Deck 14: Moral Development

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true about empirical findings on young children's ability to appreciate the importance of intentionality in morality?

A)Consistent with Piaget's theory, young children are unable to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning.
B)In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are able to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning when the consequences of the behavior are made clear.
C)In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are able to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning when the motives behind the behavior are made clear.
D)In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are nearly as capable of considering intentionality in their moral reasoning as are older children.

Answer 1

In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are able to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning when the motives behind the behavior are made clear.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is an aspect of Piaget's theory of moral judgment that has been supported by research?

A)Interacting with peers stimulates moral development.
B)Preschool-aged children do not consider intentionality when reasoning about morality.
C)Children increasingly consider motives when judging the morality of actions.
D)All of these answers have been supported by
research.

Answer 2

Children increasingly consider motives when judging the morality of actions.

Question 3

Piaget would expect which of the following children to progress into the stage of autonomous morality most quickly?

A)Adena, whose cognitive development is somewhat delayed
B)Barry, who makes up games with his friends in the neighborhood
C)Carla, whose parents are highly authoritarian
D)Dean, who has few peer interactions as he is schooled at home with a private tutor

Answer 3

Barry, who makes up games with his friends in the neighborhood

Question 4

A child in which of Piaget's stages of moral development does NOT take intentions into account when determining whether a behavior is moral or immoral?

A)autonomous morality
B)morality of constraint
C)transitional period
D)conventional level

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about Piaget's and Kohlberg's beliefs about morality?

A)In order for a behavior to be deemed moral or immoral, the reasoning behind the behavior must be taken into account.
B)Behaviors can be deemed moral or immoral solely on the basis of the behavior and not the reasoning behind it.
C)Children's morality can be examined only by observations of their behavior, as children are generally unable to make moral judgments when they are not faced with an actual moral decision.
D)In order for a behavior to be deemed moral or immoral, the reasoning behind the behavior must be
taken into account and children's morality can be examined only by observations of their behavior.

Question 6

When presented with Piaget's stories designed to assess children's moral reasoning, Piaget would expect 6-year-old Phoebe to say that:

A)the child who broke 15 glasses is naughtier than the child who broke 1 glass.
B)the child who broke 1 glass is naughtier than the child who broke 15 glasses.
C)both children are very naughty.
D)neither child is naughty

Question 7

According to Kohlberg, individuals at the most advanced stage of moral reasoning believe that morally right behavior involves:

A)upholding laws.
B)universal principles of justice.
C)obedience to authorities.
D)doing what is expected by people close to the
individual.

Question 8

In which area has Kohlberg's work NOT come under criticism?

A)the discontinuous nature of moral reasoning
B)the role of cultural values in moral development
C)moral judgment changing systematically with age
D)gender differences in moral judgment

Question 9

Which of the following traits is NOT a characteristic of peer interactions that influences children to make the transition from Piaget's stage of moral constraint to the stage of autonomous morality?

A)egalitarian
B)focused on rule-based games
C)co-operative
D)antagonistic

Question 10

Which behavior in childhood is least likely to be a predictor of later aggression and antisocial behavior?

A)impulsivity
B)callousness
C)problems with attention
D)low activity level

Question 11

Which of the following phases is NOT one of
Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?

A)conventional
B)unconventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 12

Piaget's stage of the morality of constraint is generally characteristic of children in which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)postoperational

Question 13

When presented with Piaget's stories designed to ssess children's moral reasoning, Piaget would expect 11-year-old Jabar to say that:

A)the child who broke 15 glasses is naughtier than the child who broke 1 glass.
B)the child who broke 1 glass is naughtier than the child who broke 15 glasses.
C)both children are very naughty.
D) neither child is naughty

Question 14

Children in Piaget's stage of autonomous morality believe that rules are:

A)inflexible.
B)the product of social interaction.
C)"real" things that exist outside of people.
D)always "right."
•inflexible and always "right."

Question 15

Which of the following statements constitutes conventional moral reasoning?

