Deck 5: Protein

Question 1

The peptide bonds that join amino acids together to form proteins are the result of a _____ reaction.

A)hydrolysis
B)catabolic
C)condensation
D)synthetic

Answer 1

condensation

Question 2

Wheat does not contain enough lysine for humans to synthesize proteins from wheat alone. Thus, wheat is considered to be a(n) _____.

A)nonessential protein
B)incomplete protein
C)limiting amino acid
D)inadequate amino acid

Answer 2

incomplete protein

Question 3

In total, humans need how many different amino acids?

A)14
B)18
C)20
D)24

Answer 3

20

Question 4

Amino acids that cannot be made by the body are called _____ amino acids.

A)conditionally essential
B)hydrolyzed
C) $\alpha$ -keto
D)essential

Question 5

Which one of the following food lists provides the best sources of complete protein?

A)Meat and dairy
B)Breads and cereals
C)Fruits and vegetables
D)Rice and pasta

Question 6

What is another name for a chain of more than 12 amino acids that are bonded together?

A)Polypeptide
B)Tripeptide
C)Polysaccharide
D)Glycogen

Question 7

Meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, and _____ are especially good sources of proteins.

A)fruits
B)legumes
C)vegetables
D)whole grains

Question 8

Which of the following food combinations yields a complete protein?

A)Beans and rice
B)Rice and corn
C)Potatoes and corn
D)Tossed salad with nuts and cranberries

Question 9

The metabolic process used by the body to synthesize nonessential amino acids is called _____.

A)reamination
B)deamination
C)transamination
D)transmigration

Question 10

Protein quality is based on _____ and bioavailability.

A)completeness of the protein
B)sequence of amino acids
C)number of amino acids
D)structure of amino acids

Question 11

What happens if the shape of a protein is altered?

A)The functionality of the protein is affected.
B)The nutritional value of the protein is decreased.
C)The protein is destroyed.
D)The nutritional value of the protein is increased.

Question 12

How many different amino acids must humans get from their food?

A)7
B)9
C)11
D)13

Question 13

Each amino acid molecule contains a structurally unique part called the _____ group.

A)amino
B)amine
C)carboxylic acid
D)R-

Question 14

Combining foods with incomplete proteins in order to obtain adequate amounts of all essential amino acids is called protein _____.

A)combining
B)complementation
C)coupling
D)compounding

Question 15

Proteins can be classified as essential, nonessential, or _____ essential.

A)conditionally
B)partially
C)temporarily
D)provisionally

Question 16

People born with an inborn error of metabolism called PKU cannot convert phenylalanine to _____.

A)tryptophan
B)casein
C)tyrosine
D)aspartame

Question 17

Wheat does not contain enough lysine for humans to synthesize proteins from wheat alone. Thus, in wheat, lysine is considered to be a(n) _____.

A)nonessential protein
B)incomplete protein
C)limiting amino acid
D)inadequate amino acid

Question 18

Proteins are unique in terms of their chemical structure when compared to carbohydrate and lipids because they contain _____.

A)nitrogen
B)oxygen
C)hydrogen
D)carbon

Question 19

Foods that contain relatively high amounts of all the essential amino acids in the appropriate proportions are considered to be _____ protein sources.

A)complementary
B)partially complete
C)vegetable
D)complete

Question 20

Proteins are macromolecules made from which of the following subunits?

A)Amino acids
B)Glucose
C)Fatty acids
D)Glycerol

Question 21

The term _____-regulation is used to describe the “turning on” of protein synthesis by cell signaling.

A)on
B)up
C)forward
D)start

Question 22

The study of how nutrition and genetics interact to influence health is called _____.

A)epigenetics
B)nutrigenomics
C)nutrigenetics
D)biogenetics

Question 23

_____ are often contained in the prosthetic groups needed for some proteins to function.

A)Vitamins
B)Enzymes
C)Lipids
D)Minerals

Question 24

One's genetic makeup or genotype _____.

A)results from the expression of chromosomes after birth
B)can be altered by changing one's diet
C)is inherited from one's parents
D)is remarkably similar to that of others of the same race

Question 25

Mutations in DNA can influence the cell's ability to produce a functional _____.

A)essential amino acid
B)non-essential amino acid
C)protein
D)dispensable amino acid

Question 26

For transcription to happen, _____ must communicate the DNA code to organelles outside the cell nucleus.

A)messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
B)messenger deoxyribonucleic acid (mDNA)
C)transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)
D)transfer deoxyribonucleic acid (tDNA)

Question 27

For protein synthesis to occur, DNA, mRNA, tRNA, _____ are required.

