 27

With respect to memory recall, the recency effect occurs because the words at the end of the list:

A) are rehearsed more and are more likely to be stored in long-term memory.
B) are more deeply processed than words in the middle and beginning of the list.
C) are not bumped out of working memory by additional information.
D) receive more maintenance rehearsal than words in the middle and beginning of the list.

Question 28

The serial position effect refers to how:

A) information tends to be remembered better if it is processed more deeply.
B) people tend to retrieve an image from long-term memory and incorporate it into a current visualization position.
C) people tend to remember words presented at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle.
D) elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for storing information in long-term memory.

Question 29

Assume you have been asked to imagine a skier skiing quickly down a mountain. Your visual-spatial working memory would be responsible for storing and temporarily manipulating this image, while allocating the proper amount of attention to this task and allowing you to retrieve an image of a skier from your long-term memory and
Incorporate it into your current visualization would be a(n)

A) central executive
B) phonological loop process.
C) long-term memory
D) auditory working memory

Question 30

Assume you are presented with a list of 15 random words. Immediately after the list has been presented, you are asked to recall as many of the words as you can. Research has shown that you will tend to:

A) remember words presented in the beginning much better than words presented in the middle or at the end.
B) remember words presented in the middle best.
C) remember words presented at the beginning and end better than words presented in the middle.
D) remember words presented at the end much better than words presented in the middle or at the beginning.

Question 31

Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map. List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1. Baddeley would argue that the reason List 2 is easier is because the list information would be stored in which component of working memory?

A) central executive
B) echoic memory
C) auditory working memory
D) visual spatial sketchpad

Question 32

If you were to perform a mental computation such as adding the numbers 26 and 41 in your head, it is assumed that you would be doing this in your:

A) episodic memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) sensory memory.

Question 33

The original three-stage model of memory assumed that short-term memory was similar to a loading platform, but modern theorists have argued that the human memory system is analogous to a _.

A) busy library office
B) computer hard drive
C) computer keyboard
D) holding station

Question 34

Research has found that the primacy effect disappears if:

A) recall is delayed for 15 to 30 seconds and participants are given a more demanding task.
B) recall is delayed for 5 to 10 seconds.
C) the participants are specifically told to use maintenance rehearsal while the list is being read.
D) the words are presented more quickly, thus preventing participants from rehearsing the early words.

Question 35

Words at the end of a list are typically remembered better than words presented in the middle. This is known as the recency effect and it presumably happens because the last few words on the list remain in memory.

A) short-term
B) episodic
C) sensory memory
D) long-term

Question 36

Auditory memory, visual-spatial memory, and a control process called the central executive are all components of:

A) sensory memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) working memory.

Question 37

With regard to the serial position effect, the primacy effect refers to the superior recall of words presented at/in the of the list.

A) end
B) beginning and end
C) beginning
D) middle

Question 38

According to the three-stage model of memory, the primacy effect is due to the transfer of words into long-term memory, and the _ _ is due to short-term memory.

A) rehearsal effect
B) serial position effect
C) misinformation effect
D) recency effect

Question 39

This component of working memory allows us to temporarily store and manipulate images. This component is the _.

A) "phonological loop"
B) visual-spatial
C) executive
D) iconic

Question 40

While the primacy effect is thought to be due to the early transfer of information to long-term memory, this effect appears to be due to information remaining in short-term
Memory. This is called the _ _ effect.

A) recency
B) rehearsal
C) final position
D) serial position

Question 41

A friend asks you to make a phone call for them and tells you the phone number to call. As you walk to the telephone booth, you silently repeat the number to yourself to remember it. This example best demonstrates the process of:

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) automatic processing.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) sensory memory.

Question 42

According to Craik and colleagues at the University of Toronto, semantic encoding is a deeper level of processing than phonemic encoding, which itself is a deeper level of processing than is encoding.

A) structural
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) deep processing

Question 43

Craik and Lockhart proposed the notion that the more deeply we process information, the better it will be remembered. This is the concept.

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) automatic processing
C) levels of processing
D) prospective memory

Question 44

Intentional processing that requires conscious attention is best defined as:

A) Automatic processing
B) Effortful processing
C) Implicit memory
D) Sensory processing

Question 45

Because it requires people to attend to the meaning of the information being presented, elaborative rehearsal is more effective in terms of facilitating the process where information is effectively stored in long-term memory than _ _.

