Deck 7: Behavioral Approaches to Learning

Question 1

When the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, which of the following occurs?

A) contingency
B) extinction
C) temporal contiguity
D) spontaneous recovery

Answer 1

extinction

Question 2

Any relatively permanent change in the behavior, thoughts, or feelings of an organism resulting from experience.

A) maturation
B) learning
C) development
D) behaviorism

Answer 2

learning

Question 3

A learning process in which an originally neutral stimulus becomes associated with a particular physiological or emotional response that the stimulus did not originally produce.

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) social learning
D) contingency contract

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

Complete the following sequence of events: Acquisition, Extinction, Rest, Presentation of CS,

A) contingency
B) spontaneous recovery
C) satiation
D) re-extinction

Question 5

Classical conditioning has been used to curtail coyote attacks on sheep. Fresh mutton is tainted with a poison that causes dizziness and nausea. After a while, just the smell of sheep sends the coyotes running away. In this example, what is the CR?

A) poison
B) mutton
C) dizziness and nausea
D) smell of sheep

Question 6

An automatic, natural physiological behavior to a particular stimulus.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 7

Brian disrupted the class, and his teacher sent him to the principal's office. This is an example of which of the following behavioral concepts?

A) social learning
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 8

Classical conditioning has been used to curtail coyote attacks on sheep. Fresh mutton is tainted with a poison that causes dizziness and nausea. After a while, just the smell of sheep sends the coyotes running away. In this example, what is the UR?

A) poison
B) mutton
C) dizziness and nausea
D) smell of sheep

Question 9

Jennie did a great job on her science fair project, and she showed her classmates how they could create one as well. As a result, the other students became excited about engaging in their own science projects. This is an example of which of the following behavioral concepts?

A) punishment
B) positive reinforcement
C) social learning
D) negative reinforcement

Question 10

Classical conditioning is explained as the mere closeness in time between the CS and the US.

A) contingency
B) predictability
C) temporal contiguity
D) temporal acquisition

Question 11

What do behavioral theories of learning emphasize?

A) internal mental processes of the person
B) cognitive development of the person
C) maturation
D) the role of external events in the environment

Question 12

Who discovered classical conditioning?

A) Pavlov
B) Skinner
C) Thorndike
D) Premack

Question 13

Something that elicits a physiological or emotional response prior to training.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 14

A physiological behavior elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 15

What was Pavlov studying when he discovered classical conditioning?

A) dog food formulas
B) training techniques for his dogs
C) puzzle boxes
D) digestion in dogs

Question 16

The dependence of one action or event on another event or on the presence of a stimulus.

A) contingency
B) predictability
C) temporal contiguity
D) temporal acquisition

Question 17

Something that elicits no physiological or emotional response prior to training but elicits that response after training.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 18

Classical conditioning has been used to curtail coyote attacks on sheep. Fresh mutton is tainted with a poison that causes dizziness and nausea. After a while, just the smell of sheep sends the coyotes running away. In this example, what is the US?

A) poison
B) mutton
C) dizziness and nausea
D) smell of sheep

Question 19

Classical conditioning has been used to curtail coyote attacks on sheep. Fresh mutton is tainted with a poison that causes dizziness and nausea. After a while, just the smell of sheep sends the coyotes running away. In this example, what is the CS?

A) poison
B) mutton
C) dizziness and nausea
D) smell of sheep

Question 20

Change that occurs as a result of genetic programming, given the normal range of environments.

A) maturation
B) learning
C) cognitive development
D) behaviorism

Question 21

The mechanism by which stimuli similar to the original CS can elicit the CR.

A) stimulus generalization
B) stimulus discrimination
C) temporal contiguity
D) contingency

Question 22

Tests usually cause anxiety in students. Students learn to become anxious when they take tests because they are graded and evaluated. But if a teacher starts giving tests in which students are given a second chance to improve their grades, test anxiety may diminish. After a vacation, however, the first self-graded test may elicit more nervousness from students than did the last self-graded test given before the vacation. This is an example of which of the following?

A) contingency
B) spontaneous recovery
C) satiation
D) acquisition

Question 23

A mechanism by which organisms are able to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus, which elicits a conditioned response, and other stimuli, which do not elicit the conditioned response.

A) stimulus generalization
B) spontaneous recovery
C) extinction
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 24

In classical conditioning, the individual is largely _________. In operant conditioning, in contrast, the individual is largely __________.

A) passive; active
B) active; active
C) active; passive
D) passive; passive

Question 25

Students become anxious as the teacher announces "clear everything off your desk" and holds up a stack of papers for distribution--they know a test is coming. These students may also become anxious when the teacher says "clear everything off your desk" and holds up an activity sheet, despite the fact that the students actually enjoy the activity. This is an example of which of the following?

A) stimulus discrimination
B) contingency
C) stimulus generalization
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 26

A student who receives a star EVERY time she raises her hand is on which schedule of reinforcement?

A) continuous
B) partial
C) intermittent
D) ratio

Question 27

A student who receives a star on the board for every fifth "A" grade received is on which schedule of reinforcement?

A) continuous
B) fixed ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable ratio

Question 28

Another term for operant conditioning.

A) classical conditioning
B) operative conditioning
C) instrumental conditioning
D) positive conditioning

Question 29

A hungry worker is given lunch when he completes a task. "Lunch" is an example of which of the following?

