Deck 8: Ecology of the Peer Group

Question 1

Peer groups begin to segregate boys and girls starting in

A) Preschool.
B) Elementary School.
C) Junior High.
D) High School.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Jane belongs to a group in which if one wants to participate in the group, one freely accepts the rules. In Jane's group, rules are imposed on oneself by oneself. Jane's group membership would be characterized as ascribing to a(n)

A) Morality of Cooperation.
B) Morality of Constraint.
C) Morality of Structure.
D) Authoritarian Point of View.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Peer pressure for appropriate gender-type play has been observed as early as age

A) 1 year.
B) 2 years.
C) 6 years.
D) 12 years.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which parenting style often has children who alienate themselves from parental values and are attracted to the peer group to gain understanding and acceptance?

A) Authoritative
B) Authoritarian
C) Permissive
D) Uninvolved

Question 5

Morality of cooperation refers to

A) Behavior based on mutual understanding between equals.
B) Behavior based on respect for persons in authority.
C) Heteronomous morality.
D) No answers are correct .

Question 6

According to your text, children are most susceptible to the influence of peers during

A) Infancy.
B) Early childhood.
C) Middle childhood.
D) Adolescence.

Question 7

The imaginary audience is

A) The same as cognitive conceit.
B) The belief that others are as concerned with one's behavior and appearance as one is oneself.
C) A theory about reality assumed to be true without examining or evaluating contradictory data.
D) An autonomous interdependent friendship.

Question 8

Observations of elementary school children in the United States demonstrate that boys and girls are _________ aware of the opposite sex.

A) Not at all
B) Hardly
C) Somewhat
D) Very

Question 9

The socializing mechanism peers use to influence behavior is

A) Reinforcement.
B) Modeling.
C) Rejection.
D) All of these.

Question 10

Which parenting style has been associated with children's social-behavioral competence and confidence?

A) Authoritative
B) Authoritarian
C) Permissive
D) Indifferent/Uninvolved

Question 11

The extent to which modeling influences behavior depends on

A) The situation.
B) The model.
C) The observer.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 12

The peer group is

A) A microsystem.
B) A group of individuals who are of approximately the same gender, age, and social status and who share interests.
C) A significant socializing force.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 13

According to your text, morality of constraint is usually fostered by the

A) Peer group.
B) Family or school.
C) Media.
D) Imaginary friend.

Question 14

The onset of sexual behavior in teens differs according to

A) Peer group.
B) Church attendance.
C) Gender.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 15

Furman & Masters (1980) found children's punitive acts, or negative reinforcers,

A) Were followed by positive behaviors in peers.
B) Resulted in negative peer behavior more often than positive reinforcers resulted in affective behavior.
C) Did not affect the behavior of their peers.
D) None of the answers apply.

Question 16

An example of a tangible support is

A) Sharing toys.
B) Giving advice.
C) Companionship.
D) Empathy.

Question 17

Preadolescent children are beginning to struggle with

A) Trust vs. Mistrust.
B) Autonomy vs. Doubt.
C) Preoperations.
D) Identity vs. Identity Confusion.

Question 18

Loosely organized reference groups of cliques are called

A) Crowds.
B) Apprenticeships.
C) Victims.
D) Sets.

Question 19

Children under age seven years are not susceptible to group pressure because they

A) Have limited understanding of the relationship(s) between objects, events, and people.
B) Are in the stage of concrete operational thought.
C) Have little opportunity for social interaction.
D) Cannot share.

Question 20

Adolescents tend to turn to their parents for future-oriented decisions such as

A) Clothing.
B) Dating.
C) Recreation.
D) Scholastic goals.

Question 21

In a study by Adler & Adler (1998), a child was likely to be expelled from the group if he/she

A) Kicked, punched or hit.
B) Stood up for his/her rights against the dominant leaders.
C) Engaged in criminal activity.
D) Wore clothing similar to those in his/her group.

Question 22

Children who have difficulty reading other children's social cues are thought to benefit from

A) Watching others interact successfully.
B) Watching social interactions on videotape.
C) Watching puppets work out social situations.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 23

Some children are able to acknowledge that friendship involves give-and-take. However, these children often still see friendship as mutually serving individual interests rather than mutually cooperating toward a common interest. These traits are characteristic of

A) Children in the early childhood years.
B) Children in the middle childhood years.
C) Adolescents.
D) Boys rather than girls.

Question 24

Charles is unable to consider the viewpoint of another person. When he is with his peers, Charles can only think about what he wants. Which stage of friendship would characterize Charles?

A) Momentary playmateship
B) One-way assistance
C) Intimate, mutually shard relationships
D) Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 25

Principal A visits one of the fourth grade classrooms and asks children questions anonymously about each other. Afterward, Principal A tabulates the results. Principal A is performing what kind of rating?

A) Sociometric
B) Kinesthetic
C) Gang-related
D) PPC (Positive Peer Culture)

Question 26

Children who are popular with their peers tend to be

A) Intelligent.
B) Careful not to use praise and approval.
C) Bossy.
D) All of these.

Question 27

A group of people who form an alliance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful of criminal activity is called a

A) Gang.
B) Chronosystem.
C) Peer Tutors.
D) Socioeconomic group.

Question 28

Howes (1988) examined relationships among toddlers in a child care center. Howes found that children differentiated between friends and playmates at least by age

A) 1 month.
B) 13-25 months.
C) 25-36 months.
D) 6 years.

Question 29

You observe 3-year-old Karla standing in one corner of your preschool room. She is watching the other children play and occasionally talking to them. We would classify Karla's actions as

A) Solitary Play.
B) Onlooker Play.
C) Parallel Play.
D) Associative Play.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT correlated with juvenile gang activity?