A) repetitive rehearsal
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) chunking
D) mere exposure

Question 46

The principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts and improves our understanding of how diverse elements are related explains that material is organized ________.

A) hierarchically
B) episodically
C) procedurally
D) phonetically

Question 47

A new restaurant was opening and Alice and Anne were hired to proofread the menu before it went to press. Alice reviewed each page, looking for mistakes in capitalization while Anne read the menu for comprehension. Both spent exactly one hour on the process before declaring the menu ready for print. Later that evening, their mother asked them what kinds of items were on the menu and Anne was able to remember more than
Her sister because she engaged in processing.

A) structural
B) phonological
C) semantic
D) automatic

Question 48

Yesterday Jen's dad sent her to the grocery store for a few last minute items for dinner. Jen repeated the list to herself as she walked to the store. Although she did not remember a few of the items yesterday, she did remember the first several and last several on her
Dad's list. Today she can't remember the last few items on the list but she continues to recall the first several items. Most likely these items that were the first items her father listed:

A) remain in her short term memory due to rehearsal
B) are the most important items on the list
C) are stored now in Jen's long-term memory due to rehearsal
D) will be forgotten by the end of the day

Question 49

You pass someone on the street and he looks familiar to you. You don't remember the person's name, but you can recall that you met him at a New Year's Eve party last year at a friend's house and you can even recall what he was wearing. These types of memories are best described as examples of:

A) automatic processing.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) procedural memory.
D) effortful processing.

Question 50

According to the depth of processing model, semantic encoding involves the deepest processing because it requires us to attend to the encoded.
The information being

A) physical form of
B) phonological sound of
C) the many details associated with
D) meaning of

Question 51

Automatic processing refers to incidental information that gets stored in memory, while the encoding of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention is called _.

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) effortful processing
D) deep processing

Question 52

Though both are effective for keeping information active in short-term memory, elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for facilitating the transfer of information into memory.

A) procedural
B) sensory
C) long-term
D) working

Question 53

Which of the following statements regarding the concept of depth of processing is true?

A) Phonological encoding involves deeper processing than structural encoding.
B) Structural encoding involves deeper processing than semantic processing.
C) Phonological encoding involves deeper processing than semantic processing.
D) Structural processing involves deeper processing than phonological processing.

Question 54

If I present you with the word "BOOK" and ask you if this word contains all lowercase letters, answering this question involves the use of encoding.

A) structural
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) phonological

Question 55

If I were to ask you whether the word "FORCE" rhymed with the word "COURSE," to make this distinction you would have to use a method of processing that is considered to be less deep than semantic encoding called encoding.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) structural
D) phonological

Question 56

While studying for a test, imagine that you focused a great deal of attention on the meaning of the information and attempted to relate it to examples and concepts that you are already familiar with. Your studying would best be considered an example of:

A) automatic processing.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) chunking.

Question 57

Leslie was getting ready to landscape the yard of her new house. After researching and then shopping for specific trees, she decided on a beautiful magnolia for the showpiece of her garden. One of the things Leslie liked the most was the unusual elegance of the tree and the fact she had never seen one before. After purchasing the tree she was
Dismayed to see that only three houses down the street, right in front of the bus stop she used every day, was a beautiful magnolia. The fact she had been exposed to this tree and not remembered it is an example of processing.

A) shallow
B) automatic
C) semantic
D) structural

Question 58

Making a grocery list and taking notes for a class involve encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention. These are both examples of _.

A) effortful processing
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) automatic processing
D) state-dependent memory

Question 59

Sheryl is able to rehearse her lines in the school play while riding her bicycle to school in the morning. Both of these tasks require processing, but in the case of learning her lines, the processing is:

A) effortful
B) state-dependent
C) automatic
D) serial

Question 60

Chunking refers to the process whereby:

A) incidental information is encoded.
B) a larger unit is broken down into smaller individual units of meaning.
C) individual units are combined into a single larger unit of meaning.
D) information is organized hierarchically.

Question 61

Expert knowledge is most closely related to the idea of:

A) exposure.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) levels of processing.
D) schemas.

Question 62

When attempting to memorize the position of chess pieces on a board, research on expert chess players suggests that they group pieces together that serve the same function using ________.

