Question 1

Explain how a child's theory of mind is related to her moral reasoning, citing developmental changes in both aspects of thinking.

Accepted Answer

A child's theory of mind refers to their ability to understand and attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions, to themselves and others. This ability is closely related to their moral reasoning, as it allows them to understand and empathize with the perspectives and emotions of others, which is essential for making moral judgments and decisions.

In early childhood, children's theory of mind is still developing, and they may struggle to understand that others can have different beliefs and desires than their own. This egocentric perspective can limit their ability to consider the perspectives of others when making moral judgments. For example, a young child may not understand why it is wrong to take a toy from another child because they cannot fully grasp the concept of ownership or understand the other child's feelings.

As children grow and their theory of mind becomes more sophisticated, they become better able to consider the perspectives and emotions of others. This development allows them to engage in more complex moral reasoning, such as understanding the importance of fairness, empathy, and the consequences of their actions on others. They become more capable of taking into account the intentions and beliefs of others when making moral judgments, leading to a more nuanced and mature understanding of right and wrong.

In conclusion, a child's theory of mind is closely related to their moral reasoning, as it provides the foundation for understanding and empathizing with others. As their theory of mind develops, children become better equipped to engage in more advanced moral reasoning, leading to a deeper understanding of moral concepts and principles.

Question 2

In a study of self-evaluation of 4- to 7-year-old children, Harter and Pike (1984) found that children evaluated their self-worth in terms of what two broad categories?

Accepted Answer

A) physical and emotional 
B) acceptance and competence 
C) competence and intelligence 
D) intelligence and understanding 
A) physical and emotional 
B) acceptance and competence 
C) competence and intelligence 
D) intelligence and understanding B

Question 3

A noticeable difference in the game playing of children in middle childhood compared with that of the preschool years is the:

Accepted Answer

A) playing of games based upon rules. 
B) marked increase in fantasy role play. 
C) marked decrease in fantasy role play. 
D) following of social rules consistent with fantasy roles. 
A) playing of games based upon rules. 
B) marked increase in fantasy role play. 
C) marked decrease in fantasy role play. 
D) following of social rules consistent with fantasy roles. A

Question 4

According to Erikson, the main challenge of middle childhood is that of industry versus inferiority, meaning that a child establishes a sense of:

Accepted Answer

A) self. 
B) identity. 
C) intimacy. 
D) competence. 
A) self. 
B) identity. 
C) intimacy. 
D) competence.

Question 5

Jean and Melissa, age 7, met at their church and seemed to become friends very quickly. What patterns would we expect to see in their social interactions?

Accepted Answer

A) They listen to each other, and each asks questions if she doesn't understand what the other is saying. 
B) Jean likes school and decided she would help Melissa, who hates school, do better at school. 
C) Jean and Melissa introduce each other to their many differing interests. 
D) Melissa ignores many of Jean's initiations but Jean keeps trying. 
A) They listen to each other, and each asks questions if she doesn't understand what the other is saying. 
B) Jean likes school and decided she would help Melissa, who hates school, do better at school. 
C) Jean and Melissa introduce each other to their many differing interests. 
D) Melissa ignores many of Jean's initiations but Jean keeps trying.

Question 6

Peer victimization decreases from the middle school years through adolescence because:

Accepted Answer

A) Children move to bigger schools. 
B) Victims of bullies learn to ignore and avoid their bullies. 
C) Bullies learn to ignore and avoid their victims. 
D) Children move to smaller schools. 
A) Children move to bigger schools. 
B) Victims of bullies learn to ignore and avoid their bullies. 
C) Bullies learn to ignore and avoid their victims. 
D) Children move to smaller schools.

Question 7

What have developmentalists discovered about children who are bullies and their victims?

Accepted Answer

Developmentalists, who study the pattern

Question 8

Josefa is shown as having few nominations of any positive or negative kind on a sociogram for her classroom of children. We would say she falls in the ____________ category.

Accepted Answer

A) neglected 
B) victim 
C) rejected 
D) controversial 
A) neglected 
B) victim 
C) rejected 
D) controversial

Question 9

Compare and contrast the expectations parents have of their children in two different countries.

Accepted Answer

In many Western countries, such as the U

Question 10

Thomas feels most successful when he and his friends help each other do their best. What type of basic social goal is Thomas exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

A) Ego-oriented goal. 
B) Task-oriented goal. 
C) Cooperation goal. 
D) Nonhostile social comparison. 
A) Ego-oriented goal. 
B) Task-oriented goal. 
C) Cooperation goal. 
D) Nonhostile social comparison.

Question 11

Sigmund Freud argued that the idea of God for children and adults:

Accepted Answer

A) is a projection of our need for a protective parent figure. 
B) changes with the development of new cognitive systems of thinking. 
C) is unrelated to psychosocial systems. 
D) is a property of the collective unconscious. 
A) is a projection of our need for a protective parent figure. 
B) changes with the development of new cognitive systems of thinking. 
C) is unrelated to psychosocial systems. 
D) is a property of the collective unconscious.

Question 12

When children begin to recognize that others have different perspectives, Kohlberg refers to this as:

Accepted Answer

A) autonomous morality. 
B) instrumental morality. 
C) culturally generated morality. 
D) moral perspective taking. 
A) autonomous morality. 
B) instrumental morality. 
C) culturally generated morality. 
D) moral perspective taking.

Question 13

As children grow older, parents increasingly attempt to influence their behavior by reasoning with them in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A) appealing to their sense of self-esteem 
B) appealing to their sense of humor 
C) arousing their sense of guilt 
D) All of the answers correct. 
A) appealing to their sense of self-esteem 
B) appealing to their sense of humor 
C) arousing their sense of guilt 
D) All of the answers correct.