A) Living in a poor neighborhood with poor-quality schools
B) Having few opportunities for recreation
C) Living in an area where there is a subculture of adult criminal activity
D) Intense parental supervision

Question 31

An intervention in which children who have trouble making and keeping friends learn to relate to others is called

A) Sociotherapy.
B) Sociometry.
C) Parallel Play.
D) The Exclusionary Technique.

Question 32

Rejection or acceptance in a group is thought to be affected by

A) How one communicates.
B) How one interprets others' emotional states.
C) Whether or not one is disruptive.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 33

A child aged 9-15 is likely in which stage of friendship, according to Selman & Selman?

A) One-way assistance
B) Two-way, fair-weather cooperation
C) Intimate, mutually shared relationships
D) Authoritative

Question 34

Gang members usually come from families with _________ adult supervision.

A) Too much
B) Minimal
C) Frequent
D) Helpful

Question 35

When a child organizes blocks into buildings, highways, and tea parties, this is an example of

A) Model-Building Play.
B) Exploratory Play.
C) Testing Play.
D) Onlooker Play.

Question 36

Play in which children manipulate objects, such as by emptying, filling and inserting with organization, is which kind of play?

A) Exploratory
B) Imitative
C) Parallel
D) Model-Building

Question 37

Oden & Asher (1977) identified four categories of social skills linked to the research on popularity. Which of the following is not one of those skills?

A) Conceit
B) Participation
C) Communication
D) Cooperation

Question 38

In the model proposed by Sutton-Smith (1971), play becomes more _________ with age.

A) Complex
B) Interactive
C) Both complex and interactive
D) No answers are correct

Question 39

The last of Selman & Selman's stages of friendship is

A) Momentary playmateship.
B) One-way assistance.
C) Intimate, mutually shared relationships.
D) Trust vs. Mistrust.

Question 40

Bullies tend to be _________ whereas victims tend to be _________.

A) Impulsive; Passive
B) Younger; Older
C) Empathic; Aggressive
D) Aggressive; Impulsive

Question 41

In adolescence, sexual _________________ comes from peers and the media.

Question 42

Tyler plays alone, but with toys like those that other children are using. Tyler's actions are called _________ play.

Question 43

Gangs tend to consist of

A) Many individuals of one cultural group.
B) Many individuals each from a different cultural group.
C) Biracial individuals.
D) None of the above .

Question 44

Conceptions and reasoning about people, the self, relations between people, social group roles and rules, and the relations of such conceptions to social behavior is called _________.

Question 45

_________ is the term which refers to individuals who are of approximately the same gender, age, and social status and who share interests.

Question 46

In a classic study by Lewin, Lippitt & White (1939), 10-year-old boys were found to show more enjoyment, and continued to work even harder when the leader with which leadership style left the room?

A) Authoritarian
B) Democratic
C) Laissez-faire
D) None of these

Question 47

_________ refers to behavior informed by an understanding of others' feelings and intentions, the ability to respond appropriately, and knowledge of the consequences of one's actions.

Question 48

Friends who view themselves as mutually connected and doing things together are termed _________.

Question 49

Theories about reality that are assumed to be true without examining or evaluating contradictory data are called _________.

Question 50

The sense of belonging develops first within the ___________________.

Question 51

Positive Peer Culture (PPC) aims to

A) Redirect delinquent youth.
B) Mobilize the power of the peer group.
C) Increase the self-worth of delinquent youth.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 52

The testing of assumptions against facts is called _________.

Question 53

The collective term for resources provided by others in times of needs is _________.

Question 54

Exhibiting too much faith in one's reasoning ability and cleverness is called _________.

Question 55

Getting along with others is related to the ability to _______________.

Question 56

According to researchers, adolescents turn to their parents for _________-oriented decisions.

Question 57

Children aged 2-7 years are in the stage Piaget termed _________.

Question 58

Physical attack and disapproval from a peer group are examples of _________ reinforcers.

Question 59

__________________ support involves giving advice and information.

Question 60

Behavior based on respect for persons in authority is considered Morality of _________.

Question 61

The friendship pattern characteristic of children in early to middle childhood (ages 4-9 years) is termed _________.

Question 62

Social interaction in a group that is organized and has a purpose is called _________ play.

Question 63

Play that involves fighting, wrestling, and/or chasing is called _________.

Question 64

Imagine you are working in a classroom with a group of children and one set of blocks. Describe the various ways in which the children could play with the blocks according to Parten (1932).

Question 65

Provide an overview of what peers contribute to the socialization process.

Question 66

Organized interactions of children in competitive and/or cooperative team or individual enjoyable physical activities are called _________.

Question 67

_________ is an intervention designed to help children who have trouble making and keeping friends learn to relate to others.

Question 68

Compared to non-gang members, gang members have _________ self-esteem.

Question 69

When policies and activities are determined by group discussion, the group leader likely has a(n) _________ leadership style.

Question 70

Describe how peer relationships differ between early (2-5/6 years) and middle childhood (6 -12/13 years).

Question 71

Using the concept of morality of cooperation, describe how a child might decide who gets to play on a kickball team at recess. Describe the difference between this and the morality of constraint.

Question 72

Describe the influence of peers on the acquisition of knowledge about sex and sexuality.

Question 73

Play in which the child touches, tastes or manipulates without actually building something is called _________ play.

Question 74

Gangs are usually made up of how many cultural groups?

Question 75

Bullying that occurs online is called _________.

Question 76

Describe how social cognition changes over the childhood years.

Question 77

Compare and contrast the ways in which peers exert influence through reinforcement to the ways in which peers exert influence through punishment.

Question 78

A group of people who form an allegiance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity are called a _________.

Question 79

The friendship pattern characteristic of older adolescents and adults is _________.

Question 80

Based on Selman & Selman (1979), describe the stages in the development of friendship.