Deck 10: The Learning Perspective

Question 1

BEFORE conditioning occurs, a(n)_________ produces a (n)__________.

A) CR, CS
B) US, UR
C) US, CR
D) CS, UR

Answer 1

US, UR

Question 2

In the context of conditioning, discrimination refers to responding:

A) similarly to different stimuli.
B) differently to different stimuli.
C) similarly to similar stimuli.
D) none of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy are often given a distinctive food before the chemotherapy. By doing this doctors can:

A) prevent the conditioning of aversions to other foods.
B) prevent patients from getting nausea during chemotherapy.
C) condition patients to enjoy their chemotherapy.
D) all of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When a CS-CR pairing acts like another reflex, it can serve as a reflex for another instance of conditioning. This is called:

A) secondary conditioning.
B) tertiary conditioning.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 5

A child who has been conditioned to fear dogs after having been knocked down by one begins to show the same fear around cats. This is an example of:

A) counterconditioning.
B) generalization.
C) discrimination.
D) shaping.

Question 6

Miller and Dollard's habit hierarchy:

A) derives from prior conditioning.
B) is based on classical conditioning.
C) remains static once formed.
D) all of the above

Question 7

Thorndike's law of effect states that:

A) people learn more efficiently than rats.
B) learning cannot occur in a single trial.
C) learning is quickly forgotten if the relevant situation is not re-experienced.
D) behaviors followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true about instrumental conditioning?

A) It is sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning.
B) It is active, whereas classical conditioning is passive.
C) It is passive, whereas classical conditioning is active.
D) The events that define it do not begin with a behavior.

Question 9

Generalization occurs when a person responds:

A) similarly to slightly different stimuli.
B) similarly to the same stimuli.
C) differently to different stimuli.
D) similarly to all stimuli.

Question 10

Conditioning occurs when a(n)_________ is paired with a(n)_________ .

A) CR, UR
B) CS, CR
C) CS, US
D) US, UR

Question 11

All of the following are reflexes EXCEPT:

A) dust in your eye-tear gland secretion.
B) upcoming test-studying for it.
C) eating a lemon-salivation.
D) extreme cold-shivering.

Question 12

After a CS has been conditioned to produce a CR, it is possible to substitute a different but similar CS which will produce the same CR. This phenomenon is called:

A) generalization.
B) shaping.
C) discrimination.
D) conditioning.

Question 13

To be sure classical conditioning has occurred:

A) present the CS without the US and see if a response occurs.
B) check for similarity between the CR and the UR.
C) ask the subject if she/he remembers the US.
D) none of the above

Question 14

The _________and the_________ will generally have the same pleasant or unpleasant qualities.

A) CR, CS
B) US, UR
C) US, CS
D) UR, CR

Question 15

Classical conditioning requires:

A) a conditioned response to a certain class of stimuli.
B) the organism must already respond to some class of stimuli reflexively.
C) reinforcement of a specific response behavior.
D) all of the above

Question 16

When the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are paired frequently, the conditioned stimulus acquires the ability to:

A) produce an unconditioned response.
B) suppress an unconditioned response.
C) produce a conditioned response.
D) suppress a conditioned response.

Question 17

_________helps to produce a person's likes and dislikes, preferences and biases.

A) Emotional conditioning
B) Responsive shaping
C) Aversive conditioning
D) all of the above

Question 18

The term instrumental conditioning is often used interchangeably with the term __________.

A) classical conditioning
B) Pavlovian conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) classical learning

Question 19

Classical conditioning is sometimes referred to as:

A) instrumental learning.
B) instrumental conditioning.
C) Pavlovian conditioning.
D) all of the above

Question 20

Conditioning in which the reflexive reactions elicit positive or negative feelings is called:

A) pull-press conditioning.
B) motivational conditioning.
C) emotional conditioning.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 21

All of the following are examples of secondary reinforcers EXCEPT:

A) money.
B) a good grade on a test.
C) a drink of water.
D) a mother's reassuring glance.

Question 22

_________occurs in instrumental conditioning when a behavior that once led to a reinforcer does so no longer.

A) Discrimination
B) Habituation
C) Deprivation
D) Extinction

Question 23

Vicarious reinforcement refers to:

A) learning through having your behavior rewarded.
B) learning through pairing of a stimulus with a shock.
C) learning through seeing another person rewarded for a behavior.
D) empathic responses to others.

Question 24

Positive reinforcement _________the occurrence of behavior through the_________ of something that is pleasant.

A) increases, addition
B) decreases, removal
C) increases, removal
D) decreases, addition

Question 25

A high-school biology class is well-behaved when the primary instructor is there, but not when a substitute instructor is there. Class behavior has come under:

A) stimulus control.
B) discriminative control.
C) token control.
D) aversive control.