Question 14

Rejected children are more likely to be aggressive than are controversial children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Victimized children tend to:

Accepted Answer

A) have difficulty regulating their attention. 
B) lose their tempers easily. 
C) act in an immature and dependent way. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
A) have difficulty regulating their attention. 
B) lose their tempers easily. 
C) act in an immature and dependent way. 
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

A reputational view of social rejection is supported by evidence of:

Accepted Answer

A) lower levels of social cognition in aggressive children. 
B) parental-intervention in the play of low-status children. 
C) social understanding in aggressive children being equal to that of average children. 
D) misinterpretation of aggressive children's behavior as aggressive even when it is not. 
A) lower levels of social cognition in aggressive children. 
B) parental-intervention in the play of low-status children. 
C) social understanding in aggressive children being equal to that of average children. 
D) misinterpretation of aggressive children's behavior as aggressive even when it is not.

Question 17

Children usually experience an increase in socioeconomic status after their parents' divorce.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Describe the nature of male-female contact in middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, male-female con

Question 19

Harter found that when 8-year-old children evaluate themselves on questionnaires, their self- evaluations are:

Accepted Answer

A) not associated with parental styles. 
B) not consistent with evaluations made by peers. 
C) not consistent with evaluations made by teachers. 
D) consistent with evaluations by both teachers and peers. 
A) not associated with parental styles. 
B) not consistent with evaluations made by peers. 
C) not consistent with evaluations made by teachers. 
D) consistent with evaluations by both teachers and peers.

Question 20

Describe a research study that demonstrates how cooperation and competition in middle childhood are strongly influenced by the social context.

Accepted Answer

One research study that demonstrates how

Explain how a child's theory of mind is related to her moral reasoning, citing developmental changes in both aspects of thinking.

In a study of self-evaluation of 4- to 7-year-old children, Harter and Pike (1984) found that children evaluated their self-worth in terms of what two broad categories?

A noticeable difference in the game playing of children in middle childhood compared with that of the preschool years is the:

According to Erikson, the main challenge of middle childhood is that of industry versus inferiority, meaning that a child establishes a sense of:

Jean and Melissa, age 7, met at their church and seemed to become friends very quickly. What patterns would we expect to see in their social interactions?

Peer victimization decreases from the middle school years through adolescence because:

What have developmentalists discovered about children who are bullies and their victims?

Josefa is shown as having few nominations of any positive or negative kind on a sociogram for her classroom of children. We would say she falls in the ____________ category.

Compare and contrast the expectations parents have of their children in two different countries.

Thomas feels most successful when he and his friends help each other do their best. What type of basic social goal is Thomas exhibiting?

Sigmund Freud argued that the idea of God for children and adults:

When children begin to recognize that others have different perspectives, Kohlberg refers to this as:

As children grow older, parents increasingly attempt to influence their behavior by reasoning with them in which of the following ways?

Rejected children are more likely to be aggressive than are controversial children.

Victimized children tend to:

A reputational view of social rejection is supported by evidence of:

Children usually experience an increase in socioeconomic status after their parents' divorce.

Describe the nature of male-female contact in middle childhood.

Harter found that when 8-year-old children evaluate themselves on questionnaires, their self- evaluations are:

Describe a research study that demonstrates how cooperation and competition in middle childhood are strongly influenced by the social context.

The Study of Human Development

Biocultural Foundations

Prenatal Development and Birth

The First Three Months

Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Two Years

Emotional and Social Development During Infancy

Language Acquisition

Physical and Cognitive Development of Early Childhood

Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Contexts of Development

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

School As a Context for Development

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Social and Emotional Development During Adolescence

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Exam 13: Social and Emotional Developments in Middle Childhood

Explain how a child's theory of mind is related to her moral reasoning, citing developmental changes in both aspects of thinking.

In a study of self-evaluation of 4- to 7-year-old children, Harter and Pike (1984) found that children evaluated their self-worth in terms of what two broad categories?

A noticeable difference in the game playing of children in middle childhood compared with that of the preschool years is the:

According to Erikson, the main challenge of middle childhood is that of industry versus inferiority, meaning that a child establishes a sense of:

Jean and Melissa, age 7, met at their church and seemed to become friends very quickly. What patterns would we expect to see in their social interactions?

Peer victimization decreases from the middle school years through adolescence because:

What have developmentalists discovered about children who are bullies and their victims?

Josefa is shown as having few nominations of any positive or negative kind on a sociogram for her classroom of children. We would say she falls in the ____________ category.

Compare and contrast the expectations parents have of their children in two different countries.

Thomas feels most successful when he and his friends help each other do their best. What type of basic social goal is Thomas exhibiting?

Sigmund Freud argued that the idea of God for children and adults:

When children begin to recognize that others have different perspectives, Kohlberg refers to this as:

As children grow older, parents increasingly attempt to influence their behavior by reasoning with them in which of the following ways?

Rejected children are more likely to be aggressive than are controversial children.

Victimized children tend to:

A reputational view of social rejection is supported by evidence of:

Children usually experience an increase in socioeconomic status after their parents' divorce.

Describe the nature of male-female contact in middle childhood.

Harter found that when 8-year-old children evaluate themselves on questionnaires, their self- evaluations are:

Describe a research study that demonstrates how cooperation and competition in middle childhood are strongly influenced by the social context.

The Study of Human Development

Biocultural Foundations

Prenatal Development and Birth

The First Three Months

Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Two Years

Emotional and Social Development During Infancy

Language Acquisition

Physical and Cognitive Development of Early Childhood

Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Contexts of Development

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

School As a Context for Development

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Social and Emotional Development During Adolescence

Filters