Deck 13: Social and Emotional Developments in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Children are more likely to have high self-esteem when their parents:

A)are controlling.
B)set clearly defined limits.
C)permit children to set their own limits.
D)encourage children to be dependent of them.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

With regard to social comparison, children's sensitivity to themselves in relation to others their own age increases significantly around the age of:

A)6 years.
B)8 years.
C)10 years.
D)12 years.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Piaget, moral development involves a shift from ____________ morality to ____________ morality.

A)heteronomous; autonomous
B)autonomous; heteronomous
C)id; superego
D)superego; id

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The changes in sense of self that occur during middle childhood:

A)are effects of changes in cognitive and social processes.
B)are caused by changes in cognitive and social processes.
C)run parallel to changes in cognitive and social processes.
D)are independent of changes in cognitive and social processes.

Question 5

One's evaluation of one's own self-worth is called:

A)social comparison.
B)self concept.
C)self-esteem.
D)a sociogram.

Question 6

According to Erik Erikson, middle childhood is a time in which children must resolve the conflict between ____________.

A)parents and peers
B)industry and inferiority
C)chores and homework
D)security and independence

Question 7

In a study of self-evaluation of 4- to 7-year-old children, Harter and Pike (1984) found that children evaluated their self-worth in terms of what two broad categories?

A)physical and emotional
B)acceptance and competence
C)competence and intelligence
D)intelligence and understanding

Question 8

Harter found that when 8-year-old children evaluate themselves on questionnaires, their self- evaluations are:

A)not associated with parental styles.
B)not consistent with evaluations made by peers.
C)not consistent with evaluations made by teachers.
D)consistent with evaluations by both teachers and peers.

Question 9

According to Erikson, the main challenge of middle childhood is that of industry versus inferiority, meaning that a child establishes a sense of:

A)self.
B)identity.
C)intimacy.
D)competence.

Question 10

As children's self-evaluations become more differentiated, they develop:

A)a differentiated sense of self-worth.
B)an overall sense of general self-worth.
C)an unrealistic sense of self-worth.
D)greater cognitive competence.

Question 11

Social comparisons play a role in children's sense of themselves during middle childhood:

A)because they have no sense of absolute levels of competence or success.
B)because they do not have a strong sense of self.
C)around age 6.
D)when they start engaging in social perspective taking.

Question 12

According to Freud, the part of the personality that monitors and evaluates whether the individual's actions are morally appropriate is called the:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)autonomous morality.

Question 13

In interviews conducted about child-rearing with European American and Taiwanese mothers, Peggy Miller found that self-esteem:

A)played a prominent role in the child-rearing practices of both Taiwanese and American mothers.
B)did not play a prominent role in the child-rearing practices of either American or Taiwanese mothers.
C)played a prominent role in the child-rearing practices for American mothers but not Taiwanese mothers.
D)played a prominent role in the child-rearing practices for Taiwanese mothers but not American mothers.

Question 14

Research has suggested that the key to high self-esteem, transmitted in large part by the family, is some ability to:

A)do well in sports.
B)perform well in school.
C)control one's own future.
D)make friends and be popular.

Question 15

Children begin to describe themselves as having stable traits:

A)at the end of middle childhood.
B)before they anticipate what other people will do based on their stable traits.
C)once they begin developing self-esteem.
D)about the same time they think of the psychological states of others as stable.

Question 16

Children with high self-esteem had parents who:

A)set clear limits.
B)approved of their children.
C)allowed them self-expression.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

The ways in which we organize behavior in relation to group life and society is called:

A)social control.
B)cognitive control.
C)emotional control.
D)identity.

Question 18

When Sophie, age 9, describes herself as "better at math than Harold," she is using:

A)a sociometric rating.
B)social comparison.
C)a description of a stable trait.
D)self-concept.

Question 19

Comparative studies of European American families with those from other backgrounds strongly suggest that self-esteem is:

A)a universal value in all cultures.
B)always related to parenting practices.
C)more important in Taiwanese families than in European American families.
D)a culture-specific concept.

Question 20

Susan sees herself as a poor student in math class, but she would like to be the most accomplished student in the class. Susan is demonstrating a discrepancy between her ____________ self and her ____________ self.

A)objective; subjective
B)actual; stereotyped
C)past; future
D)actual; ideal

Question 21

Children understand that social rules enable cooperation with others through all of the following, EXCEPT:

A)negotiating plans.
B)settling disagreements.
C)keeping and breaking promises.
D)making up arbitrary rules.

Question 22

Sigmund Freud argued that the idea of God for children and adults:

A)is a projection of our need for a protective parent figure.
B)changes with the development of new cognitive systems of thinking.
C)is unrelated to psychosocial systems.
D)is a property of the collective unconscious.