A)"I shouldn't do that because it is my responsibility to fulfill my duties."
B)"I shouldn't do that because I will get caught and I don't want to be punished."
C)"I shouldn't do that because it is not in the best interest of society."
D)"I shouldn't do that because it won't do me much good."

Question 16

Kohlberg classified children into stages of moral development on the basis of their:

A)age.
B)choices made in response to moral dilemmas.
C)cognitive ability, such as perspective-taking skills.
D)reasoning behind moral decisions.

Question 17

Which of the following comparisons between Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral judgment is accurate?

A)Piaget and Kohlberg agreed that to young children, right and wrong is determined by obedience to rules set by authority figures.
B)Piaget and Kohlberg agreed on the number of stages individuals passed through before achieving mature moral reasoning.
C)Piaget believed that the development of moral reasoning was continuous, whereas Kohlberg believed it was discontinuous.
D)Piaget believed that age-related cognitive development was important for the development of moral reasoning, whereas Kohlberg de-emphasized
this factor.

Question 18

Piaget believed that parental control of young children's behavior was a key factor in the importance placed by young children on:

A)rules as inflexible laws.
B)fairness and equality.
C)the necessity of a punishment fitting the crime.
D)motives and intentions in determining the morality of behavior.

Question 19

Which of the following stages occurs during Piaget's transitional period?

A)Children become more concrete in their thinking.
B)Children become more susceptible to influences by their peers as to what is right and wrong.
C)Children begin to value fairness.
D)Children demonstrate greater respect for adults'
impressions of morality.

Question 20

According to Piaget, a child whose moral reasoning involves which of the following thoughts is in the earliest stage of moral development?

A)consideration of individuals' motives and intentions
B)understanding that rules can be changed if a majority in the group decides to change them
C)believing that behaviors that break rules are bad and behaviors that follow rules are good
D)According to Piaget, all of these answers show that a child's moral reasoning is in its earliest stage.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true about children's beliefs about the domains of social judgment?

A)Children generally believe that moral violations are still wrong even if an authority figure does not see them.
B)Children generally believe that social conventional violations are more wrong than moral violations.
C)Young children generally believe that parents have authority over social conventional and personal judgments.
D)Children generally cannot distinguish among personal, moral, and social conventional judgments until late elementary school.

Question 22

Which of the following situations is an example of a prosocial moral dilemma?

A)Heinz must decide whether to steal a drug to save the life of his wife.
B)Drebben must decide whether to stop while on his way to work and help a person whose car has broken down on the highway.
C)Jasper must decide whether to do his homework or play outside with his friends.
D)Brigham must decide whether to cheat on an exam for which he has just been given the correct answers.

Question 23

Concern with which of the following answers is characteristic of the least advanced level of prosocial reasoning?

A)maintaining positive relationships with others
B)others' approval
C)guilt or positive emotions related to the consequences of one's behavior
D)one's own interests
E)physical needs of others

Question 24

Based on most of the existing research, which of the following assertions is a true statement about the effect of cultural values on moral reasoning and prosocial moral reasoning?

A)The stages of moral reasoning and prosocial moral reasoning are universal, and individuals in all cultures progress through the stages at similar rates and eventually mature to the same level.
B)Individuals in different cultures progress through the stages of moral reasoning and prosocial moral reasoning at different rates, but individuals in all cultures eventually mature to the same level.
C)The pattern of changes in moral reasoning and prosocial moral reasoning in childhood appear to be similar across a variety of cultures, but individuals in all cultures do not always reach the same level.
D)Moral reasoning and prosocial moral reasoning vary to a great extent across cultures, including the pattern of developmental changes in early childhood.

Question 25

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about individuals' level of moral reasoning?