Question 26

Primary reinforcers:

A) reduce biological needs.
B) occasionally reduce biological needs.
C) reduce both biological and acquired needs.
D) are first administered by one's parents.

Question 27

When you experience the same emotion as someone you are observing, this is called:

A) sympathy.
B) empathy.
C) altruism.
D) none of the above

Question 28

Punishers are intended to:

A) humiliate the recipient.
B) reduce the tendency to behave in particular ways.
C) increase the tendency to behave in particular ways.
D) establish the authority of the person delivering the punishment.

Question 29

In instrumental conditioning, a_________ is anything that strengthens a behavioral tendency.

A) punisher
B) shaper
C) reinforcer
D) pusher

Question 30

Every time Mark studies for a test between 8 PM and 11 PM, he gets at least 95% correct on the test. If he studies at any other time, he never gets more than 75% correct. After this happens enough times, Mark decides to study only between 8 and 11. Time has become a_________ , and Mark's behavior is_________ .

A) reinforcement schedule, being partially reinforced
B) discriminative stimulus, under stimulus control
C) discriminative stimulus, undergoing extinction
D) reinforcer, predictable

Question 31

Newer learning theories differ from earlier ones in that the newer ones:

A) place less importance on mental events.
B) embellish original conditioning principles.
C) emphasize social aspects of learning.
D) all of the above

Question 32

Negative reinforcement _________the occurrence of behavior through the_________ of something that is aversive.

A) decreases, removal
B) increases, removal
C) increases, presentation
D) decreases, presentation

Question 33

Smiles, hugs, and praise all are examples of:

A) primary reinforcers.
B) reinforcers tied directly to physical drives .
C) social reinforcers.
D) all of the above

Question 34

A simple distinction among schedules of reinforcement is between:

A) continuous and partial.
B) partial and fixed.
C) continuous and fixed.
D) variable and partial.

Question 35

Self-reinforcement refers to the idea that people:

A) give themselves rewards after an activity.
B) react to their own actions with approval.
C) react to their own actions with disapproval.
D) all of the above

Question 36

When therapy works, according to Bandura, it's because the therapy restored the person's:

A) stability.
B) personal efficacy.
C) internal locus of control.
D) competence motivation.

Question 37

Vicarious emotional arousal:

A) occurs when you feel the same emotion as another person.
B) occurs when you feel guilty for an imagined transgression.
C) is the same as sympathy.
D) none of the above

Question 38

The principle of generalization explains the_________ of certain behaviors across situations.

A) persistence
B) diminution
C) consistency
D) widespread consequences

Question 39

A behavior built in by partial reinforcement:

A) is more resistant to extinction than one built in by continuous reinforcement.
B) is less resistant to extinction than one built in by continuous reinforcement.
C) is equally resistant to extinction as one built in by continuous reinforcement.
D) may be more or less resistant to extinction than one built in by continuous reinforcement.

Question 40

Punishment:

A) always adds pain.
B) always removes pleasure.
C) either adds pain or removes pleasure.
D) none of the above

Question 41

Which of the following variables determines how much attention a model will command?

A) the salience of behaviors observed
B) the observer's capabilities and intent
C) characteristics of the model such as attractiveness
D) all of the above

Question 42

Which of the following are most important to assessment from the social-cognitive learning perspective?

A) behavioral observation
B) measures of generalized tendencies
C) self-report measures
D) objective definitions of situations

Question 43

Which of the following is true about symbolic models?

A) They are abstract and therefore cannot be seen.
B) They are largely unimportant in the modern world.
C) They can be figures on television or in books.
D) none of the above

Question 44

Verbal coding refers to:

A) mentally rehearsing what we see.
B) mimicking the speech of a model.
C) describing to yourself what you observe.
D) the power of verbal cues to remind us of past events.

Question 45

Physiological assessment of personality:

A) focuses on the frequency of emotional reactions.
B) focuses on patterns of physiological responses to emotional stimuli.
C) requires verbal responses.
D) is relatively simple and inexpensive.

Question 46

Contingency management:

A) involves the use of secondary reinforcers, which are exchanged for privileges.
B) usually takes place in an institution such as a mental hospital or prison.
C) increases and decreases reinforcements for desired and undesired action, respectively.
D) all of the above

Question 47

Observational learning begins to occur:

A) shortly after birth.
B) at around age 1.
C) at around age 5.
D) at the onset of adolescence.

Question 48

A researcher measures fearfulness by observing how close a subject comes to a nonpoisonous snake. The researcher is using a _________assessment technique.