A)cytoplasm, and peptides
B)ribosomes, and amino acids
C)the nucleus, and polypeptides
D)chromosomes, and peptides

Question 28

You are making a scrambled egg for breakfast.When you heat the egg, , you are _____ the protein.

A)destroying
B)metabolizing
C)hydrolyzing
D)denaturing

Question 29

The three steps of protein synthesis, in the correct order from left to right, are:

A)translation, transcription, and cell signaling.
B)transcription, translation, and cell signaling.
C)cell signaling, transcription, and translation.
D)cell signaling, translation, and transcription.

Question 30

Variations in gene expression that occur without alterations in DNA sequence are called _____ modifications.

A)epigenetic
B)nutrigenomic
C)nutrigenetic
D)biogenetic

Question 31

A particular genetic mutation that is present in at least 1% of the population is called a _____.

A)mutant
B)transformation
C)condition
D)polymorphism

Question 32

Protein digestion involves the hormones gastrin, CCK, and _____.

A)HCl
B)pepsinogen
C)secretin
D)trypsin

Question 33

For some proteins to function, nonprotein components called _____ groups must be precisely positioned within the protein.

A)promoter
B)prosthetic
C)stabilizer
D)cofactor

Question 34

Exposure to a heavy metal like mercury can alter proteins within a person’s neurological system, resulting in difficulty walking. This is an example of _____.

A)transamination
B)deamination
C)denaturation
D)transcription

Question 35

Each strand of DNA is called a _____.

A)gene
B)translator
C)translation
D)chromosome

Question 36

Polypeptide chains are twisted and folded into a three-dimensional shape called the protein's _____ structure.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary

Question 37

Each _____ provides instructions as to how to assemble a particular protein.

A)polypeptide
B)amino acid
C)translation
D)gene

Question 38

Where does the chemical digestion of protein begin?

A)Mouth
B)Stomach
C)Duodenum
D)Ileum

Question 39

The formation of a protein’s secondary and tertiary structures is due to the attraction and repulsion of _____.

A)positive and negative charges
B)nuclei
C)cell membranes
D)mRNA molecules

Question 40

The master plan for all the proteins synthesized in the body can be found in the DNA located in a cell’s _____.

A)nucleus
B)cytoplasm
C)ribosome
D)membrane

Question 41

Consuming an entrée containing 700 kcalories, 30 grams of protein, 100 grams of carbohydrate, and 20 grams of fat would provide how many kcalories from protein?

A)120
B)210
C)240
D)270

Question 42

When protein is needed for energy, the nitrogen-containing amino group is removed in a process called _____.

A)deamination
B)catabolism
C)metabolism
D)transamination

Question 43

The presence of small polypeptides and amino acids in the small intestine causes specialized cells there to release the hormone _____.

A)gastrin
B)pepsin
C)cholecystokinin
D)trypsin

Question 44

Jasmine is trying to lose weight. She has decided to try a diet that lets her eat unlimited amounts of protein. The protein that Jasmine eats that is above and beyond what she needs is _____.

A)excreted as protein in her urine
B)excreted as amino acids in her feces
C)transformed into fat and stored in adipose (fat) tissue
D)transaminated into lipids and circulated in lymph

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a structural protein?

A)Hemoglobin
B)Enzymes
C)Collagen
D)Glucagon

Question 46

What organ converts ammonia (NH₃) to urea?

A)Small intestine
B)Pancreas
C)Kidney
D)Liver

Question 47

What does the body convert ammonia (NH₃) to after it is released from deaminated amino acids?

A)Uric acid
B)Urea
C)Ammonium
D)Nitrogen

Question 48

A(n) _____ is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not consumed or altered in the process.

A)hormone
B)amino acid
C)protein
D)catalyst

Question 49

Most amino acids enter your _____ and circulate to the _____.

A)lymph, liver
B)lymph, pancreas
C)blood, pancreas
D)blood, liver

Question 50

What hormone is released by some gastric cells when there is food in your stomach?

A)Gastrin
B)Pepsinogen
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Trypsin

Question 51

The processes by which proteins are continuously broken down and resynthesized are collectively known as _____.

A)protein synthesis
B)protein homeostasis
C)protein balance
D)protein turnover

Question 52

When the body has ample glucose and energy, What to excess protein?

A)Converted to lipids
B)Stored in the muscles
C)Stored in the protein pool in the body
D)Converted to bone marrow

Question 53

The immune system fights infection by producing proteins called _____.

A)antigens
B)antibacterial agents
C)antibodies
D)antimicrobials

Question 54

Pepsinogen is converted into its active form pepsin by _____.

