Deck 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Question 1

The study of parent-child attachment was prompted by which of the following?

A)interviews with parents of children with Down syndrome
B)observations of children growing up in orphanages in the 1940s
C)studies of aggression in monkeys
D)analysis of children who were physically abused by their parents

Answer 1

observations of children growing up in orphanages in the 1940s

Question 2

Attachments are:

A)enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers.
B)compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets.
C)connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span.
D)qualities that are central to one's identity.

Answer 2

enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers.

Question 3

Emmy responds more positively to her mother than to other people. She smiles and laughs more often in her mother's presence than in the presence of other people. She does not exhibit separation distress, nor does she actively seek out her mother. Bowlby would consider Emmy to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A)attachment-in-the-making
B)reciprocal relationships
C)preattachment
D)clear-cut attachment

Answer 3

attachment-in-the-making

Question 4

From an evolutionary standpoint, attachment is similar to which of the following mechanisms?

A)imprinting
B)development of the id
C)theory of mind
D)attributions
•identification

Question 5

When baby Joseph cries, he is easily comforted by his mother. He is comforted just as easily by his father, his grandparents, and his babysitter, as well as by strangers. Bowlby would consider Joseph to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A)attachment-in-the-making
B)disorganized/disoriented
C)reciprocal relationships
D)preattachment
E)clear-cut attachment

Question 6

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her:

A)attachment security.
B)personal fable.
C)internal working model.
D)identity.
E)self-esteem.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about attachment?

A)Similar to imprinting, it occurs toward the first moving person an infant sees.
B)It develops from infant's tendency from birth to look at faces.
C)It increases the infant's chance of survival.
D)Similar to imprinting, it occurs toward the first moving person an infant sees and it increases the infant's chance of survival.
E)It develops from infant's tendency from birth to look at faces and increases the infant's chance of survival.
F)All of these are true statements.

Question 8

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the:

A)Strange Situation.
B)Internal Working Model.
C)Reciprocity Test.
D)Stranger Interaction Test.

Question 9

Mary Ainsworth's observations of families in Uganda and in the United States led her to the conclusion that information about infants' attachments to their caregivers can be obtained from observations of infants':

A)smiling directed at their caregivers.
B)verbal and nonverbal communication with their
caregivers.
C)reactions to separations from their caregivers.
D)crying in the presence of their caregivers.

Question 10

Which of the following actions is NOT part of the
Strange Situation?

A)separations from the caregiver
B)reunions with the caregiver
C)interactions with a stranger
D)contact with novel, scary objects

Question 11

Which of the following statements is NOT part of Bowlby's conception of the primary caregiver as a secure base?

A)enables child to learn about the world
B)is a source of entertainment and learning
C)provides a sense of assurance
D)serves as a safe place when an infant feels scared

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true about internal working models of attachment?

A)They persist throughout childhood, but not into adulthood.
B)They involve individuals' feelings about being
worthy or unworthy of love.
C)Only securely attached individuals possess them.
D)They are entirely due to biology.

Question 13

Harlow and colleagues' studies with infant rhesus monkeys reared in isolation demonstrated that, compared to monkeys reared normally with their mothers, those reared in isolation and then placed with other monkeys:

A)were socially isolated.
B)were incapable of caring for their own young.
C)were unable to communicate effectively with other monkeys.
D)were socially isolated, unable to communicate with other monkeys, and incapable of caring for their young.

Question 14

Darrell exhibits separation distress when his mother leaves and happily greets her when she returns. He uses her as a secure base and actively seeks out contact with his mother. Bowlby would consider Darrell to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

A)attachment-in-the-making
B)reciprocal relationships
C)preattachment
D)clear-cut attachment

Question 15

Which of the following actions is the portion of the Strange Situation that most indicates the quality of the attachment bond?

A)separations from the caregiver
B)reunions with the caregiver
C)interactions with a stranger
D)contact with novel objects

Question 16

Which of the following statements is part of an individual's internal working model of attachment, as proposed by Bowlby?

A)expectations about whether or not interpersonal relationships will be rewarding
B)thoughts about whether or not one is physically attractive
C)notions about whether or not other people are generally intelligent
D)All of these are parts of an individual's internal working model of attachment according to Bowlby.

Question 17

Which of the following assertions best describes Bowlby's view of the attachment process and the quality of infants' attachments?

A)Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are innate.
B)Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers.
C)The attachment process is dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers, but the quality of their attachments is innate.
D)The attachment process has an innate basis, but the quality of infants' attachments is dependent on the nature of their experiences with caregivers.

Question 18

The majority of middle-class infants in the United
States fall into which attachment category?

A)dismissive
B)insecure/avoidant
C)disorganized/disoriented
D)secure
E)insecure/resistant

Question 19

In the Strange Situation, baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, and is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, but he is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category?

