Deck 4: Body Composition

Question 1

"Healthy weight" refers to:

A) ideal body weight.
B) standard body weight.
C) recommended body weight.
D) average body weight.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When a highly muscular young man who weighed about 225 pounds applied to join a city police force but was turned down without having been granted an interview, this illustrated:

A) the inaccuracy of height/weight charts.
B) that the young man indeed has too much fat.
C) the bias of the city police force toward obese individuals.
D) that the city police force makes good hiring judgments.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_____ is used in reference to the fat and nonfat components of the human body.

A) Percent of body fat
B) Body composition
C) Lean body mass
D) Fat body weight

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Mortality rate is higher for obese people and for underweight people.

Question 5

The minimal amount of body fat needed for normal physiological functions is called:

A) body fat.
B) essential fat.
C) human fat.
D) storage fat.

Question 6

The BMI is considered the standard technique to differentiate fat from lean body mass.

Question 7

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry uses computerized pressure sensors to determine the amount of air displaced by the person inside the chamber.

Question 8

The best way to determine whether people are truly overweight or falsely at recommended body weight is:

A) to monitor body weight on a regular basis.
B) to use the simple height/weight charts.
C) through assessment of body composition.
D) to correlate the body weight with body height.

Question 9

Air displacement is easy to administer and compares favorably (according to initial research) with hydrostatic weighing.

Question 10

Recommended body weight can be accurately determined using height/weight charts.

Question 11

Body mass index (BMI) is a better predictor than waist circumference (WC) of the risk for disease.

Question 12

If residual volume cannot be measured, the accuracy of hydrostatic weighing is decreased.

Question 13

Storage fat is found around major organs.

Question 14

Assessing body composition using skinfold thickness is based on the principle that the amount of subcutaneous fat is proportional to total body fat.

Question 15

The typical amount of essential fat in men is _____ percent of the body by weight.

A) 3
B) 12
C) 14
D) 15

Question 16

_____ is found just beneath the skin and around major organs.

A) Organ fat
B) Essential fat
C) Skin fat
D) Storage fat

Question 17

_____ implies the absence of any medical condition that would improve with weight loss and a fat distribution pattern that is not associated with higher risk for illness.

A) Healthy weight
B) Ideal body weight
C) Perfect body weight
D) Lean body weight

Question 18

Girth measurement is valid for very active, thin, and obese individuals.

Question 19

Recommended body weight is best determined based on:

A) the amount of storage fat and lean tissue.
B) height/weight charts.
C) the percentages of body fat and lean tissue.
D) the ratio of essential fat to lean tissue.

Question 20

Some muscular athletes who appear to be 20 or 30 pounds overweight:

A) are considered obese.
B) need to reduce their weight.
C) are considered abnormal.
D) really have little body fat.

Question 21

A 6-foot-tall (approximately 183 cm), 20-year-old male weighs 100 kilograms on land but 4 kilograms under water. What is his estimated percent body fatness if the hydrostatic weighing water is 30 degrees Centigrade? (Use provided information from Figure 4.2.) WD at 30º C = 0.99567
RV (men) = [(0.027 x height in cm) + (0.017 x age)] - 3.447
BD = BW % fat = 495 - 450
BW - UW - RV - .1 BD
WD

A) 9 percent
B) 13 percent
C) 17 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 22

The body composition assessment technique based on the principle that the amount of subcutaneous fat is proportional to total body fat is:

A) body mass index.
B) girth measurements.
C) skinfold thickness.
D) waist circumference.

Question 23

Skinfold measurements should be done at the same time of the day, preferably in the morning, because:

A) changes in water hydration from activity and exercise can affect skinfold girth.
B) the technicians are more likely to get the same measurements in the morning.
C) the individuals are more likely to remember to take the test in the morning.
D) the accurate measurements can be easily obtained in the morning.

Question 24

Which of the following is the LEAST valid assessment technique for athletic individuals who participate actively in strenuous physical activity or for people who can be classified visually as thin or obese?