A)Individuals with a higher degree of education tend to reason at a higher level than do others.
B)Individuals whose moral reasoning is at higher levels are more likely to help others.
C)Individuals whose moral reasoning is at higher levels are less likely to engage in delinquent activities.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 26

Imagine the following prosocial moral dilemma: "On his way to school, a boy named Freddie sees another boy fall in the mud and start to cry. The boy says he hurt himself and asks Freddie to help him up, but Freddie is worried that if he helps him, he will get himself all muddy. What should Freddie do?" Which of the following responses would be categorized into Eisenberg's Approval Orientation Level (Level 3)?

A)"Freddie should help because the boy is hurt."
B)"Freddie should not help because his teacher will think he is bad if he gets to school all dirty."
C)"Freddie should help because he will feel bad if the boy is hurt and he doesn't help him."
D)"Freddie should not help the boy because he will get dirty, and he doesn't want to get dirty."

Question 27

Judgments that pertain to societal customs are referred to as:

A)social conventional judgments.
B)moral judgments.
C)personal judgments.
D)prosocial judgments.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is NOT a frequent criticism made of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

A)The stories and scoring system are biased toward the intellectualized Western conception of morality.
B)The stages of moral reasoning are not sufficiently distinct.
C)The classification into stages is biased against
females.
D)All are criticisms made against Kohlberg's theory.

Question 29

The tendency for individuals of low socioeconomic status in the United States to allow children less autonomy than do middle-class individuals may be a factor in which of the following socioeconomic status differences in social judgment?

A)Children from lower-income families are more likely to differentiate sharply between issues of morality and issues of social convention.
B)Children from middle-income families are more likely to believe issues of personal judgment are also issues of morality.
C)Children from lower-income families are less likely to view personal issues as a matter of choice.
D)None of these statements is a factor.

Question 30

Which of the following decisions would be considered by most people in Western cultures to be a personal judgment?

A)choosing whether or not to wear a tie to a formal restaurant
B)deciding whether to play soccer or baseball after school
C)deciding whether to put one's napkin on one's lap or leave it on the table
D)choosing whether or not to return a $10 bill dropped by a person standing ahead in line

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true about changes in children's prosocial moral reasoning?

A)Children's prosocial moral reasoning becomes increasingly abstract.
B)The stages outlined by Eisenberg are nearly unrelated to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.
C)Children are increasingly concerned with their own needs as they develop.
D)The level of prosocial moral reasoning in which children are classified has little association with how prosocial their behavior is.

Question 32

Which of the following statements constitutes postconventional moral reasoning?

A)"I shouldn't do that because it is my responsibility to fulfill my duties."
B)"I shouldn't do that because I will get caught and I don't want to be punished."
C)"I shouldn't do that because it is not in the best interest of society."
D)"I shouldn't do that because my parents won't think I am a good boy."

Question 33

Consider the following prosocial moral dilemma: "On his way to school, a boy named Freddie sees another boy fall in the mud and start to cry. The boy says he hurt himself and asks Freddie to help him up, but Freddie is worried that if he helps him, he will get himself all muddy. What should Freddie do?" Which of the following responses would be considered the least advanced by Eisenberg?

A)"Freddie should help because the boy is hurt."
B)"Freddie should not help because his teacher will think he is bad if he gets to school all dirty."
C)"Freddie should help because he will feel bad if the boy is hurt and he doesn't help him."
D)"Freddie should not help the boy because he will get dirty, and he doesn't want to get dirty."

Question 34

Concern with which of the following properties is characteristic of the most advanced level of prosocial reasoning?

A)living up to one's values
B)others' approval
C)guilt or positive emotions related to the consequences of one's behavior
D)one's own interests

Question 35

Judgments that pertain to issues of right and wrong are referred to as:

A)social conventional judgments.
B)moral judgments.
C)personal judgments.
D)prosocial judgments.

Question 36

Which of the following traits is NOT a necessary characteristic of prosocial behavior?

A)voluntary
B)intended to benefit another person
C)convenient
D)All are necessary characteristics of prosocial
behavior.

Question 37

Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral judgment is LEAST likely to be exhibited?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 3
C)Stage 5
D)Stage 6

Question 38

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about the moral reasoning of males and females?

