Exam 6: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

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Rough-and-tumble play helps children to develop self- control.

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Why have many nations made corporal punishment illegal?

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In several nations of Europe, corporal punishment is illegal. Although some adults believe that physical punishment will "teach a lesson" of obedience, the lesson that children may learn is that "might makes right." When they become bigger and stronger, they use corporal punishment on others. Parents who hit were usually hit themselves.

How does evolutionary theory explain why children follow gender norms?

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Evolutionary theory holds that sexual attraction is crucial for humankind's urge to reproduce. For this reason, males and females try to look attractive to the other sex, walking, talking, and laughing in gendered ways. If girls see their mothers wearing make-up and high heels, they want to do likewise.

Cultures differ in the methods of discipline that are considered acceptable.

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Baumrind identified the four dimensions of parenting as warmth, discipline, communication, and sharing.

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A little boy who prefers to dress as a soldier rather than Cinderella because he has never seen a boy dress as Cinderella has developed a _____ schema.

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Child ______ occurs when a parent takes deliberate action to cause harm.

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What are the long-term effects of spanking children?

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Physical punishment is legal in every country.

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John accidentally knocked over Casey's block tower, so Casey hit him. Casey was displaying ______ aggression.

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Children who develop into successful, happy adults who are generous with others are most often reared by _____ parents.

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According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.

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Evolutionary theory proposes that children try to emulate their parents in appearance and behavior in order to become attractive to the opposite sex.

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What do behaviorists say about the origins of sex differences and gender roles?

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A parenting style characterized by high parent-to- child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is:

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A discipline method in which a caregiver talks extensively with the offending child to get the child to understand why his or her behavior was wrong is called _____.

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Roderick hits or kicks Edwin on the playground nearly every day. He also encourages other children to laugh at Edwin's attempts to kick a ball. Roderick is using _____ aggression against Edwin.

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If a person attends college to please his or her parents as opposed to going to college to learn for one's own sake, that person is exhibiting _____ motivation.

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Young children usually play best with:

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Why might poverty, isolation of parents, and lack of good childcare contribute to child maltreatment?

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