Deck 7: Individuals with Learning Disabilities

Question 1

Which phase focused on the study of brain functions and impact on cognitive impairments?

A)Foundation phase
B)Transition phase
C)Integration phase
D)Current phase

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not considered as an area of learning disability?

A)listening comprehension
B)basic reading skill
C)science reasoning
D)mathematics reasoning

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The ability to evaluate and monitor one's own performance.

A)pragmatics
B)short-term memory
C)working memory
D)metacognition

Answer 3

D

Question 4

This approach to determining whether a pupil has a learning disability eliminates ineffective or inadequate instruction as a possible reason for low achievement.It provides significant opportunities for general and special educators to work collaboratively.

A)strategy instruction
B)response to intervention
C)direct instruction
D)discrepancy model

Question 5

Which of the following refers to standardized tests on which a pupil's performance is compared to that of his or her peers?

A)curriculum-based measurement
B)criterion-referenced assessment
C)non-referenced assessments
D)portfolio assessment

Question 6

A sociolinguistic system involving the use of communication skills in social contexts.

A)pragmatics
B)short-term memory
C)working memory
D)metacognition

Question 7

What is the percentage of the school-aged population receiving special education who are classified as having a learning disability?

A)3.4%
B)4%
C)2.5%
D)2%

Question 8

Possible reasons for the decrease in students identified as learning disabilities include all EXCEPT

A)students identified in other disabilities categories
B)improvements in the quality of instruction in the general education classroom
C)poor identification procedures
D)the expansion of early childhood education programs

Question 9

A method for assessing the degree to which a specific condition is inherited.A comparison of the prevalence of a characteristic in fraternal versus identical twins.

A)environmental study
B)biochemical study
C)family study
D)heritability study

Question 10

Juan was identified with a learning disability at age 10.When interviewing his mother,she disclosed that his father and other relatives had significant difficulties in reading and spelling.The etiology of the learning disability would most likely be attributed to what category?

A)Acquired trauma
B)Genetic/hereditary influences
C)Biochemical abnormalities
D)Environmental possibilities

Question 11

Postnatal causes of learning disabilities include all EXCEPT

A)concussions
B)meningitis/encephalitis
C)strokes
D)trauma caused by medical instruments such as forceps

Question 12

In most instances,how large of a discrepancy is required for a student to be identified with a learning disability?

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)2 years
D)3 years

Question 13

Prenatal causes of learning disabilities include all EXCEPT

A)illicit drugs
B)smoking
C)use of alcohol
D)anoxia

Question 14

The recall of information after a brief period of time.

A)pragmatics
B)short-term memory
C)working memory
D)metacognition

Question 15

The term learning disabilities was initially used by

A)William Cruickshank
B)Samuel Kirk
C)James Hinshelwood
D)Kurt Goldstein

Question 16

Which of the following is not a component of the IDEA and Learning Disabilities Association of America definitions of specific learning disabilities?

A)inference that learning disabilities are primarily caused by other disabilities or extrinsic factors
B)difficulty in learning in one or more academic areas
C)presumption of central nervous system dysfunction
D)lifelong condition

Question 17

Learning disabilities in written language include all EXCEPT

A)comprehension
B)handwriting
C)composition
D)spelling

Question 18

When Susan was 4 years old,she fell and suffered a serious head injury.Through a thorough assessment process,Susan was identified with a learning disability at age 11.The etiology of the learning disability would most likely be attributed to what category?

A)Acquired trauma
B)Genetic/hereditary influences
C)Biochemical abnormalities
D)Environmental possibilities

Question 19

The ability to recognize the words that consist of different sounds.

A)dyslexia
B)phonological awareness
C)phonemic awareness
D)phonemes

Question 20

The smallest unit of sound found in spoken language.

A)dyslexia
B)phonological awareness
C)phonemic awareness
D)phonemes

Question 21

Understanding the rules that govern the correspondence between specific sounds and certain letters that make up words is associated with

A)phonemic awareness.
B)phonological awareness.
C)dyscalculia.
D)dyslexia.

Question 22

What instructional technique is frequently associated with cognitive training?

A)Direct instruction
B)Strategic instruction
C)Self-instruction
D)Guided notes

Question 23

What is the ability to evaluate and monitor one's own performance?

A)Meta-analysis
B)Metacognition
C)Self-assessment
D)Self-cognition

Question 24

Select the challenge that is not associated with students with learning disabilities.

