Deck 6: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

The youngest age at which children are unlikely to throw a temper tantrum is _____ years.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 8

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The desire to pursue a goal that comes from within a person is called:

A) extensive motivation.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) intensive drive.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which factor helps a young child to demonstrate initiative as Erikson details it in his third stage of psychosocial development?

A) neurological maturity and a longer attention span
B) a child's sense of guilt and shame
C) a decrease in the child's emotional regulation
D) apprenticeship opportunities offered by a child's parents

Answer 3

A

Question 4

William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?

A) William's dad's inappropriate questioning of William's initiative
B) William's need to prove himself worthy to his father
C) William's positive self-concept
D) William's sense of shame and doubt

Question 5

_____ makes children believe that they will be good at anything they try to do.

A) Overwhelming pride
B) Protective optimism
C) Extrinsic motivation
D) Intrinsic motivation

Question 6

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age:

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) the preoperational stage.
D) autonomy versus inferiority.

Question 7

According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.

A) a sense of self-doubt
B) a weak self-concept
C) strong feelings of guilt
D) an unrealistic self-concept

Question 8

An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed:

A) social referencing.
B) self-esteem.
C) identification.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 9

The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to:

A) make friends.
B) know right from wrong.
C) regulate emotions.
D) make choices.

Question 10

In 1973, Lepper and colleagues conducted an experiment in which children did drawings. Some of the children were promised a reward while others received a surprise reward. The researchers found that the children who received the expected award for drawing:

A) had higher levels of self-esteem.
B) became adults who were artists.
C) demonstrated better emotional regulation.
D) were unlikely to draw independently at a later time.

Question 11

A child having an imaginary friend is an example of:

A) self-control.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) protective optimism.

Question 12

Girls usually develop emotional regulation _____ boys.

A) later than
B) at the same age as
C) earlier than
D) two years before

Question 13

Two-year-old Julia repeatedly exclaims, "Me do it!" when her mother tries to help her. Although this behavior is frustrating, her mother understands that doing things independently will develop Julia's sense of:

A) initiative.
B) trust.
C) integrity.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 14

Jared, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. His description demonstrates his developing:

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-deprecation.
D) self-criticism.

Question 15

_____ are marked by excessive guilt, withdrawal, or fearfulness.

A) Extrinsic motivations
B) Intrinsic motivations
C) Internalizing problems
D) Externalizing problems

Question 16

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano. Jaspreet's motivation:

A) needs to be reinforced by her parents.
B) brings her great pleasure.
C) is mostly extrinsic.
D) will persist through adulthood.

Question 17

Regulation of which emotion is MOST emphasized in the United States?

A) anger
B) guilt
C) fear
D) pride

Question 18

The clinical term for an illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as:

A) psychopathology.
B) emotional instability.
C) insanity.
D) mental disturbance.

Question 19

When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of:

A) an internalizing problem.
B) an externalizing problem.
C) modulated emotional expression.
D) frustration management.

Question 20

Children with a parent who has schizophrenia are likely to:

A) struggle with emotional regulation.
B) develop a sense of shame.
C) experience high levels of pride.
D) imitate their parent's mental illness.

Question 21

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or grabbing, but is not intended to harm is called _____ play.

A) bullying
B) sociodramatic
C) parallel
D) rough-and-tumble

Question 22

The four dimensions of a parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and:

A) physical contact.
B) expectations for maturity.
C) trust.
D) supportiveness.

Question 23

According to the text, sociodramatic play may help children to develop:

A) theory of mind.
B) gross motor skills.
C) aggressive tendencies.
D) antisocial behavior.

Question 24

Tiara, Molly, and Maria are playing dress-up. They are all princesses and have built a castle out of cardboard boxes and colored paper. What type of play are the three girls engaging in?

A) bullying play
B) sociodramatic play
C) parallel play
D) rough-and-tumble play

Question 25

According to the text, people in _____ believe that preschoolers do not need instruction. As a result, their 3-year-old children spend little time engaged in structured learning activities.

A) Norway
B) Brazil
C) Kenya
D) China

Question 26

Rough-and-tumble play has been associated with the development of the _____ area of the brain since it helps children to regulate their emotions, practice social skills, and strengthen their bodies.

A) hippocampus
B) frontal lobe
C) prefrontal cortex
D) brain stem

Question 27

In a study conducted by Zahn-Waxler, et al., 5-year- old girls acted out a disagreement between two female dolls. The researchers discovered that girls who _____ were more apt to be disruptive at age 9 than other girls.

A) quickly engaged in apologetic behavior
B) did not quickly engage in apologetic behavior
C) made the dolls hit and kick each other
D) had the dolls stop speaking to each other

Question 28

Billy and Rodney are both building with construction bricks. They are sitting apart, each with his own set of bricks. What type of play is this?