A)disorganized/disoriented
B)insecure/resistant
C)secure
D)dismissive
E)insecure/avoidant

Question 20

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a:

A)security object.
B)dependent attachment figure.
C)secure base.
D)working model.

Question 21

Parental sensitivity involves which of the following actions?

A)responding quickly to the needs of a crying baby
B)smiling, laughing, and making sounds at baby
C)being emotionally available
D)responding quickly to the needs of a crying baby and being emotionally available
E)All of these comprise parental sensitivity.

Question 22

Mothers who are easily overwhelmed and who are inconsistent in responding to their infants are more likely than other mothers to have infants who are:

A)insecure/resistant.
B)disorganized/disoriented.
C)difficult.
D)insecure/avoidant.

Question 23

Securely attached infants are MOST likely to have parents whose own adult attachment status is:

A)dismissing.
B)unresolved.
C)preoccupied.
D)autonomous.

Question 24

Mothers who resist their infants' attempts at physical closeness and who are emotionally unavailable are more likely than other mothers to have infants who are:

A)insecure/resistant.
B)securely attached.
C)disorganized/disoriented.
D)insecure/avoidant.

Question 25

Insecure/resistant infants are also referred to as:

A)avoidant.
B)ambivalent.
C)disorganized.
D)secure.

Question 26

Attachment theorists believe that which of the following actions is the most important contributor to the development of a secure attachment?

A)parental sensitivity
B)physical contact between parent and child
C)provision of a large play space and various toys
D)temperament
E)continuous, uninterrupted attention by the parent

Question 27

Which of the following behaviors during the Strange Situation is characteristic of infants who are classified as insecure/avoidant?

A)ignores mother when she returns to room
B)displays severe distress when mother leaves room
C)clings to mother rather than playing with toys
D)while playing, looks back to check on mother

Question 28

Melissa, the mother of two children, remembers her childhood as difficult. When asked about it, she discusses her past in a consistent and cohesive manner, but reports that although there were some happy times, her parents were not always supportive. Which of the following statements is true about Melissa?

A)Her children are unlikely to be securely attached to her.
B)She would most likely be classified into the autonomous adult attachment group.
C)She probably experienced physical abuse at the hands of her parents.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 29

Compared to infants who are home every day with the same caregiver, those in day care:

A)are more likely to be classified as disorganized/disoriented.
B)are less likely to be classified as insecure/resistant.
C)react less negatively when separated from caregiver.
D)behave almost identically in the Strange Situation.

Question 30

The text describes a study in which mothers of irritable infants were taught how to be more sensitive to their infants. When infants whose mothers were trained were compared to infants in a control group, the intervention group demonstrated ______rates of secure attachment in infancy and/but_____ rates of secure attachment when the children were of preschooler age.

A)similar; similar
B)similar; higher
C)higher; similar
D)higher; higher

Question 31

Infants who approach their mothers and also regard them as a source of fear are considered to have which type of attachment?

A)disorganized/disoriented
B)insecure/resistant
C)secure
D)insecure/avoidant

Question 32

Which of the following groups of infants is typified by indifference toward the mother?

A)disorganized/disoriented
B)insecure/resistant
C)secure
D)insecure/avoidant

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true about the association between infants' behavior in the Strange Situation and their behavior at home?

A)Infants classified as securely attached in the Strange Situation often appear more insecurely attached at home.
B)The behaviors of infants classified as insecure in the Strange Situation often switch, with insecure resistant infants appearing more avoidant in the home and insecure/avoidant infants appearing more clingy in the home.
C)Infants' behavior in the Strange Situation is related to their scores on a measure of attachment based on observers' reports in the home.
D)There is little association between infants' behavior in the two settings.

Question 34

Which attachment category is often associated with infants whose mothers exhibit abusive behavior?

A)insecure/resistant
B)secure
C)disorganized/distressed
D)insecure/avoidant

Question 35

Which of the following assertions is true about attachment behaviors in different cultures?

A)Attachment is biologically driven, and thus infants in all cultures display the same types of attachment behaviors and are classified into the same major attachment groups.
B)Although infants of many cultures can be classified into the major attachment categories, some cultures show quite different patterns.
C)Infants in all other cultures show entirely different patterns of attachment behavior and cannot be classified into the same groups as infants in the United
States.
D)Attachment behaviors are entirely dependent on culture and the Strange Situation can only be used to classify infants in the United States.

Question 36

In the Strange Situation, baby Olivia clings to her mother, plays little with the toys in the room, and is extremely distressed when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns to the room and picks her up, Olivia arches her back to get away from her mother. Olivia falls into which attachment category?

A)disorganized/disoriented
B)insecure/resistant
C)secure
D)dismissive
E)insecure/avoidant

Question 37

Which of the following behaviors might be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented?