A) hydrostatic weighing
B) air displacement
C) skinfold thickness
D) girth measurements

Question 25

Which of the following has been used to validate almost all other indirect techniques to assess body composition?

A) hydrostatic weighing
B) body mass index
C) height/weight charts
D) bioelectrical impedance

Question 26

The typical amount of essential fat in women is _____ percent of the body by weight.

A) 3
B) 12
C) 14
D) 15

Question 27

A technique used to determine thinness and excessive fatness that incorporates height and weight to estimate critical fat values at which the risk for disease increases is called:

A) skinfold thickness.
B) body mass index.
C) girth measurements.
D) waist circumference.

Question 28

The bioelectrical impedance technique for body composition:

A) is an accurate estimate of body fat.
B) is simple to administer.
C) uses computerized sensors.
D) uses low beams of X-ray.

Question 29

According to standard error of estimate (SEE), which of the following is the most accurate technique in assessing the percent of body fat?

A) bioelectrical impedance
B) girth measurement
C) hydrostatic weighing
D) skinfold thickness

Question 30

Anthropometric measurement techniques to estimate body fatness include:

A) air displacement.
B) bioelectrical impedance.
C) hydrostatic weighing.
D) skinfold thickness.

Question 31

Anthropometric measurement techniques to estimate body fatness include:

A) air displacement.
B) bioelectrical impedance.
C) girth measurements.
D) hydrostatic weighing.

Question 32

Which method of body composition measurement is considered the standard research technique?

A) air displacement
B) bioelectrical impedance
C) DXA
D) hydrostatic weighing

Question 33

What type of fat is found within tissues such as the muscles, nerve cells, bone marrow, intestines, heart, liver, and lungs?

A) organ fat
B) essential fat
C) skin fat
D) storage fat

Question 34

_____ serves as an energy substrate for metabolism.

A) Organ fat
B) Essential fat
C) Skin fat
D) Storage fat

Question 35

A technique used to assess body composition by measuring circumferences at specific body sites is called:

A) body mass index.
B) girth measurements.
C) skinfold thickness.
D) waist circumference.

Question 36

The Bod Pod technique:

A) operates by the same principle as hydrostatic weighing.
B) requires considerable time, skill, space, and equipment.
C) uses very low-dose beams of X-ray energy.
D) compares the regular weight with underwater weight.

Question 37

The most accurate technique to estimate body composition available for most fitness laboratories is:

A) hydrostatic weighing.
B) body mass index.
C) skinfold thickness.
D) girth measurements

Question 38

The standard error of estimate (SEE) for _____ is ±3.5 percent.

A) hydrostatic weighing
B) air displacement
C) skinfold thickness
D) girth measurements

Question 39

A technique used to assess body composition by calculating the body volume from the air displaced by an individual sitting inside a small chamber is called:

A) hydrostatic weighing.
B) bioelectrical impedance.
C) body mass index.
D) air displacement.

Question 40

Girth measurements for women are the:

A) waist and wrist.
B) upper arm, hip, and wrist.
C) triceps, suprailium, and thigh.
D) chest, abdomen, and thigh.

Question 41

As suggested in Chapter 4, if you are on a diet/exercise program, you should repeat your percent body fat assessment and recommended weight computations:

A) about once a week.
B) about once a month.
C) about once a year.
D) after the program ends.

Question 42

Among the following, the most practical and valid technique to estimate body fat is:

A) skinfold thickness.
B) body mass index.
C) girth measurements.
D) waist-to-hip ratio.

Question 43

Starting at age 25, an average person in the United States loses _____ lean weight each year.

A) 0 pound
B) 0.5 pound
C) 1 pound
D) 2 pounds
E) 3 pounds

Question 44

A person can gain weight on a weight control and exercise program because:

A) lean weight is gained.
B) the body retains water.
C) fat becomes more dense.
D) the program is ineffective.
Critical Thinking/Short

Question 45

The health fitness standard for a 20-year-old woman is _____ percent body fat.

A) 13
B) 17
C) 23
D) 28

Question 46

A waist circumference _____ indicates a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.