A) cooperative play
B) parallel play
C) onlooker play
D) solitary play

Question 29

A child's active play during the childhood years correlates with:

A) increased competitiveness.
B) increased bullying.
C) increased aggression.
D) peer acceptance.

Question 30

Which statement is true?

A) Parents around the world play with their children regularly.
B) The ways children play are identical around the world.
C) Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values.
D) Children in North American who engage in parallel play are developmentally delayed.

Question 31

Which is NOT one of the types of play identified by Mildred Parten?

A) personal play
B) associative play
C) onlooker play
D) parallel play

Question 32

What is one of the functions peers provide in active play?

A) competition
B) criticism
C) reluctant cooperation
D) a quiet environment

Question 33

Young children usually play best with:

A) their peers.
B) their parents.
C) older children.
D) their younger siblings.

Question 34

Just as monkeys do in their rough-and-tumble play, human children:

A) look angry.
B) use a play face.
C) play hide and seek.
D) determine a social hierarchy.

Question 35

Which is NOT a form of play engaged in by young children in all cultures?

A) imitating adults
B) drawing
C) rough-and-tumble
D) flying kites

Question 36

According to the text, mistreatment may make boys more vulnerable to _____ problems and girls more vulnerable to _____ problems.

A) reparative; aggressive
B) aggressive; reparative
C) externalizing; internalizing
D) internalizing; externalizing

Question 37

Many developmentalists are concerned that modern children spend too little time:

A) playing alone.
B) in rough-and-tumble play.
C) imitating adults.
D) engaged in active play.

Question 38

Rough-and-tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent _____ at a later age.

A) development of the prefrontal cortex
B) the development of imagination
C) antisocial behavior
D) emotional regulation

Question 39

Diana Baumrind is known for her work on:

A) gender roles.
B) types of play.
C) parenting styles.
D) cognitive stages.

Question 40

Sociodramatic play helps children to develop _____ when they act out fear, bravery, and fury.

A) self-control
B) gender roles
C) private speech
D) emotional regulation

Question 41

What is a criticism of Baumrind's classification of parenting styles?

A) She overlooked the fact that most authoritative parents are lax in discipline.
B) She did not realize that many permissive parents love their children.
C) She considered children's temperamental differences.
D) She focused more on parental attitudes than on daily interactions.

Question 42

Annelle's usual bedtime is 8:30 P.M., and her parents enforce this rule. One evening, Annelle is watching an educational program that ends at 9 P.M. She asks her parents if she can stay up to watch the end of the show. Her parents agree to let her stay up as long as she gets up in time for school in the morning. Which parenting style are Annelle's parents demonstrating?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 43

Young children tend to learn the most from teachers who use which style?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) neglectful/uninvolved

Question 44

Jose demonstrates warmth and nurturance towards his children. He does not believe in punishment of any sort and does not have any rules for his children. His parenting style is:

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.

Question 45

Freud would say that a typical 5-year-old child is in the _____ psychoanalytic stage of development.

A) phallic
B) oral
C) genital
D) superego

Question 46

When parents expect unquestioning obedience from their children, their parenting style is labeled:

A) tyrannical.
B) authoritative.
C) dictatorial.
D) authoritarian.

Question 47

______ differences are biological and ______ differences are culturally prescribed.

A) Gender; sex
B) Sex; gender
C) Sibling; parental
D) Parental; sibling

Question 48

By the age of ______, children are convinced certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 49

Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen receptively to their children are exhibiting the ______ pattern of parenting.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) democratic

Question 50

According to Freud, boys in the third psychoanalytic stage of development:

A) are openly angry with their fathers.
B) secretly want to replace their fathers.
C) disrespect their mothers.
D) believe their fathers are perfect.

Question 51

A parenting style characterized by high parent-to- child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is:

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) neglectful.

Question 52

Abida is a nurturing parent and has good communication with her children whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is:

A) authoritative.
B) permissive.
C) neglectful.
D) authoritarian.

Question 53

Today's children, especially those living in urban areas, spend more time _____ than playing outdoors.

A) engaged in indoor sociodramatic play
B) participating in solitary play
C) using electronic media
D) reading books

Question 54

A detailed 2010 study of Mexican-American mothers of preschoolers found that their parenting style was:

A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) authoritarian.
D) not identified by Baumrind.

Question 55

In Freudian theory, a little boy who develops sexual feelings toward his mother and becomes jealous of his father is experiencing:

A) the Electra complex.
B) penis envy.
C) the Oedipus complex.
D) identification.

