Deck 8: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Question 1

Carroll's proposed resolution to the various theories of intelligence involves a:

A)focus on the differentiation between knowledge and capacity.
B)proposal to include additional abilities, such as social understanding and knowledge of one's strengths and weaknesses.
C)hierarchical model of intellectual ability and processes.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

hierarchical model of intellectual ability and processes.

Question 2

Binet postulated that intelligence:

A)consists of factual knowledge about the world.
B)develops with age, and thus there are few differences among same-age individuals.
C)is composed of high-level abilities.
D)is not associated with everyday matters, such as school performance.

Answer 2

is composed of high-level abilities.

Question 3

The most commonly used intelligence test for children age 6 and older is the:

A)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test for Children.
B)Binet-Simon Intelligence Test.
C)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
D)Thurstone Intelligence Test.

Answer 3

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about tests of fluid intelligence is true?

A)Tests of fluid intelligence peak in old age.
B)Tests of fluid intelligence correlate more highly with tests of factual knowledge about the world than they do with the ability to draw inferences.
C)Tests of fluid intelligence include knowledge about geometric facts.
D)Tests of fluid intelligence have a different developmental course than tests of crystallized intelligence.
E)All of the statements are true.

Question 5

Which of the following views of intelligence hypothesizes intelligence as comprising numerous distinct processes?

A)Thurstone
B)Simon
C)nativist
D)information processing

Question 6

IQ calculation relies on the fact that intelligence scores fall into what type of distribution?

A)normal
B)standard deviated
C)skewed
D)double-mean

Question 7

The perceptual-reasoning section of the WISC
measures:

A)skill in using language.
B)the ability to manipulate information in short-term memory.
C)the ability to focus attention.
D)spatial and logical abilities.

Question 8

Carroll proposed the_____theory of intelligence.

A)multiple intelligence
B)primary mental abilities
C)successful intelligence
D)"g"
E)three-stratum

Question 9

An IQ of 92.5 indicates that the individual:

A)is more intelligent than most of his peers.
B)is one-half a standard deviation below the mean for his age group.
C)has an intelligence score higher than only 16% of his peers.
D)is of average intelligence.

Question 10

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as:

A)fluid intelligence.
B)general intelligence.
C)practical intelligence.
D)crystallized intelligence.

Question 11

A child's intelligence quotient is:

A)an exact measure of her general intelligence.
B)an indicator of her standard deviation.
C)the mean intelligence score of her age-mates.
D)a score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age.

Question 12

Measurements of intelligence directly measure:

A)behavior on tasks that require intelligence.
B)capacity to think and learn.
C)Both answers are correct.
D)Neither answer is correct.

Question 13

Crystallized intelligence refers to:

A)the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks.
B)factual knowledge about the world.
C)the ability to think on the spot.
D)individuals' memory span.

Question 14

Binet's approach to intelligence has persuaded the field of child development to:

A)concentrate on the effect of race on intelligence.
B)examine age-related changes in language more carefully.
C)study the influences of nature versus nurture.
D)focus on individual differences.

Question 15

Thurstone portrayed intelligence as involving:

A)"g."
B)fluid and crystallized intelligence.
C)seven primary mental abilities.
D)22 tertiary abilities

Question 16

Thurstone's primary mental abilities do not include:

A)verbal meaning.
B)picture completion.
C)spatial visualization.
D)rote memory.

Question 17

Crystallized intelligence includes which of the following skills?

A)speed of neural transmission in the brain
B)ability to determine the next item in a sequence
C)knowledge of the periodic table
D)capacity to solve novel puzzles

Question 18

The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence our ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as:

A)fluid intelligence.
B)practical intelligence.
C)crystallized intelligence.
D)general intelligence.

Question 19

Which of the following pieces of evidence does NOT support the existence of "g"?

A)Some tests of intelligence increase steadily with age, whereas others do not.
B)Overall scores on intelligence tests correlate positively with achievement test scores.
C)Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school.
D)Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.

Question 20

According to Carroll's integration of theories of intelligence, which of the following properties influence(s) a person's skill at a particular type of problem?

A)fluid and crystallized intelligence
B)"g," moderately general abilities, and specific processes
C)general intelligence
D)primary mental abilities

Question 21

Measures of which of the following properties in infancy have the strongest correlation with IQ in late childhood and early adulthood?

A)early vocabulary
B)perception
C)dishabituation
D)basic motor abilities

Question 22

_______can cause a change in IQ score over time.

A)Knowledge of the test items
B)The child's alertness on the test days
C)Divorce
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about measuring the intelligence of infants is true?