A) above 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women
B) above 35 inches in men and 40 inches in women
C) below 35 inches in men and 32 inches in women
D) below 32 inches in men and 35 inches in women

Question 47

What is April's fat weight?

A) 35.2 lbs
B) 48 lbs
C) 112 lbs
D) 144 lbs

Question 48

Scientific evidence indicates that there is a significant increase in the risk for disease when BMI exceeds:

A) 20.
B) 22.
C) 25.
D) 30.

Question 49

What is April's lean body weight?

A) 35.2 lbs
B) 48 lbs
C) 112 lbs
D) 144 lbs

Question 50

BMI in conjunction with _____ provides the best combination to identify individuals at higher disease risk resulting from excessive body fat.

A) girth measurements
B) waist circumference
C) skinfold thickness
D) waist-to-hip ratio

Question 51

Statistics show that individuals at greater risk for coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and strokes:

A) are "pear" shaped, rather than "apple" shaped.
B) store more femoral fat than abdominal fat.
C) store more visceral fat than thigh fat.
D) store fat mainly just beneath the skin.

Question 52

The high physical fitness standard for a 20-year-old woman is _____ percent body fat.

A) 13
B) 17
C) 23
D) 28

Question 53

Which of the following is a technique that does NOT assess percent of body fat?

A) skinfold thickness
B) body mass index
C) girth measurements
D) air displacement

Question 54

Using a football player and a sedentary woman as examples, explain why the height/weight charts are inaccurate and unable to identify critical fat values associated with higher risk for disease.

Question 55

The lowest risk for chronic disease is in the BMI range of:

A) 20-22.
B) 22-25.
C) 25-30.
D) 30-40.

Question 56

Normal physiological functions can be seriously impaired when the percent body fat falls below:

A) 12 percent for men.
B) 17 percent for men.
C) 12 percent for women.
D) 17 percent for women.
Questions 52-54 are based on the following information:
April, who is a 19-year-old female, weighs 160 pounds, and has 30 percent body fat, would like to know her recommended body weight at 22 percent body fat.
Fat weight = body weight (lbs) x % body fat
Lean body weight = body weight (lbs) - fat weight (lbs)
Recommended body weight (lbs) = lean body weight (lbs) ÷ (1.0 - desired body fat percentage)

Question 57

Because of its simplicity and measurement consistency across populations, _____ is the most widely used measure to determine overweight and obesity.

A) hydrostatic weighing
B) air displacement
C) skinfold thickness
D) body mass index

Question 58

_____ is used almost exclusively to determine health risks and mortality rates associated with excessive body weight.

A) Body mass index
B) Girth measurements
C) Skinfold thickness
D) Bioelectrical impedance

Question 59

Starting at age 25, an average person in the United States gains ____ body weight each year.

A) 0-1 pound
B) 1-2 pounds
C) 2-3 pounds
D) 3-4 pounds

Question 60

What is April's recommended body weight at 22 percent body fat?

A) 35.2 lbs
B) 48 lbs
C) 112 lbs
D) 144 lbs

Question 61

Girth measurements are limiting in estimating body fatness because there is an assumption of a certain amount of muscularity. For what groups would this technique not be limiting (assuming a population-specific equation) because they are relatively similar in muscularity?

Question 62

Discuss the accuracy and practical use of DXA.

Question 63

Compare and contrast various body fat assessment techniques.

Question 64

Why is skinfold analysis most widely used to estimate body composition in college wellness classes?

Question 65

Mary is a cross-country runner whose coach asked to decrease her total body fat to 7 percent. Will Mary's performance increase at this lower percent body fat? How would you respond to this coach?

Question 66

Identify some non-body-fat differences in a subject that would alter bioelectrical impedance results.

Question 67

Explain the difference between essential fat and storage fat.

Question 68

Assume John is an 18-year-old male who weighs 180 pounds and has 25 percent body fat. What is the recommended body weight at 15 percent body fat for John? List the steps that you use in your computation.

Question 69

Define android obesity and gynoid obesity. Which is a better predictor of increased risk for disease? Why?