Question 56

The individual most likely to have grown up with authoritative parents is:

A) Kelly, who is obedient but not very happy.
B) Raquel, who is happy and successful.
C) Mary, who is unhappy and lacks self- control.
D) Lacey, who is homeless and a drug user.

Question 57

The individual most likely to have grown up with permissive parents is:

A) Richard, who is obedient but not very happy.
B) George, who is happy and successful.
C) Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control.
D) Peter, who is a gang member and a drug user.

Question 58

As a father, Aahil rates low on nurturance and communication and high on maturity demands. He exhibits the _____ style of parenting.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) neglecting

Question 59

Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who have the ______ parenting style.

A) abusive
B) overcontrolling
C) authoritarian
D) permissive

Question 60

Authoritarian parents often:

A) offer their children a lot of praise.
B) allow children to question their decisions.
C) seem stern to their children.
D) make few maturity demands on their children.

Question 61

Four-year-old Amelia wants to play with her brother Garth's trucks. Garth is six, and he tells her she can't play with them because she's a girl. Garth's refusal is based on his:

A) humanism.
B) gender schema.
C) Oedipus complex.
D) androgyny.

Question 62

Which theory states that gender role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce?

A) cognitive theory
B) behavioral theory
C) evolutionary theory
D) sociocultural theory

Question 63

Which scenario best demonstrates the behaviorist theory regarding gender development?

A) Modair has some hostility toward his father.
B) Stelvio is a 6-year-old girl who is trying to act like her father.
C) Mack realizes that he is male and that he will always be male.
D) Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks.

Question 64

Developmentalists who believe that children are genetically programmed to defend and protect their parents subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from:

A) nature.
B) nurture.
C) brain maturation.
D) trust during infancy.

Question 65

What is the hallmark of prosocial behavior?

A) It is done to help another without any benefit for oneself.
B) It is done to promote one's social standing within a group.
C) It is done to hurt another in order to benefit oneself.
D) It is a neutral action that does not hurt or benefit anyone.

Question 66

Which type of aggression tends to be most characteristic of 2-year-old children?

A) reactive
B) adaptive
C) bullying
D) relational

Question 67

Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about sex roles as opposed to the children's observable behaviors are _____ theorists.

A) sociocultural
B) psychoanalytic
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 68

Which theory focuses on how children learn acceptable behaviors for their gender?

A) cognitive theory
B) behavioral theory
C) epigenetic theory
D) evolutionary theory

Question 69

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the Electra complex causes girls to:

A) resent their father because he has a penis.
B) adore their father and resent their mother.
C) prefer their mother to their father.
D) try to make peace when parents fight.

Question 70

Which scenario best illustrates prosocial behavior?

A) Savannah takes out the garbage for a quarter.
B) Selena helps her mother clean so that her mother will take her to the park.
C) Gwen says "please" when asking her mother for a dollar.
D) Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick.

Question 71

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, little boys cope with the guilt of wanting to kill their fathers by:

A) identifying with their fathers.
B) wanting to kill themselves.
C) becoming angry with their fathers.
D) becoming envious of their father's penis.

Question 72

Freud's term for the formation of a conscience that internalizes parental morals is:

A) the superego.
B) the ego.
C) schema.
D) identification.

Question 73

A child's cognitive understanding of sex differences would be his or her:

A) Oedipal complex.
B) Electra complex.
C) superego.
D) gender schema.

Question 74

Which scenario is an example of antisocial behavior?

A) Jamie offers to share his toys with Jill.
B) Mark intentionally knocks over Simon's blocks.
C) Holly watches while other children jump rope.
D) Courtney helps her mom rake leaves in the yard.

Question 75

To understand a child's development of gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress:

A) biological mechanisms.
B) reinforcement and punishment.
C) reasoning ability.
D) unconscious motivations.

Question 76

Angelica is 3 years old and says frequently that she wants to "marry daddy." According to psychoanalytic theory, this is a manifestation of:

A) the Oedipus complex.
B) sexual abuse.
C) the ego.
D) the Electra complex.

Question 77

Developmentalists who believe that children are born amoral and learn to adopt their community's rules of morality subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from:

A) nature.
B) nurture.
C) brain maturation.
D) trust during infancy.

Question 78

Of the different types of aggression, the most worrisome is:

A) instrumental.
B) reactive.
C) bullying.
D) relational.

Question 79

When Rawah, age 3, sees a little boy fall and hurt himself, a look of concern appears on her face. She is probably experiencing:

A) fear.
B) sadness.
C) empathy.
D) frustration.

Question 80

Roderick hits or kicks Edwin on the playground nearly every day. He also encourages other children to laugh at Edwin's attempts to kick a ball. Roderick is using _____ aggression against Edwin.

A) reactive
B) instrumental
C) bullying
D) relational