A)displays fearful smiles while approaching mother
B)demonstrates severe distress when mother leaves room
C)clings to mother rather than playing with toys
D)displays angry distress while playing
E)All of these behaviors may be exhibited during the Strange Situation.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true about parents' attachment models?

A)There is little association between parents' models of attachment and their infants' attachment security.
B)Preoccupied parents tend to be warm and sensitive toward their infants.
C)Parents' attachment models may have less to do with the adults' own attachment to their parents and more to do with their personal theories of
childrearing.
D)All securely attached infants have autonomous parents.

Question 39

Which of the following actions demonstrates that parental sensitivity causes secure attachment in children?

A)Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments.
B)Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers.
C)Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached.
D)Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments.

Question 40

In comparison with U.S. infants, Japanese infants appear to be likely to be _____securely attached,_____likely to be insecure/resistant, and____ likely to be insecure/avoidant.

A)as; less; more
B)as; more; less
C)less; more; more
D)more; less; less

Question 41

In comparison to the self concept of a typical preschool child, the self concept of a typical late- elementary-school child is all of the following except:

A)more complex.
B)based to a greater extent on peer relationships.
C)more likely to involve positive illusions of abilities.
D)more likely to include social comparisons.

Question 42

Which of the following instances is a test of whether toddlers have a sense of self?

A)the Strange Situation
B)children's reactions when their own arm movements control movement of a mobile
C)the placement of rouge on child's face before placing child in front of mirror
D)All of these are a test of a toddler's sense of self.

Question 43

The ability to notice discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is founded on:

A)social comparison.
B)self-esteem.
C)overconfidence.
D)an adolescent sense of self.

Question 44

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to:

A)lie to their parents.
B)boast about their abilities.
C)regard their feelings as unique and special.
D)believe they are invincible.
E)have high self-esteem.

Question 45

Which of the following emotions is an indicator that a child has a sense of self?

A)happiness
B)anger
C)sadness
D)shame

Question 46

Which of the following pieces of evidence is the best support for the causal effect of infant attachment security on later social functioning?

A)Children who were securely attached as infants are more likely than other children to be socially and emotionally competent.
B)When security of attachment changes because of stress in the home, parent-child interactions at the time are associated with social and emotional competence at that age.
C)Among children who functioned poorly during preschool, those who had a secure attachment during infancy were more socially and emotionally competent in middle childhood than were other children.
D)None of these answers supports this effect.

Question 47

Which of the following actions is NOT considered an indicator that a child has a developing sense of self?

A)demonstrating separation distress
B)joint attention
C)turning toward a noise
D)showing happiness when controlling objects

Question 48

Which of the following concepts is typical of a 3-year- old child's sense of self?

A)involves comparisons of themselves with others
B)includes global views of themselves that are not directly tied to specific behaviors
C)is focused on observable features
D)involves others' evaluations of them

Question 49

Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how she appears to other people. She feels like everyone notices her and her every behavior. This feeling is referred to as:

A)a belief in an imaginary audience.
B)a personal fable.
C)egotistic.
D)a belief in the all-important self.
E)egocentric.

Question 50

Compared to children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants demonstrate:

A)more social competence.
B)less aggression.
C)better ability to understand other's emotions.
D)higher grades in school.
E)more social competence, better ability to understand other's emotions, and less aggression.
F)all of these traits.

Question 51

Which of the following traits is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self?

A)separation distress
B)experiencing embarrassment
C)recognizing self in the mirror
D)attempts to set own goals in opposition to parents' goals
E)imitating others' facial expressions

Question 52

Annalee is 3 years old. If asked to describe herself, which of the following statements is she LEAST likely to say?

A)"I am a great dancer. See, I can do a pirouette."
B)"I love to go apple picking."
C)"I have brown hair."
D)"My sister is a faster runner than me."

Question 53

The self refers to:

A)one's physical appearance.
B)one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself.
C)one's personality and intelligence.
D)all of these traits.

Question 54

Why is it difficult to fully understand the association between attachment security during infancy and later functioning?

A)The studies are all correlational.
B)The quality of parent-child interactions tends to remain stable, so associations may only reflect the association between current quality and current child functioning.
C)The studies are all correlational and the quality of parent-child interactions tends to remain stable, so associations may only reflect the association between current quality and current child functioning.
D)None of these reasons contribute to this difficulty.

Question 55

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which of the following statements is she LEAST likely to say?

A)"I don't know why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean."
B)"I don't have that many friends."
C)"I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am."
D)"I can be a real introvert sometimes."

Question 56

Of the following options, which is the MOST likely source of the differences in peer relationships between children who were securely attached as infants and those who were insecurely attached as infants?

A)differences in intelligence
B)differences in opportunities for peer interaction
C)differences in abilities to use social comparisons
D)differences in internal working models

Question 57

Which of the following actions is an indication that an infant has a sense of self?