A)Measuring intelligence is simpler with infants than with older individuals, as there is less to test.
B)The measured intelligence of infants is a reliable indicator of school-age IQ.
C)Measuring the intelligence of infants is considerably successful at identifying babies with mental deficits and other developmental problems.
D)The measured intelligence of infants is correlated with school achievement.
E)Measuring the intelligence of infants is useful only for typical children.

Question 24

Practical intelligence refers to:

A)the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously.
B)the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks.
C)factual knowledge about the world.
D)mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on IQ tests.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about the genetic contribution to intelligence is true?

A)The genetic contribution to intelligence remains stable across the life span.
B)The genetic contribution to intelligence is strongest when individuals are young.
C)The genetic contribution to intelligence becomes greater as individuals get older.
D)Children's dependence on their parents at a young age yields a completely artificial correlation between the IQs of children and their parents.

Question 26

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. The _____process proposed by Scarr is NOT relevant for children who are adopted outside their biological family.

A)active
B)passive
C)evocative
D)inductive

Question 27

______can have an impact on children's IQ scores.

A)Parental divorce
B)Moving to a better neighborhood
C)Parents' interest in child's academic success
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 28

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that:

A)IQ is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied.
B)regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed.
C)other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success.
D)People with comparable IQs tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education.

Question 29

Practical intelligence is measured on which of the following intelligence tests?

A)WISC
B)Stanford-Binet
C)Binet-Simon
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about individuals' IQ tests at different ages is true?

A)The correlation between individuals' IQ scores at a particular age and their scores five years later is approximately .90.
B)On average, individuals' IQ scores increase 13 points between age 4 and age 17.
C)If IQ tests are administered according to instructions, there should be no change in an individual's IQ score with age.
D)Children who take an IQ test at age 12 and again at age 17 show an average change, up or down, of 9 points.

Question 31

On a typical IQ test, a score of 130 is:

A)one standard deviation below average.
B)average.
C)one standard deviation above average.
D)two standard deviations above average.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about the effects of IQ and years of education on amount of money earned is true?

A)Among people with comparable IQs, those who complete more years of education earn more money.
B)Among people with the same level of education, people with higher IQs earn more money.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Neither statement is true.

Question 33

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs as a result of the:

A)child's influence over other people's behavior.
B)overlap between a child's genotype and the genotypes of his or her biological parents.
C)child seeking out environments that are consistent with his or her genotype.
D)adoption agency's choice of parents for a newborn.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success is true?

A)People high in practical intelligence tend to have more occupational success.
B)People high in practical intelligence tend to have more occupational success, but this effect largely disappears once IQ is taken into account.
C)People high in practical intelligence tend to have more occupational success, and this effect remains even once IQ is taken into account.
D)There is no association between practical intelligence and occupational success.

Question 35

IQ is a strong predictor of success in which of the following domains?

A)economic
B)occupational
C)academic
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 36

With age, the IQs of adopted children and their biological parents become______ correlated, and the IQs of adopted children and their adoptive parents become _____correlated.

A)more; more
B)more; less
C)less; more
D)less; less

Question 37

Which of the following statements about exceptionally gifted children is true?

A)Exceptionally gifted children are more likely to be exceptional in a single area than in a wide range of areas.
B)Exceptionally gifted children tend not to make outstanding contributions during adulthood.
C)Exceptionally gifted children tend to be low in energy level.
D)Exceptionally gifted children tend to need to learn with the help of adults.

Question 38

What can you say about his intelligence in comparison to others his age?

A)Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as his IQ should actually increase with age.
B)Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 5 than it is at age 22.
C)Eric has become comparatively more intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 22 than it is at age 5.
D)Eric's comparative intelligence has remained stable.

Question 39

Which of the following abilities is NOT a component of self-discipline?

A)ability to read others' intentions
B)ability to follow rules
C)ability to avoid impulsive reactions
D)ability to inhibit actions

Question 40

With age, adopted children's IQs and the IQs of their adoptive parents become_____ correlated because of _____gene-environment interactions.

A)less; active and evocative
B)less; passive
C)more; active and evocative
D)more; passive

Question 41

Children who grow up in poverty and nonetheless overcome the odds to function at normal or above- average level on intellectual growth are referred to as:

A)resilient.
B)mentally unstable.
C)gifted.
D)endowed.

Question 42

Which of the following factors is NOT on Sameroff's environmental risk scale?

A)African-American family
B)rigidity of parents' beliefs about child development
C)stepfather in home
D)maternal anxiety

Question 43

Which of the following statements about the association between race and IQ is true?

A)Differences between African-American and Euro- American children are greater than differences within each group.
B)Much of the difference between the average IQ for African-American children and the average IQ for Euro-American children can be accounted for by differences in social class.
C)Few Euro-American children have IQs lower than the average African-American child, and few African- American children have IQs higher than the average Euro-American child.
D)There are no differences in the IQs of African- American and Euro-American children.