A)Working independently with little feedback
B)Demonstrating knowledge through tests
C)Receiving instruction with typical peers
D)Interacting appropriately

Question 25

What factor(s)may place a child at risk for a learning disability?

A)Maternal alcohol and drug abuse
B)Chronic poverty
C)Low birth weight
D)All of these

Question 26

Select the identification label for young children who evidence a persistent learning difficulty.

A)Autism
B)Behaviorally delayed
C)Developmentally delayed
D)Learning disability

Question 27

George was suspected of having a learning disability.His teachers provided a series of instructional interventions to support his academic progress.How will his teachers determine the efficacy of these interventions?

A)Assessments
B)Progress monitoring
C)Interviews
D)Unit tests

Question 28

What is the focus of the learning strategies approach?

A)When to learn
B)What to learn
C)Why to learn
D)How to learn

Question 29

What is the suggested length for the delivery of tier 2 interventions to determine the effectiveness?

A)5 weeks
B)8 weeks
C)15 weeks
D)As long as necessary

Question 30

Sherry has difficulty maintaining attention during an instructional lesson.What instructional model would be appropriate?

A)Direct instruction
B)Strategic instruction
C)Self-instruction
D)Guided notes

Question 31

Joan is receiving tier 1 interventions.Who is the person most likely to deliver this support?

A)Special educator
B)General educator
C)Counselor
D)Reading specialist

Question 32

How often should progress monitoring occur on the target skill to ensure adequate progress and learning?

A)Once a semester
B)Once every 9 weeks
C)Once a month
D)Twice a month

Question 33

What has developed when a student anticipates failure,frequently gives up,and may not attempt to complete a task?

A)Learned helplessness
B)Cognitive dysfunction
C)Motivation reduction
D)Cognitive repression

Question 34

What emerging method of identifying a learning disability was supported with the reauthorization of IDEA 2004?

A)Severe discrepancy
B)Progress monitoring
C)Response to intervention
D)Disability assessment

Question 35

What assessment is based on objectives found in the local school curriculum?

A)Norm-referenced
B)Curriculum based
C)Criterion-referenced
D)Authentic

Question 36

A difficulty in using language correctly in social situations is referred to as a deficit in

A)oral expression.
B)spoken language.
C)syntax.
D)pragmatics.

Question 37

What percentage of students with learning disabilities receive services because of difficulties in mathematics?

A)15%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 38

What is the most common location for the delivery of services for students with learning disabilities?

A)General education classroom
B)Collaborative classroom
C)Resource classroom
D)Separate school setting

Question 39

Which learning disability is associated with a severe difficulty in recognizing and comprehending written words?

A)Phonemic awareness
B)Phonological awareness
C)Dyscalculia
D)Dyslexia

Question 40

The response to intervention (RTI)model shifts from what concept that is attributed to the discrepancy model?

A)Wait to fail
B)Believe and achieve
C)Efficient identification
D)Under-identification

Question 41

In tier ______,preventive instruction is delivered to all students.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 42

Most families of students with learning disabilities are

A)dysfunctional.
B)well adjusted.
C)upper income.
D)median income.

Question 43

Which of the following competency areas,in which there is discrepancy in achievement,could possibly indicate a learning disability?

A)Musical comprehension
B)Athletic intelligence
C)Geographical deficiencies
D)Written expression

Question 44

According to the text,all of the following people are suspected of having a learning disability except this person:

A)Albert Einstein
B)Tom Cruise
C)Tom Selleck
D)Bruce Jenner

Question 45

______ is the key to meeting the instructional needs of students with learning disabilities.

A)Identification
B)Individualization
C)Preparation
D)Separation

Question 46

When assessing the presence of a disability,the ______ between the student's academic performance and the estimated potential is considered.

A)Discrepancy
B)Transition
C)Communication
D)Training

Question 47

What an individual believes about what contributes to his or her success or failure on a task is known as

A)metacognition.
B)meta-analysis.
C)pragmatics.
D)attribution.

Question 48

Which phrase best describes the history of learning disabilities?

A)A relatively recent concept
B)Known and treated for over a century
C)Easy to diagnose and treat
D)It rarely occurs anymore.

Question 49

Who coined the term learning disability?

A)James T.Kirk
B)Thomas Edison
C)Samuel Kirk
D)Howard Gardner

Question 50

Nita has a learning disability and is enrolled in a community college and has not performed well on her unit tests.What is an accommodation that may support her learning?