A) physiological
B) behavioral
C) self-report
D) subjective

Question 49

After a person sees violence condoned on television, similar tactics often appear in the viewer's actions. One of the mechanisms likely to be responsible for this effect is:

A) vicarious emotional arousal.
B) social reinforcement.
C) vicarious reinforcement.
D) participant modeling.

Question 50

Which statement best describes Bandura's findings about observational learning?

A) Children tended to act aggressively toward the doll if they had seen an adult model do the same.
B) Children tended to act aggressively toward the doll if they had seen an adult model do the same, but only if the adult had been rewarded.
C) Children tended to act aggressively toward the doll if they had seen an adult model do the same, but only if the adult hadn't been punished.
D) none of the above

Question 51

Research on modeling in therapy has focused on:

A) basic social skills.
B) assertiveness.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above

Question 52

Critics of media violence argue that in the media:

A) aggression is generally portrayed as yielding a great deal of short-term reinforcement.
B) those who commit aggressive acts are usually punished for their deeds.
C) actions of "prosocial" characters are less aggressive than the actions of villains.
D) aggression is closely linked to punishment.

Question 53

Forming mental pictures of what you are seeing is called:

A) imaginal coding.
B) verbal coding.
C) observational coding.
D) all of the above

Question 54

Research on repeated exposure to violence has shown that:

A) it desensitizes observers to the implications of suffering.
B) it has little or no effect on reactions to later, real-life violence.
C) emotional arousal, not the content of the aggression, is the most important variable determining reactions to violence.
D) none of the above

Question 55

Research by Bandura, in which adults modeled aggressive acts for children, provides a good illustration of the difference between:

A) the acquisition of behavioral potential and the performance of the behavior.
B) self-efficacy and competence motivation.
C) the perceived locus and stability of a cause for behavior.
D) none of the above

Question 56

People with high efficacy expectations:

A) experience less grief following bereavement.
B) are less likely to encounter problems.
C) are less likely to ask for help in solving problems.
D) none of the above

Question 57

When exposure to violent stimuli no longer triggers feelings of shock and upset in individuals, they are considered _________to violence.

A) susceptible
B) desensitized
C) immune
D) all of the above

Question 58

The specific name for therapy used to overcome phobias that involves relaxation techniques and anxiety hierarchies is:

A) systematic desensitization.
B) anxiety therapy.
C) behavior modification therapy.
D) none of the above

Question 59

Skill deficits often arise because people:

A) lack appropriate models from whom to learn.
B) are not offered incentives for learning needed skills.
C) have learned to be helpless.
D) develop inappropriate self-control strategies.

Question 60

A social-cognitive learning psychologist would emphasize_________ in explaining behavior problems.

A) vicarious conditioning processes
B) faulty expectancies
C) observational learning
D) all of the above

Question 61

Instrumental conditioning is a passive process.

Question 62

The conditioning perspective can be criticized in that it:

A) does not reveal much about how a given behavior becomes more or less probable.
B) does not address the subjective sense of what it means to have a personality, i.e., of "personhood."
C) applies only to certain types or domains of behavior.
D) none of the above
True and False

Question 63

Time out is an example of negative reinforcement

Question 64

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is referred to as the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 65

Much of the classical conditioning that takes place in humans involves responses with emotional qualities.

Question 66

Whenever Chelsea sees white padded walls, she gets thirsty. However, she does not get thirsty when she sees purple padded walls. These different reactions to the two colors are a product of discrimination.

Question 67

One must receive a reward for classical conditioning to occur.

Question 68

In essence, time out involves taking away something good.

Question 69

To see if classical conditioning has occurred, the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, and the reaction is observed.

Question 70

A glass of water to a thirsty person would be a secondary reinforcer.

Question 71

The conditioned response is just as intense as the unconditioned response

Question 72

From the learning perspective, personality consists of all the learned tendencies a person has acquired over the experiences of his or her life.

Question 73

Negative reinforcement involves adding something aversive or unpleasant to the environment.

Question 74

Which kind of model seems to be completely without fear?

A) mastery
B) coping
C) skill
D) participant

Question 75

Primary reinforcers reduce biological needs.

Question 76

Extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 77

Which of the following have the strongest influence on efficacy perceptions according to Bandura?

A) vicarious experiences
B) performance accomplishments
C) vicarious emotional responses
D) outcome expectancies

Question 78

The law of effect is a means of accounting for regularities in behavior

Question 79

Rescorla argues that classical conditioning is a slow process requiring many pairings. farther removed from the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 80

Why is modeling effective at producing behavior change, according to Bandura?

A) The model receives rewards.
B) The person in therapy increases his/her sense of efficacy.
C) The person is learning needed skills.
D) The person is exposed to what he/she fears.