A)Males tend to be more concerned with protecting their image in the social circle when they make moral judgments.
B)Females tend to focus their moral judgments more on issues of caring for other people than do males.
C)Males tend to be less able to reason at their full cognitive capacity when faced with moral dilemmas.
D)Differences in males' and females' moral reasoning is more apparent when reasoning about hypothetical moral dilemmas than when reasoning about dilemmas in their own lives.

Question 39

The internal regulatory system that increases individual's ability to conform with socially approved standards of behavior is referred to as:

A)prosocial behavior.
B)altruism.
C)consciousness.
D)the conscience.

Question 40

Differences in which of the following factors are considered to be the source of the different pattern of moral reasoning shown by individuals in non-Western societies?

A)biology
B)socioeconomic status
C)education
D)values

Question 41

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about parental influence on children's prosocial behavior?

A)Parents have little influence on children's prosocial behavior.
B)Only direct modeling of prosocial behavior is associated with children's own prosocial behavior.
C)Parents' communication of prosocial values is related to children's adoption of the value of prosocial behavior.
D)Similarities between parents and children in prosocial behavior are due primarily to genetic similarities.

Question 42

Which of the following actions is NOT a manner in which parents influence the development of prosocial behavior in their children?

A)through modeling
B)by communicating values
C)by providing opportunities for prosocial activities
D)through authoritarian parenting practices

Question 43

Arnold sees that another child has forgotten his lunch and is crying. Arnold feels like crying. Arnold is MOST likely experiencing:

A)altruism.
B)conscience.
C)empathy.
D)sympathy.

Question 44

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about the effect of temperament on the development of conscience?

A)Harsh discipline is equally effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for children of all temperamental styles.
B)Gentle discipline is equally effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for children of all temperamental styles.
C)Gentle discipline is effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for temperamentally kind children, but not for temperamentally angry children.
D)Gentle discipline is effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for temperamentally fearful children, but not for
temperamentally fearless children.

Question 45

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about rates of prosocial behavior in children?

A)Prosocial behavior decreases with age in childhood and then increases into adulthood.
B)Prosocial behavior is less common than self-focused discomfort (in response to others' distress) before the age of 2.
C)Although children under the age of 2 often display empathy and sympathy, they rarely behave in a prosocial manner.
D)Prosocial behavior is less common than aggressive behavior in response to others' distress.

Question 46

Genetic factors might influence individual differences in children's prosocial behavior through differences in:

A)temperament.
B)assertiveness.
C)cognitive development.
D)temperament, assertiveness, and cognitive development.

Question 47

Research by Kochanska has demonstrated that children develop a conscience in different ways according to:

A)their level of attractiveness.
B)whether they are girls or boys.
C)their socioeconomic status.
D)whether they are fearful or not.
E)their level of intelligence.

Question 48

Which of the following motivations is NOT a characteristic of altruistic behavior?

A)generally performed in exchange for social approval
B)inspired by empathy or sympathy
C)motivated by the desire to behave consistently with one's conscience
D)All are characteristics of altruistic behavior.

Question 49

Which of the following behaviors is NOT regarded as true of young children's consciences?

A)restrain antisocial impulses
B)reflect self-defined standards
C)promote prosocial behavior
D)All of these answers are true of young children's consciences.

Question 50

Which of the following sentences is a true statement about twin studies conducted to examine the genetic contribution to prosocial behavior?

A)Fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior, and their similarity decreases with age.
B)Fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior, and their similarity increases with age.
C)Identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity decreases with age.
D)Identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity increases with age.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is a characteristic of young children's responses to others' distress?

A)strong differentiation between own and others' thoughts
B)always appropriate to the other person's needs
C)focused on themselves rather than the other child
D)None of these; young children almost never respond to others' distress.

Question 52

Which emotion at age 22 months predicts morality at age 54 months?