Question 23

Jean Piaget argued that the idea of God:

A)is a projection of our need for a protective parent figure.
B)changes with the development of new cognitive systems of thinking.
C)is unrelated to psychosocial systems.
D)is a property of the collective unconscious.

Question 24

Kohlberg's "Heinz dilemma" asked children to decide whether a man should have stolen drugs for his sick wife when he couldn't pay for the drugs. Children's answers would occur in which order as they age from 6 to 10 years old?

A)He shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife.
B)He shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday.
C)He should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife.
D)He should steal the drug if he really loves his wife; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble.

Question 25

Kohlberg's investigation of moral reasoning used:

A)story-dilemmas.
B)role-playing situations.
C)experiments that manipulated moral behavior.
D)interviews with children about their lying behavior.

Question 26

Gina wants to play marbles with her friend Rosanna, but as they start to play it becomes clear that they have different ideas about what the rules are. They get upset with each other. Gina says, "My mom said we were supposed to play this way." Rosanna says, "That's wrong. My mom said it was this way." What age are the girls most likely to be?

A)2
B)7
C)10
D)12

Question 27

Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

A)challenged Piaget's theory.
B)built on Piaget's theory.
C)was the same as Piaget's theory.
D)was not related to Piaget's theory.

Question 28

A child's ability to regulate social relations by herself:

A)is mostly the result of maturation.
B)develops during the game playing of middle childhood.
C)develops mostly from disciplinary techniques of parents.
D)is expressed in the role-playing games of early childhood.

Question 29

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, attention to internal motives and intentions are central to ____________ morality.

A)heteronomous
B)autonomous
C)prosocial
D)egocentric

Question 30

A noticeable difference in the game playing of children in middle childhood compared with that of the preschool years is the:

A)playing of games based upon rules.
B)marked increase in fantasy role play.
C)marked decrease in fantasy role play.
D)following of social rules consistent with fantasy roles.

Question 31

Jorge wants to play marbles with his friend James, but as they start to play it becomes clear that they have different ideas about what the rules are. They get upset with each other. Jorge says, "My mom said we were supposed to play this way." James says, "That's wrong. My mom said it was this way." What are the boys displaying?

A)Mystical respect for the rules of the game.
B)Internalization of the rules of the game.
C)Instrumental morality.
D)Good-child morality.

Question 32

A review of contemporary research on children's and adults' conceptions of God justifies which conclusion?

A)Conceptions of God are universal and unchanging across age-level, cultural group, and context.
B)Conceptions of God change for both adults and for children as a function of context.
C)Conceptions of God change for children across contexts but do not change for adults.
D)Children's conceptions of God are anthropomorphic, whereas adults' conceptions of God are abstract.

Question 33

Pnevmatikos (2002) found that Catholic and Greek Orthodox children's drawings of where God lives reflect a shift from:

A)depicting material buildings to depicting abstract ideals.
B)depicting abstract ideals to depicting material buildings.
C)drawing general churches to drawing Catholic or Orthodox churches.
D)using less detail to using more detail.

Question 34

Nancy Eisenberg used which of the following techniques to study prosocial moral reasoning?

A)picture books
B)questionnaires
C)story dilemmas
D)video games

Question 35

When children begin to recognize that others have different perspectives, Kohlberg refers to this as:

A)autonomous morality.
B)instrumental morality.
C)culturally generated morality.
D)moral perspective taking.

Question 36

Prosocial moral reasoning refers to thinking involved in:

A)understanding that morals are social conventions.
B)the belief that there are universal moral principles.
C)determining fairness.
D)deciding whether to help another at cost to oneself.

Question 37

At the start of middle childhood, children play games:

A)according to preexisting rules.
B)with an understanding that rules are social conventions.
C)with elaborate rules only if they are boys.
D)with little regard for rules.

Question 38

According to Kohlberg, when children achieve the stage of instrumental morality they:

A)no longer adopt egocentric perspectives.
B)believe that justice is related to an equal exchange.
C)do not recognize different perspectives.
D)cannot yet act without adult supervision.

Question 39

Maria is concerned with social standards and rules when she thinks about moral dilemmas. Kohlberg would say that she is at the ____________ level of moral development.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)unconventional

Question 40

The game playing in middle childhood does NOT include:

A)rules being changed on a whim.
B)fantasy role play.
C)rule-based play.
D)sociodramatic play.

Question 41

A complex organization of relationships between individuals is called a(n):

A) anthropometric scale.
B)relational scheme.
C)hierarchical analysis.
D)social structure.