Question 44

HOME scores:

A)correlate positively with IQ at the same age but not at a later age.
B)exert a causal influence on IQ at the same age but not at a later age.
C)correlate positively with IQ both at the same age and at a later age.
D)exert a causal influence on IQ both at the same age and at a later age.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about the association between race and IQ is NOT true?

A)It is unlikely that the IQ score of an African- American child would be higher than the Euro- American average.
B)Average IQ scores of Latino and Euro-American children differ.
C)When African-American children were adopted in their first year, their IQ scores at age 7 were higher than the average Euro-American child.
D)Asian-American children and Euro-American children differ in which intellectual abilities they tend to be stronger or weaker.

Question 46

Which of the following factors is NOT involved in the association between poverty and impaired intellectual growth?

A)inadequate diet
B)insufficient intellectual stimulation
C)overinvolved parenting
D)inadequate emotional support

Question 47

Resilient children are more likely than other children who grow up in poverty to have:

A)parents who work full time.
B)siblings.
C)parents who are highly responsive.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 48

The Flynn effect is the:

A)effect of poverty on IQ.
B)influence of schooling on IQ
C)overarching influence of "g" on lower mental abilities.
D)increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about tests of the intellectual achievement of affluent and poor children in various countries is true?

A)Affluent children in the United States score higher than affluent children in countries with greater income equality.
B)Affluent children in the United States score lower than affluent children in countries with greater income equality.
C)Poor children in the United States score higher than poor children in countries with greater income equality.
D)Poor children in the United States score lower than poor children in countries with greater income equality.

Question 50

The Flynn effect is believed to be caused by:

A)genetics.
B)changes in environment.
C)the highest IQ individuals.
D)gender differences.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is an example of an active effect of the genotype on a child's scientific understanding?

A)Sally is interested in science, so she joins the science club at school.
B)Gabriel loves to go to the science museum, so his parents take him often.
C)Charlotte is curious about scientific phenomena, so her parents explain many scientific phenomena to her.
D)Blake's parents love to read about science, so they have many science books and magazines in their home.

Question 52

Which of the following statements about the association between the learning stimulation of the family environment and children's IQ scores is NOT true?

A)There is a confirmed causal relation between the learning stimulation of the family environment and IQ.
B)IQ is positively correlated with the learning stimulation of the family environment throughout childhood.
C)The learning stimulation of the family environment at an early age is associated with IQ at a later age.
D)If the learning stimulation of the family environment decreases, IQ tends to decrease as well.

Question 53

The association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores could be a result of which type of gene-environment relations?

A)active
B)passive
C)evocative
D)inductive

Question 54

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. Which of Scarr's processes involves children's influence on other people's behavior?

A)active
B)passive
C)evocative
D)inductive

Question 55

Phoebe is in eighth grade and is 13 years 6 months old. Nancy is also in eighth grade and is 13 years 7 months old. Trina is in ninth grade and is 13 years 8 months old. If each of these girls is of average intelligence for her age-mates who are in her grade in school, how will Nancy's IQ relate to the IQs of Phoebe and Trina?

A)Nancy's IQ will be higher than the IQs of Phoebe and Trina.
B)Phoebe's IQ will be higher than the IQs of Nancy and Trina.
C)Nancy's IQ will be closer to Phoebe's IQ than to Trina's IQ.
D)Trina's IQ will be closer to Phoebe's IQ than to Nancy's IQ.
E)Nancy's IQ will be equally close to Phoebe's and Trina's IQs.

Question 56

The few studies that have examined the association between HOME scores and children's IQ scores in adoptive families have indicated that the associations for children who are adopted are ______the associations found with children living with their biological parents.

A)lower than
B)exactly the same as
C)almost the same as
D)greater than

Question 57

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ in children living in affluent and impoverished families?

A)For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics.
B)For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than the influence of the shared environment.
C)For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families.
D)For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

Question 58

Which of the following tests is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment?

A)Simon-Binet
B)WISC
C)HOME
D)QFE

Question 59

Considering the research on the influence of schooling on IQ, which of the following statements would be the best advice to give to a state board of education?

A)Have children start first grade when they are 7 years old rather than the traditional age of 6 years.
B)Allow parents to push a child ahead one or two grades if they believe the child is ready.
C)Lengthen the school year by shortening the summer vacation.
D)Create grades 13 and 14 to extend the number of years in high school.

Question 60

Differences in IQ scores of children in different racial and ethnic groups:

A)do not tell us anything about what would happen if the children lived in different environments.
B)reflect differences for given individuals.
C)indicate intellectual potential.
D)are completely explained by differences in socioeconomic class.

Question 61

Which of the following statements about Project Head Start is true?