A)fear
B)guilt
C)sadness
D)joy

Question 53

The feeling of concern in reaction to another's negative emotion or negative situation is referred to as:

A)altruism.
B)conscience.
C)empathy.
D)sympathy.

Question 54

Casey hears that her friend has forgotten her homework and is afraid that the teacher is going to yell at her. In response, Casey worries all day about her friend and how her friend is going to handle the situation. Casey is experiencing:

A)altruism.
B)conscience.
C)empathy.
D)sympathy.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is associated with children's internalization of parents' standards and values?

A)harsh discipline
B)parental power
C)rational explanations
D)insecure parent-child relationship

Question 56

Compared to temperamentally fearful children, those who are temperamentally fearless need which of the following items in order to promote development of their conscience?

A)mutual cooperation
B)more patience
C)greater rewards for compliance
D)more physical punishment

Question 57

At what age do children begin to show concern when others are distressed?

A)infancy
B)preschool age
C)elementary school age
D)early adolescence

Question 58

The study that involved interviewing individuals who had rescued Jews from the Nazis in Europe during World War II demonstrated that, compared to "bystanders," "rescuers" were more likely to recall their parents as having taught them the importance of:

A)caring for all human beings.
B)independence.
C)ethical obligations to family, church, and community.
D)economic competence.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true about preschool children's prosocial behavior?

A)Preschool children almost never engage in prosocial behavior without explicit instruction from adults.
B)The prosocial behavior of preschoolers is unassociated with their later behavior.
C)Prosocial behavior in preschoolers is generally associated with decreased altruism in adulthood, as prosocial preschoolers tend to rebel against their parents' expectations in adolescence.
D)Children who spontaneously engage in prosocial behavior tend to be more concerned with others' needs throughout childhood and adolescence than are their peers.

Question 60

Which of the following statements by a parent is MOST likely to teach children the value of being prosocial?

A)"If we help that boy, he will be less sad."
B)"We should help that boy because it is a good thing to do."
C)"We are nice people, so we should help that boy."
D)"It will make us feel good to help that boy."

Question 61

Which of the following statements is the LEAST likely thought or response for an aggressive child when
faced with a negative social situation?

A)"That kid was trying to hurt me."
B)"I could try to cooperate with that kid, take turns with him, tell the teacher, or hit him."
C)"Hitting that kid will help me get what I want."
D)"I'm just trying to get back at him for getting in my way."

Question 62

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about school-based interventions designed to promote prosocial behavior?

A)They have only been attempted with advantaged Euro-American children.
B)They involve taking children out of their regular environments in order to make the empathy training more salient and seem more important.
C)The enhanced sense of community is associated with greater prosocial behavior and fewer problem behaviors.
D)They have some immediate benefits, but only within the classroom environment in which the intervention took place.

Question 63

Aggression in elementary school children is MOST
commonly:

A)hostile.
B)instrumental.
C)aggravated.
D)biochemical.

Question 64

When faced with a negative social situation, aggressive children, in comparison to nonaggressive children, are more likely to do all of the following actions EXCEPT:

A)attribute hostile intentions when others' motives are clear.
B)come up with fewer alternatives for behavior.
C)feel more confident in their ability to perform acts of aggression.
D)have hostile goals.

Question 65

Excluding an individual from a play group is an example of:

A)physical aggression.
B)relational aggression.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)This situation is not an example of aggression.

Question 66

Which of the following traits is NOT predictive of antisocial behavior in adolescence?

A)high degree of guilt
B)difficult temperament in infancy
C)difficulty paying attention
D)high activity level as preschoolers

Question 67

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the developmental progression of physical and verbal aggression from 3 years of age through the elementary school years?

A)Physical and verbal aggression both increase in frequency.
B)Physical and verbal aggression both decrease in frequency.
C)Physical aggression increases in frequency, whereas verbal aggression decreases in frequency.
D)Physical aggression decreases in frequency, whereas verbal aggression increases in frequency.

Question 68

Is aggressive behavior during elementary school associated with aggression and criminal behavior at age 30?