Question 42

Peer victimization decreases from the middle school years through adolescence because:

A)Children move to bigger schools.
B)Victims of bullies learn to ignore and avoid their bullies.
C)Bullies learn to ignore and avoid their victims.
D)Children move to smaller schools.

Question 43

Girls who are particularly well-practiced in relational aggression are:

A)neglected.
B)popular.
C)rejected.
D)outcasts.

Question 44

According to research on a child's developing theory of mind, what is necessary for a child to demonstrate a mature capacity for moral reasoning?

A)an ability to focus on the objective consequence of a person's action
B)an ability to understand that it is wrong to harm another person and to recognize when someone has been harmed
C)an ability to interpret a person's objective behavior in light of his or her subjective mental state
D)a tendency to perceive that some "bad" actions are worse than others

Question 45

Regarding the development of prosocial moral reasoning, children:

A)tend to think mainly of their own needs until they reach adolescence.
B)do not go through stages.
C)think first in terms of personal gain and then later express more empathy.
D)would choose to go to a party rather than help someone who is hurt.

Question 46

Bullies tend to:

A)have poor social-information processing skills.
B)pick on a small percentage of school children.
C)use their well-developed social-information processing skills in an antisocial way.
D)not be popular.

Question 47

Prosocial moral reasoning:

A)is seen in older children but not in preschoolers.
B)is focused on social norms and reflects empathy for other children starting around 5 years of age.
C)is focused on what can be gained personally, and by adolescence shifts to a concern for the feelings of others.
D)goes through stage-like developmental changes.

Question 48

An understanding that responsibility depends on objective consequences alone demonstrates a(n):

A)subjective view of responsibility.
B)mature view of responsibility.
C)objective view of responsibility.
D)universal view of responsibility.

Question 49

In studies of children's and adults' understanding of right and wrong in the behavior of Punch and Judy puppets, which of the following occurred?

A)Younger and older children's moral judgments depended on knowledge of the outcomes and the intentions for a behavior.
B)Only younger children's judgments depended on knowledge of both the outcomes and the intentions for a behavior.
C)Only older children's and adults' judgments depended on knowledge of both outcomes and intentions of a behavior.
D)Only adults' judgments depended on knowledge of both outcomes and intentions of a behavior.

Question 50

According to Elliot Turiel, social conventions:

A)are identical in concept to moral reasoning.
B)are in a different domain from that of moral reasoning.
C)are what true moral reasoning grows from.
D)cannot be distinguished from moral infractions by preschoolers.

Question 51

Bullying appears to peak during the sixth grade in American schools because:

A)this is when interest in the opposite sex is starting to rise.
B)children at this age have fewer parental controls than in earlier years.
C)children are moving from elementary to middle school, and new social groups are forming.
D)children are frustrated by the increased academic demands of middle school, and bullying is a way to "blow off steam."

Question 52

Cross-cultural studies of social conventional and moral reasoning appear to support the conclusion that:

A)children's moral evaluations are independent of cultural norms.
B)in some cultures, children are likely to see breaches of social convention as moral issues.
C)American children are more sophisticated in their moral reasoning than children from other cultures.
D)children from other cultures make the same distinctions as do American children between social conventions and moral rules.

Question 53

Actions that threaten the relationship and social standing of peers are called:

A)instrumental aggression.
B)personal aggression.
C)hostile aggression.
D)relational aggression.

Question 54

Girls who use relational aggression to increase their social status are called ____________ girls.

A)gamma
B)omega
C)alpha
D)beta

Question 55

Victimized children tend to:

A)have difficulty regulating their attention.
B)lose their tempers easily.
C)act in an immature and dependent way.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

Turiel and his colleagues asked children ages 5 to 11 to make a judgment related to a moral dilemma and social conventions. He found that children can:

A)solve problems related to moral dilemmas before they can solve problems related to social conventions.
B)solve moral dilemmas, but they cannot solve problems related to social conventions.
C)distinguish moral dilemmas from social conventions.
D)not solve problems related to either moral dilemmas or social conventions.

Question 57

As children spend more time with their peers during middle childhood, they must learn how to:

A)not compete for social status.
B)avoid conflicts with peers.
C)create a satisfying place for themselves within the social group.
D)regulate their behavior with help from adults.

Question 58

Relational aggression is most often seen among:

A)girls.
B)boys.
C)younger children of both sexes.
D)older children of both sexes.

Question 59

An understanding that responsibility depends on both intentions and consequences demonstrates a(n):

A)subjective view of responsibility.
B)immature view of responsibility.
C)objective view of responsibility.
D)universal view of responsibility.

Question 60

Children in a variety of cultures rely on ideas of ____________ over ____________ when making moral judgments.