A) punishment
B) secondary reinforcer
C) law of effect
D) primary reinforcer

Question 30

Learning produced by the rewards and punishments of active behavior of a human or other organism interacting with the environment.

A) classical conditioning
B) operative conditioning
C) positive conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 31

If you receive a paycheck every week, you are on which schedule of reinforcement?

A) continuous
B) fixed ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable ratio

Question 32

A worker is given a paycheck when he completes a task. A paycheck is an example of which of the following?

A) punishment
B) secondary reinforcer
C) law of effect
D) primary reinforcer

Question 33

A teacher smiles at a student who correctly answers the question. This is an example of which of the following?

A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) operant reinforcement

Question 34

When Ms. Scrant's student Jolene finally began to participate in class discussions, her talking was the operant, and Ms. Scrant's praise was which of the following?

A) punishment
B) operant
C) reward
D) conditioning

Question 35

The behavior an organism, or person, uses to "operate" on the environment.

A) operant
B) reward
C) punishment
D) reinforcer

Question 36

The Premack principle is also known as which of the following?

A) Parents' rule
B) bargaining
C) punishment
D) Grandma's rule

Question 37

A teacher blows a whistle until the students form a straight line. The whistling stops as soon as the line is formed. This is an example of which of the following?

A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) operant reinforcement

Question 38

Who studied cats in puzzle boxes?

A) Burrhus F. Skinner
B) John Watson
C) Edward Lee Thorndike
D) Albert Bandura

Question 39

Events that precede an operant behavior and serve to predict the consequences of that behavior.

A) primary reinforcers
B) partial reinforcement schedules
C) antecedent reinforcement
D) antecedent stimuli

Question 40

Stimuli that produce negative emotional responses.

A) negative stimuli
B) aversive stimuli
C) negative response
D) aversive response

Question 41

Vicarious reinforcement is part of which aspect of social learning?

A) attention
B) retention
C) motivation
D) potential

Question 42

A small penalty imposed for each instance of an undesirable behavior.

A) response cost
B) presentation punishment
C) removal punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 43

Mark misbehaved in class and as a result has lost recess privileges for the day. Mark has received which of the following?

A) response cost
B) presentation punishment
C) removal punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 44

The filter between the vast amounts of information that assail our senses to the relatively limited amount of information we actually perceive.

A) attention
B) retention
C) motivation
D) potential

Question 45

Rodney watches his dad act aggressively, and then starts to act the same way. Rodney has engaged in which of the following?

A) social learning
B) reinforcement
C) punishment
D) classical conditioning

Question 46

Learning is change that occurs as a result of genetic programming, given the normal range of environments.

Question 47

What is the ultimate goal of social learning?

A) attention
B) retention
C) motivation
D) self-regulation

Question 48

A participant's automatic physiological or other response to a stimulus is called the unconditioned response, or UR.

Question 49

The application of an aversive, or unpleasant stimulus that decreases the probability of a response.

A) primary punishment
B) presentation punishment
C) removal punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 50

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an originally neutral stimulus becomes associated with a particular physiological or emotional response-or both-that the stimulus did not originally produce

Question 51

Temporal contiguity is the dependence of one action or event on another event or on the presence of a stimulus.

Question 52

Edward L. Thorndike discovered classical conditioning.

Question 53

The originally neutral stimulus is called the unconditioned stimulus, or US, because it is the stimulus that will come to elicit the response after the conditioning procedure takes place.

Question 54

Rewarding behavior that comes closer and closer to the desired behavior.

A) response cost
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) shaping

Question 55

Behavioral theories of learning focus primarily on changes in observable behavior rather than on internal mental processes.

Question 56

The concept of social learning first came to prominence through the work of _________.

A) Burrhus F. Skinner
B) John Watson
C) Edward Lee Thorndike
D) Albert Bandura

Question 57

Stimuli that produce negative emotional responses are called aversive stimuli.

Question 58

Changing students' behavior by managing the contingencies, or consequences, of that behavior.

A) response cost
B) behavioral modification
C) positive reinforcement
D) shaping

Question 59

Operant conditioning results in either an increase or a decrease in the probability of an operant behavior in response to environmental events.

Question 60

Mr. James asks his students to recall and describe how he handled a certain kind of task for which he served as a role model. Mr. James is helping his students with which aspect of social learning?

A) attention
B) retention
C) motivation
D) potential

Question 61

The method of successive approximations involves changing students' behavior by managing the contingencies, or consequences, of that behavior.

Question 62

A positive reinforcer is a reward that precedes an operant and increases the likelihood of that operant occurring again.

Question 63

A reinforcer is a stimulus that increases the probability the operant associated with it will happen again.

Question 64

Removal punishment is the application of an aversive, or unpleasant stimulus.

Question 65

The Premack principle states that more preferred activities reinforce those that are less preferred.

Question 66

In an interval schedule a certain number of the desired operants is reinforced, without regard to the passage of time.

Question 67

Vicarious reinforcement occurs when children watch someone else being reinforced.

Question 68

Burrhus F. Skinner studied cats placed in puzzle boxes.

Question 69

In classical conditioning, the individual is largely active.

Question 70

In an interval schedule, reinforcement is a function of the time that has passed, regardless of the number of operants that have occurred.