A)making independent movements
B)crying
C)separation distress
D)talking

Question 58

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to:

A)place an emphasis on others' perceptions of them.
B)involve confusion about contradictions in the self.
C)reflect internalized values.
D)do all of the things listed.

Question 59

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are:

A)abstract.
B)focused to a considerable degree on their social competence.
C)often seemingly contradictory.
D)abstract and focused on their social competence.
E)often seemingly contradictory and focused to a considerable degree on their social competence.
F)abstract, often seemingly contradictory, and focused on their social competence.

Question 60

The "terrible twos" are an indication of which of the following states?

A)insecure attachment
B)self-awareness
C)negative identity
D)parental insensitivity

Question 61

Research has indicated that adolescents in which of the following states are LEAST likely to move into identity achievement?

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)All of the answers are equally unlikely to move into identity achievement.

Question 62

Adolescents whose parents have a particularly controlling parenting style are more likely to have which identity status?

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 63

Which of the following aspects is involved in an individual's identity?

A)beliefs and values
B)sexuality
C)career goals
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 64

Flora is 3 years old and is a member of an ethnic minority group. Which of the following actions is Flora LEAST likely to do?

A)engage in some behaviors characteristic of the ethnic group
B)label herself with the name of the ethnic group
C)understand that she will always be a member of the ethnic group
D)possess simple knowledge about the ethnic group

Question 65

Individuals who have which identity status are apathetic and most at risk for drug abuse?

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 66

Michael is an adolescent whose parents have always expected him to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Michael applies to law school. Erikson would say Michael has made what type of identity choice?

A)identity confusion
B)negative identity
C)identity foreclosure
D)moratorium
E)identity achievement

Question 67

Erikson theorized that a negative identity is one that:

A)is based on little exploration of choices.
B)represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents.
C)is in "time-out."
D)involves delinquency and drug use.
E)is focused on the expectation of few choices and a poor self-image.

Question 68

Erikson believed that which of the following states is a beneficial identity state?

A)identity confusion
B)foreclosed identity
C)moratorium
D)Erikson would have considered all of these as beneficial identity states.

Question 69

An individual's sense of belonging to an ethnic or racial group and the degree to which the individual associates his or her thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior with membership in that group is referred to as:

A)ethnic identity.
B)sexual orientation.
C)racial belonging.
D)identity foreclosure.

Question 70

The ethnic identity component referred to as ethnic knowledge involves:

A)understanding the behaviors, traits, customs, etc. that distinguish one's ethnic group.
B)engaging in the behaviors that reflect the distinguishing characteristics of one's ethnic group.
C)understanding that one will always be a member of one's ethnic group.
D)labeling oneself as a member of one's ethnic group.

Question 71

Which of the following groups of individuals is LEAST likely to achieve a coherent identity?

A)those who have parents who encourage autonomy
B)those who use drugs at an early age
C)those who attend high-quality schools
D)those whose culture allows them to set their own goals

Question 72

Erikson theorized that successful resolution of the conflict of identity versus identity confusion involves an identity that is:

A)positive.
B)diffused.
C)integrated and stable.
D)foreclosed.

Question 73

According to Erikson, adolescents who have an incomplete and incoherent sense of self have identity:

A)foreclosure.
B)moratorium.
C)diffusion.
D)confusion.

Question 74

After a period of exploration, Mario has made decisions regarding occupation, beliefs and ideals, and sexuality. His sense of identity is coherent and consolidated. Into which of the following identity status categories would Mario be classified?

A)foreclosure
B)positive identity
C)moratorium
D)identity achievement

Question 75

Research has indicated that adolescents in which of the following states are MOST likely to believe in obeying authority?

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 76

Identity diffusion refers to individuals who:

A)have achieved a coherent and consolidated identity.
B)are not making progress toward making commitments.
C)have established an identity based on the choices of their parents.
D)are exploring various choices, but have not yet made commitments to them.

Question 77

Which of the following aspects is NOT a necessary component of children's ethnic identity?

A)ethnic self-identification
B)ethnic feelings and preferences
C)ethnic knowledge
D)ethnic pride
E)ethnic constancy

Question 78

Ava is an adolescent who is particularly likely to rely on her parents to make important life decisions for her, and she feels very strongly that it is important to obey authority. Ava is MOST likely to have which identity status?

A)identity diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 79

Children's understanding that they will always be a member of their ethnic group is referred to as:

A)ethnic identity foreclosure.
B)ethnic-role behaviors.
C)ethnic constancy.
D)ethnic rigidity.

Question 80

Erikson theorized that identity foreclosure takes place when identity:

A)is based on little exploration of choices.
B)represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents.
C)is in "time-out."
D)is diffused.