A)rules and authority; harm and welfare
B)social conventions; religious dogma
C)self interest; group concerns
D)harm and welfare; rules and authority

Question 61

Tom is aggressive toward other children and tends to interpret accidental slights as deliberate. In a rating of sociometric status, we would expect Tom to be rated as:

A)neglected.
B)rejected.
C)controversial.
D)popular.

Question 62

Josefa is shown as having few nominations of any positive or negative kind on a sociogram for her classroom of children. We would say she falls in the ____________ category.

A)neglected
B)victim
C)rejected
D)controversial

Question 63

Alicia is very competitive with her peers and only feels successful when she can do better than her friends. Alicia has what type of social goal?

A)Ego-oriented goal.
B)Task-oriented goal.
C)Cooperation goal.
D)Nonhostile social comparison.

Question 64

John has a lot of friends but is also very aggressive, so some children refuse to play with him. He is good at joking around with his friends so that they stay his friends even when he is aggressive with them. In a rating of sociometric status, we would expect John to be rated as:

A)neglected.
B)rejected.
C)controversial.
D)popular.

Question 65

Barry Schneider and his colleagues found that ____________ was more prevalent among children's friendships in Spain and Canada than in children's friendships in Costa Rica and Cuba.

A)nonhostile social comparison
B)cooperation
C)solitary activity
D)hypercompetitiveness

Question 66

Popular children tend to:

A)be good at compromise and negotiating.
B)have an overall negative reputation.
C)hang out in cliques.
D)have better social-information processing skills than do bullies.

Question 67

When playing experimentally designed games, children in North America tend to adopt ____________ strategies.

A)cooperative
B)competitive
C)systematic
D)allocentric

Question 68

Barry Schneider and his colleagues identified which of the following as a basic social goal that children in a variety of cultures follow?

A)nonhostile social comparison
B)cooperation goals
C)hostile social comparison
D)non-social cooperation

Question 69

Melanie is very shy and lonely. She wants to have friends and is very upset that she doesn't. In a rating of sociometric status, we would expect Melanie to be rated as:

A)neglected.
B)rejected.
C)controversial.
D)popular.

Question 70

A sociogram is:

A)a graphic representation of social relationships within a group of children.
B)a rating scale for social skills.
C)an invalid and unreliable measure. D used instead of a rating scale in studies of social relations.

Question 71

A reputational view of social rejection is supported by evidence of:

A)lower levels of social cognition in aggressive children.
B)parental-intervention in the play of low-status children.
C)social understanding in aggressive children being equal to that of average children.
D)misinterpretation of aggressive children's behavior as aggressive even when it is not.

Question 72

During middle childhood, a child's popularity is positively related to his or her:

A)activity level.
B)attractiveness.
C)aggressiveness.
D)socioeconomic status.

Question 73

Vincent is shown as having received the most negative nominations on a sociogram for his classroom of children. We would say he falls in the ____________ category.

A)neglected
B)rejected
C)difficult
D)temperamental

Question 74

The most common cause of rejection of children by their peers is:

A)shyness.
B)aggressiveness.
C)unattractiveness.
D)high intelligence.

Question 75

Frank is shown as having received the most positive nominations on a sociogram for his classroom of children. We would say he falls in the ____________ category.

A)social comparison
B)dominant
C)clique
D)popular

Question 76

Sociograms are used to investigate:

A)social status.
B)moral reasoning.
C)social perspective taking.
D)social repair mechanisms.

Question 77

Donald is often aggressive toward his peers, but he uses humor to prevent his peers from becoming too angry. Donald is probably ____________ among his peers.

A)controversial
B)rejected
C)popular
D)neglected

Question 78

In a classic study on cooperation and competition by Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif (1956), two groups of boys were formed at summer camps in Oklahoma. A series of tasks were arranged for them, some requiring competition and others requiring cooperation. What is one of the major conclusions we can draw from their study? A. Competition is stable across contexts and appears to be linked to a fixed biological characteristic of individuals. B. Cooperation is stable across contexts and appears to be linked to a fixed biological characteristic of individuals and groups. C. Cooperation and competition are heavily influenced by context. D. Boys, but not girls, have a biological predisposition towards competition.

Question 79

Children who are rejected by their peers tend to:

A)overestimate their social skills.
B)be aggressive.
C)underestimate their social skills.
D)compensate for their social difficulties.

Question 80

Although Kit is not very sociable, she also is neither aggressive nor particularly shy. She has a best friend, Alyssa, and is very happy about this. In a rating of sociometric status, we would expect Kit to be rated as:

A)neglected.
B)rejected.
C)controversial.
D)popular.