A)Participants show lasting gains in intellectual performance.
B)Participants show higher IQs at the end of the program.
C)Participants are more likely than nonparticipants of similar backgrounds to enroll in college.
D)There are no long-term effects of participating in the program.
E)Statements A and B are true.
F)Statements B and C are true.

Question 62

Who is the founder of the multiple intelligence theory?

A)Binet
B)Sameroff
C)Simon
D)Gardner

Question 63

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of:

A)fluid and crystallized intelligence.
B)eight intelligences.
C)a hierarchy of "g," abilities, and processes.
D)success in life.
E)primary mental abilities.

Question 64

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that:

A)the fewer risks in a child's environment, the lower the child's IQ tends to be.
B)mothers' high school completion status has no impact on children's IQ.
C)environmental risks have long-term effects on children's intellectual development.
D)there is more stability in children's IQ scores than in their environments.

Question 65

Gardner's multiple intelligence theory includes
intelligence.

A)interpersonal
B)fluid
C)rote memory
D)normal
•perceptual speed

Question 66

Nursery rhymes are particularly good at fostering which of the following prereading skills?

A)comprehension monitoring
B)phonemic awareness
C)understanding multiple perspectives
D)learning that words have spaces between them

Question 67

Sternberg's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence:

A)includes varied intelligences, from linguistic and spatial to interpersonal and intrapersonal.
B)involves the ability to achieve success in life.
C)is composed of only a single, general intelligence.
D)is immutable.

Question 68

Sternberg is the founder of which theory of intelligence?

A)multiple intelligence theory
B)primary mental abilities
C)theory of successful intelligence
D)"g"
E)three-stratum theory of intelligence

Question 69

Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence does not include abilities.

A)practical
B)creative
C)analytic
D)mental health

Question 70

Which of the following statements about the CarolinaAbecedarian Intervention Project is true?

A)The project was small in scale and aimed at providing a positive preschool experience for 3- and 4- year-old children.
B)The project concentrated on children who were only slightly at risk for developmental problems, such as those in moderate levels of poverty.
C)The project focused only on the participating child rather than on the entire family.
D)The project demonstrated that it is possible to design interventions that have lasting effects on the intellectual development of poor children.
E)The project included mostly Euro-American
children.

Question 71

Is either visually based retrieval or phonological recoding a direct way of identifying words?

A)Yes; both are direct ways of identifying words.
B)Yes; visually based retrieval is a direct way of
identifying words.
C)Yes; phonological recoding is a direct way of
identifying words.
D)No; neither visually based retrieval nor phonological recoding is a direct way of identifying words.

Question 72

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that:

A)the number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ than any single risk alone.
B)an unemployed head of household is the strongest risk factor for low IQ.
C)maternal anxiety is the strongest risk factor for low IQ.
D)environmental risks have only short-term effects on children's intellectual development.

Question 73

Of phonemic awareness and mastery of letter names,______is causally related to later reading achievement.

A)neither phonemic awareness nor mastery of letter names
B)both phonemic awareness and mastery of letter
names
C)only phonemic awareness
D)only mastery of letter names

Question 74

Sternberg's theory of intelligence views traditional theories of intelligence as:

A)too narrow.
B)not capable of being properly measured.
C)including an insufficient number of intelligences.
D)including only observable behaviors.

Question 75

To facilitate children's physical growth, Project Head Start provides:

A)maternal vocational training.
B)medical and dental care and nutritious meals.
C)stimulating day-care environment.
D)marriage counseling.

Question 76

____________is involved in phonological recoding skills?

A)Sounding out
B)Visually based retrieval
C)Mental model production
D)Comprehension monitoring

Question 77

Which of the following sequences lists Chall's stages of reading development in the correct chronological order?

A)coordinating multiple perspectives, fluency in reading simple material, phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, acquiring information from print
B)phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, coordinating multiple perspectives, fluency in reading simple material, acquiring information from print
C)phonemic awareness, fluency in reading simple material, phonological recoding skills, coordinating
multiple perspectives, acquiring information from
print
D)phonemic awareness, phonological recoding skills, fluency in reading simple material, acquiring information from print, coordinating multiple
perspectives

Question 78

______is NOT a prereading skill.

A)Phonemic awareness
B)Learning the direction that words are to be read
C)Phonological recoding
D)Learning that words have spaces between them

Question 79

Children use_____ to choose between phonological recoding and visually based retrieval.

A)a strategy-choice process
B)knowledge of strategic decisions
C)a decision-rule process
D)comprehension monitoring

Question 80

1960s that were designed to enhance the intellectual development of poor children:

A)were well-planned, large-scale programs.
B)initially increased children's IQ scores substantially.
C)were ineffective for preventing assignment to special education classes and for decreasing likelihood of being held back a year in school.
D)had long-term effects on IQ.