Exam 8: Ecology of the Peer Group

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The stages in the development of friendship, as described by Selman & Selman (1979), are as follows:

1. Stage 1: Momentary Playmates - At this stage, children are more interested in being around other children for the purpose of playing. They may engage in parallel play, where they play alongside each other without much interaction.

2. Stage 2: One-way Assistance - In this stage, children start to recognize that other children have their own thoughts and feelings. They may offer help or comfort to others without expecting much in return.

3. Stage 3: Two-way Fair-weather Cooperation - At this stage, children start to understand the concept of give-and-take in relationships. They may engage in cooperative play and show concern for each other's well-being, but their friendship is still largely based on shared activities.

4. Stage 4: Intimate, Mutually Shared Relationships - In this stage, children begin to develop deeper, more meaningful friendships. They share personal thoughts and feelings, and they rely on each other for emotional support.

5. Stage 5: Autonomous Interdependence - At this final stage, children have a strong sense of mutual trust and understanding. They can maintain their own individuality while still being closely connected to their friends. They have a deep sense of loyalty and commitment to the friendship.

These stages represent the gradual progression of friendship from simple interactions to more complex, meaningful relationships, and they provide insight into the development of social skills and emotional understanding in children.

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Peers play a crucial role in the socialization process by providing opportunities for social interaction, learning, and development. They offer a unique perspective and influence on behavior, attitudes, and beliefs, shaping an individual's identity and social skills. Peers also offer a sense of belonging and acceptance, which is important for building self-esteem and confidence. Through peer interactions, individuals learn about social norms, values, and expectations, and develop important social and emotional skills such as cooperation, communication, and conflict resolution. Overall, peers contribute significantly to the socialization process by providing a supportive and influential social environment for individuals to learn and grow.