A)No, aggressive behavior during elementary school is not associated with aggression and criminal behavior at age 30.
B)Yes, aggressive behavior during elementary school is associated with aggression and criminal behavior at age 30, but only for males.
C)Yes, aggressive behavior during elementary school is associated with aggression and criminal behavior at age 30, but only for females.
D)Yes, aggressive behavior during elementary school is associated with aggression and criminal behavior at age 30 for both males and females.

Question 69

Which of the following phrases is an example of instrumental aggression?

A)Tony pushes Joyce out of the way so that he can get to the swing first.
B)Abe does not allow Justin to play ball with the other children.
C)Amy tells Diana that she wants the paint brush that Diana is using.
D)Natalie pushes Yolanda as she walks by her because Yolanda said something mean about Natalie's sister.

Question 70

Conduct problems that emerge in adolescence are particularly likely to be associated with:

A)maternal stress.
B)low maternal education.
C)child neglect.
D)being a member of an ethnic minority.

Question 71

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about changes in aggression exhibited by children?

A)Physical aggression typically increases from preschool to elementary school.
B)Aggression in elementary school is more likely to be hostile than in preschool.
C)Relational aggression is more common in preschool than in elementary school.
D)The frequency of overt aggression decreases for most teenagers.

Question 72

11-year-old Nate is angry and defiant and loses his temper easily. He can be spiteful and vindictive, he actively defies adults, and he blames others for his misbehavior. Nate's behaviors are indicative of:

A)ADHD.
B)oppositional defiant disorder.
C)conduct disorder.
D)a typical 11 year old.

Question 73

Aggressive children differ from nonaggressive children in which of the following ways?

A)goals in social situations
B)interpretation of others' motives
C)likelihood of thinking of multiple options for reacting to negative social situations
D)confidence in ability to behave in particular ways
E)All of these are ways that aggressive children differ from nonaggressive children.

Question 74

Which of the following cultural practices is NOT likely to lead to increased prosocial behavior and/or decreased antisocial behavior?

A)living with extended families in a traditional culture
B)having responsibilities for other family members
C)having fathers who are closely involved with their wives and children
D)emphasizing support of others' thoughts and feelings
E)All these cultural practices are likely to lead to increased prosocial behavior and/or decreased antisocial behavior.

Question 75

Which of the following parenting practices is LEAST likely to influence children to be sympathetic and to behave in a prosocial manner as they get older?

A)providing material rewards for prosocial behavior
B)referencing moral responsibilities in discipline
C)modeling prosocial behavior
D)having discussions with children that appeal to their
ability to sympathize

Question 76

Early-onset conduct problems are associated with all of the following factors EXCEPT:

A)maternal stress.
B)low maternal education.
C)child neglect.
D)being a member of an ethnic minority.

Question 77

Which of the following is a true statement about
"juvenile delinquency"?

A)It is generally associated with aggression in elementary school.
B)It is generally associated with aggression in adulthood.
C)It is generally associated with the normal pressures of adolescence.
D)It is generally associated with aggression in elementary school and adulthood.

Question 78

The combination of which of the following variables in childhood is especially likely to predict aggression, antisocial behavior, and run-ins with the police in adolescence?

A)being a member of an ethnic minority, impulsivity, and low level of guilt
B)problems with attention, callousness, and impulsivity
C)callousness, impulsivity, and emotional negativity
D)emotional negativity, impulsivity, and low level of guilt

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true about parental socialization of sympathy and prosocial behavior?

A)Parental warmth and support appear to be sufficient to promote prosocial tendencies.
B)The use of rewards and punishment is moderately effective at fostering altruism.
C)Children who are often encouraged by their parents to engage in helpful activities often fail to internalize prosocial values as they become bored with or even rebel from these practices.
D)All of these statements are true.
E)None of these statements are true.

Question 80

Which of the following displays is NOT an example of aggression?

A)hitting
B)verbal insults
C)biting
D)spreading rumors
E)All of the actions are examples of aggression.