A) hierarchical organization
B) acronyms
C) the method of loci
D) schemas

Question 63

Some memory theorists propose that memory can be represented as being similar to a massive system of linked ideas and concepts such as a(n) _.

A) flashbulb memory
B) neural network
C) associative network
D) movie

Question 64

A study conducted by Chase and Simon demonstrated that experts had superior recall than novices for the placement of chess pieces when the pieces were placed meaningfully on the board. However, this difference disappeared when the pieces were placed
Randomly. The researchers used the concepts of to explain these results.

A) visual-spatial and auditory working memory
B) maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
C) schemas and chunking
D) proactive and retroactive interference

Question 65

The activation of one concept in an associative network can trigger the activation of another related concept. This is referred to as:

A) proactive interference
B) overlearning
C) priming
D) elaborative rehearsal

Question 66

If information is encoded using both verbal and visual encoding, it is more likely that at least one of the codes will be available later to facilitate recall. This is referred to as the _ theory.

A) dual coding
B) bimodal
C) repeated encoding
D) encoding specificity

Question 67

Chunking is thought to be an effective memory enhancing technique because it increases the raw or total amount of information that we can keep active in _.

A) procedural memory
B) short-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) long-term memory

Question 68

Research with expert and novice chess players by Chase and Simon revealed that experts were able to accurately recall the placement of more chess pieces than novices after a 5- second glance when:

A) the experts were allowed to use maintenance rehearsal.
B) the pieces were arranged randomly.
C) the pieces were arranged meaningfully.
D) the experts were allowed to use elaborative rehearsal.

Question 69

It is believed that chunking enhances memory by:

A) widening the information-processing bottleneck due to the limited capacity of short-term memory.
B) providing a cue to help trigger our memory for the information it represents.
C) enhancing the associations between concepts.
D) reducing the amount of raw information that must be encoded into memory.

Question 70

If you think for a moment about the concept "school," it is likely that other concepts such as "textbooks," "teachers," and "exams" may also come to mind. The fact that these other words can be triggered by the word "school" is best considered to be an example of:

A) dual encoding.
B) priming.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) proactive interference.

Question 71

When you enter a restaurant, you typically expect that you will be seated by someone that he/she will give you a menu before you order, and that he/she will bring you a bill at the conclusion of the meal. These thoughts together are best considered to be an example of:

A) overlearning.
B) priming.
C) a retrieval cue.
D) a schema.

Question 72

If you go to a movie, you know that the movie isn't going to start as long as the lights are on. Once the movie starts, you also know that it is considered impolite to talk during the movie and that if you need to leave, it is best to try not to disturb others. This collection of thoughts is best considered to be an example of:

A) implicit memory.
B) overlearning.
C) semantic memory.
D) a schema.

Question 73

A proponent of the neural network theory of memory would most likely argue that each in your brain is a node in a network.

A) neuron
B) word
C) memory trace
D) concept

Question 74

The method of loci is a memory enhancing technique based on imagery and it is consistent with the predictions of theory.

A) dual coding
B) encoding specificity
C) levels of processing
D) decay

Question 75

A person uses the word "HOMES" to remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior). This memory enhancing technique is best viewed as an example of:

A) an acronym.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) a hierarchical structure.
D) chunking.

Question 76

An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as people, events, situations, or objects is called a _ _.

A) retrieval cue
B) procedural memory
C) memory trace
D) schema

Question 77

It is usually thought that schemas influence the encoding process by:

A) increasing the amount of maintenance rehearsal.
B) reducing retroactive interference.
C) grouping individual units of information into one larger single unit.
D) creating a perceptual set.

Question 78

Memory is enhanced by creating a perceptual set or a readiness to perceive, organize, and interpret information in a particular way. This is attributable to _.

A) Dual encoding
B) Episodes
C) Schemas
D) Proactive interference

Question 79

When learning her spelling words for the vocabulary test, Yvonne forms a visual image of each word as she reads it out loud. According to a certain theory, using this method her memory for the words will be greater than if she had simply read them out loud. This
Is referred to as the theory.

A) encoding specificity
B) dual coding
C) maintenance
D) chunking

Question 80

Paivio proposed that the two forms in which long-term memory information is stored are:

A) verbal codes and visual codes.
B) hierarchies and chunks.
C) mnemonics and semantic codes.
D) visual images and acronyms.