A)Extra time on exams
B)Taking the exam in a distraction-free room
C)Taking the exam in a different format
D)All of these

Question 51

All of the following are common components of the definition of learning disabilities except

A)Presence of intellectual disabilities
B)Discrepancy between assumed ability and actual achievement
C)Difficulty in learning in one or more subject areas
D)Presumption of central nervous system dysfunction

Question 52

One central component is the idea of a ______ between the student's academic performance and his or her estimated or assumed ability or potential.

A)difference
B)discrepancy
C)disability
D)disintegration

Question 53

What percentage of children receiving a special education is classified with learning disabilities?

A)80.5%
B)10.2%
C)39.5%
D)50.2%

Question 54

All are steps typically used during cognitive training except this one:

A)Pupil performs the task with teacher providing verbal directions
B)Child performs the activity while verbalizing aloud
C)Pupil performs the activity while silent
D)Child monitors and self-evaluates

Question 55

Select the characteristic that is not associated with the definition of learning disabilities.

A)Reading comprehension problems
B)Attention issues
C)IQ of 70 or less
D)Poor social skills

Question 56

A form of alternative assessment thought to provide a more accurate representation of what a student can accomplish is

A)authentic.
B)curriculum based.
C)criterion-referenced.
D)norm-referenced.

Question 57

Learning disabilities tend to be

A)short in duration.
B)easy to see.
C)life threatening.
D)a chronic condition.

Question 58

Who hypothesized that language disorders in children were due to the absence of cerebral dominance?

A)Samuel Orton
B)Grace Fernald
C)Newell Kephart
D)Marianne Frostig

Question 59

Which of the four phases,in the development of the field of learning disabilities,is marked by developing assessment instruments and remediation strategies?

A)Transition
B)Current
C)Foundation
D)Integration

Question 60

______ memory requires an individual to retain information while simultaneously engaging in another cognitive activity.

A)Long-term
B)Short-term
C)Working
D)Transitory

Question 61

Students with learning disabilities tend to become passive or inactive learners.

Question 62

"Every good boy does fine" represents notes in music.This type of memory tool is known as

A)cognitive training.
B)mnemonic strategy.
C)direct instruction.
D)learning strategy.

Question 63

Despite a solid multidisciplinary foundation,individuals with learning disabilities are often an enigma to their parents,teachers,and researchers in the field.

Question 64

Only 7 of 10 students with learning disabilities graduate from high school with a regular diploma.

Question 65

PL 108-446 mandates that a ______ be part of each adolescent's IEP.

A)speech therapy plan
B)transition plan
C)individualized family plan
D)physical therapy plan

Question 66

Which of the following is not one of the common components of the definition of learning disabilities?

A)Significant gap or discrepancy between a student's assumed potential and actual achievement
B)Difficulty in learning in one or more academic areas
C)Below-average intellectual functioning
D)Lifelong condition

Question 67

Students with learning disabilities do not spontaneously use effective learning strategies at the same rate as typically developing peers.

Question 68

Learning disabilities represents the largest category of children and youth enrolled in special education.

Question 69

Recent statistics compiled by the U.S.Department of Education indicate that only ______ out of 10 students with learning disabilities graduate from high school with a regular diploma.

A)4
B)7
C)5
D)6

Question 70

Most young students who have a learning disability may "outgrow" it before completing elementary school.

Question 71

Students who experience a learning disability in mathematics exhibit the same deficiency or impairments.

Question 72

In many cases the cause of a learning disability is unknown.

Question 73

Criterion-referenced assessments measure a student's abilities against a predetermined mastery level.

Question 74

The development of the field of learning disabilities is divided into four historical periods.Of the following,which is not one of the four?

A)Transition
B)Future
C)Foundation
D)Integration

Question 75

The U.S.Department of Education (2013)reports slightly more than 9,000 young children with a learning disability.This number represents ______ percent of all preschoolers with a disability.

A)1.2
B)1.5
C)2.5
D)3

Question 76

Mnemonic strategies are a component of direct instruction.

Question 77

There is a federal discrepancy formula for all states to use consistently for the identification of a learning disability.

Question 78

Poor penmanship may be due to the absence of the requisite fine motor skills needed for legible handwriting and/or a lack of understanding of spatial relationships.

Question 79

______ is an umbrella approach covering a variety of education procedures designed to manipulate or modify a student's underlying thought patterns to effect observable changes in performance.

A)Cognitive training
B)Mnemonic strategy
C)Direct instruction
D)Learning strategy

Question 80

More girls than boys are identified as learning disabilities.