A)peptidase
B)gastrin
C)chymotrypsin
D)hydrochloric acid

Question 55

The continuous breakdown and resynthesis of proteins is regulated mainly by _____.

A)enzymes
B)neural transmissions
C)hormones
D)muscular contractions

Question 56

A food allergy is the likely result of the absorption of intact _____.

A)amino acids
B)dipeptides
C)enzymes
D)larger polypeptides

Question 57

Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in a negative nitrogen balance?

A)Pregnancy
B)Growth
C)Stress
D)Recovery from illness

Question 58

Which one of the following proteins helps draw fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the blood vessels?

A)Albumin
B)Hemoglobin
C)Myoglobin
D)Gastrin

Question 59

The majority of food allergies are caused by protein-containing foods such as eggs, milk, soy, peanuts, and _____.

A)wheat
B)beef
C)pork
D)walnuts

Question 60

The bulk of the absorption of amino acids occurs in the _____.

A)stomach
B)duodenum
C)ileum
D)jejunum

Question 61

What did the DRI committee conclude regarding the association of high protein intakes with adverse health outcomes?

A)Epidemiological studies provide no evidence of the relationship between intake and adverse outcomes.
B)The relationship between intake and adverse outcomes is probably not causal.
C)Experimental data support the relationship between intake and adverse outcomes.
D)The DRI committee has not yet evaluated the research on this association.

Question 62

Generally, animal-derived foods are sources of quality protein.

Question 63

What unit is used to express the RDAs for amino acids?

A)mg/kg/day
B)mg/day
C)g/kg/day
D)g/day

Question 64

Each strand of DNA is called a gene, and each gene is subdivided into thousands of chromosomes.

Question 65

There is growing evidence that very high consumption of red meat is associated with increased risk for some forms of _____.

A)GERD
B)heart disease
C)obesity
D)cancer

Question 66

According to the DRI committee, people who participate in high levels of exercise need _____ protein on a body-weight basis as compared to those who do not participate in high levels of exercise.

A)less
B)the same amount of
C)more (but not significantly more)
D)significantly more

Question 67

What is the most important fact to know in order to determine an adult’s protein requirement?

A)Their age
B)Their height
C)Their weight
D)Their gender

Question 68

There is now research that suggests that physical activity, especially resistance exercise, may decrease a person’s dietary protein requirements because physical activity may _____.

A)inhibit the breakdown of amino acids and proteins
B)stimulate the synthesis of proteins from lipids
C)trigger the body to become more efficient in its use of amino acids and proteins
D)stimulate the synthesis of proteins from complex carbohydrates

Question 69

Which of the following vitamins or minerals would most likely be deficient in a vegan diet?

A)Ascites
B)Marasmus
C)Kwashiorkor
D)Malnutrition of mild degree

Question 70

MyPlate recommends _____ to _____ ounces of lean meat, poultry, or eggs per day.

A)1.5, 5
B)2, 4
C)3.5, 9
D)4, 8

Question 71

If Mark needs 2400 kcalories per day, how much protein does he need to consume daily based on the AMDR recommendation for protein for adults?

A)40 to 150 grams
B)60 to 210 grams
C)80 to 120 grams
D)100 to 320 grams

Question 72

Synthesis of a strand of mRNA results from translation of protein

Question 73

Adults with PEM can experience extreme muscle loss because the muscle is broken down to provide _____ and energy.

A)glycogen
B)glucose
C)glycerol
D)glucosamine

Question 74

How many grams of protein would someone weighing 60 kg need each day?

A)44
B)48
C)52
D)56

Question 75

Those who avoid all animal products are referred to as _____.

A)lacto-ovo-vegetarians
B)lactovegetarians
C)vegetarians
D)vegans

Question 76

Causes oadults include _____.

A)being vegetarian, excessive lipid absorption, menstruation, and obesity
B)being vegan, food allergies, excessive urinary losses, and chronic fatigue syndrome
C)periods of rapid growth, taking herbal supplements, and excessive fiber in the diet
D)inadequate intake, protein malabsorption, excessive blood loss, and infection

Question 77

When fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, the condition is referred to as _____.

A)ascites
B)fatty liver
C)bloating
D)enlarged spleen

Question 78

Protein complementation is combining incomplete protein sources to provide all essential amino acids in relatively adequate amounts.

Question 79

There are nine essential amino acids.

Question 80

According to the RDA, how much more protein would John, who weighs 95 kg, need each day than Bob, who weighs 80 kg?

A)9 g
B)12 g
C)15 g
D)18 g