Deck 9: Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Jaden is eager to learn and participate in the goals of his larger social group. He is most likely in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

A)trust vs.mistrust
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)identity vs.role confusion

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The earliest visible manifestations of personality, such as patterns of responsivity, are referred to as:

A)activity traits.
B)concept traits.
C)the self­concept.
D)temperamental traits.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When a father says, "You're a little boy" or "Little boys grow up to be like their daddies," he is engaging in:

A)personality formation.
B)biological categories.
C)cultural artifacts.
D)socialization.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Social development involves:

A)primarily coming to understand the expectations of the larger social community.
B)learning how to function in a socially interdependent manner.
C)simultaneously learning about one's society and one's own unique thoughts and feelings.
D)primarily learning about one's own unique feelings and thoughts.

Question 5

____________ is a two­sided process in which children simultaneously become integrated into the larger social community and differentiated as distinctive individuals.

A)Social development
B)Socialization
C)Personality formation
D)Cultural formation

Question 6

Adults and children play ____________ roles in socialization.

A)automatic
B)passive
C)active
D)proscribed

Question 7

Erikson described preschool­aged children as:

A)focused on establishing relationships of trust with their caregivers.
B)struggling to establish a sense of self as separate from their primary caregivers.
C)concerned with how they appear to others.
D)motivated to learn about and participate in the world around them.

Question 8

The two sides of the social development process are the acquisition of ____________ and ____________.

A)the standards, values, and knowledge of one's culture; one's unique thoughts and feelings
B)self­concept; personality
C)the standards, values, and knowledge of one's culture; social roles
D)one's unique thoughts and feelings; personality

Question 9

Identification is a process that:

A)is independent of sex roles.
B)is independent of cognition.
C)involves making the characteristics of another person one's own.
D)involves consciously recognizing the personality characteristics of another person.

Question 10

____________ is the process through which children develop their own unique pattern of feelings, thinking, and behaving in a wide variety of circumstances.

A)Socialization
B)Personality formation
C)Social development
D)Cultural development

Question 11

____________ refers to the unique pattern of temperament, emotions, interests, and intellectual abilities that a child develops as the child's innate propensities and capacities are shaped by his or her social interactions with kin and community.

A)Personality
B)Social roles
C)Socialization
D)Gender roles

Question 12

Which of the following concepts is MOST closely associated with "socialization"?

A)unique patterns of thinking
B)unique patterns of feeling
C)the values of the society
D)biological constraints on learning

Question 13

When children try to adopt personality traits, behaviors, and values of important people in their environment, they are engaging in a process of:

A)institutionalization.
B)identification.
C)representation.
D)segregation.

Question 14

Which of the following BEST describes the process of socialization?

A)Children develop a sense of self based on their exploration of the world around them; adults have little influence on what children learn.
B)Children develop a sense of self based on their inborn temperaments; adults have little influence on what children learn.
C)Adults transmit information about the values and knowledge of their society; children passively absorb these messages.
D)Adults transmit information about the values and knowledge of their society; children interpret and select from these messages.

Question 15

Personality and socialization are:

A)opposites.
B)synonymous.
C)interdependent concepts.
D)two separate stages of personality development.

Question 16

According to Erikson, which of the following is the major challenge for children between the ages of approximately 3-5 years?

A)trust vs.mistrust
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)identity vs.role confusion

Question 17

Personality is the individual's pattern of:

A)temperament, emotions, and intellectual abilities.
B)independence and interdependence.
C)rights, duties, and obligations.
D)abilities that emerge in early childhood.

Question 18

The process of socialization, or acquisition of the standards, values, and knowledge of one's culture, begins:

A)in early childhood.
B)when a parent senses a child is ready to learn about these concepts.
C)when a child can accept the prescribed roles of his culture.
D)at birth.

Question 19

Identification is a process that:

A)is uniquely family related.
B)is uniquely gender related.
C)involves the same sex parent only.
D)can involve any significant social agent.

Question 20

Four­year­old Kyle wants to be a leader in all of his interactions with other children, but his parents and teachers want him to learn to share the role of leader with other children. Which idea in social development does this situation illustrate?

A)All 4­year­olds have difficulty controlling their impulses.
B)Teachers and parents are the major influences on social development.
C)Socialization and personality formation are closely connected.
D)Personality development is harder for some children than for others.

Question 21

During the first two years of life, the person who usually looms largest in the child's world:

A)differs greatly due to varied family configurations.
B)differs more between, than within, cultures.
C)is the mother.
D)is the mother, according to Freud only.

Question 22

Vivienne is a 2­year­old who attends a preschool near her home. Observations of Vivienne's social behaviors at school are likely to reveal that she:

A)is hesitant to engage with any of her peers.
B)is much more likely to engage with the other girls in the class room than with the boys.
C)is much more likely to engage with the boys in the classroom than with the girls.
D)regularly engages with both boys and girls about equally.

Question 23

Max is a 2­year­old who attends a preschool near his home. Observations of Max's social behaviors at school are likely to reveal that he:

A)is hesitant to engage with any of his peers.
B)is much more likely to engage with the other boys in the class room than with the girls.
C)much more likely to engage with the girls in the classroom than with the boys.
D)engages with both boys and girls about equally.

Question 24

In the Freudian theory of development, ____________ is the fear, guilt, and conflict evoked by a little boy's desire to get rid of his father and take the father's place in the mother's affections.

A)Electra complex
B)primary anxiety
C)Oedipus complex
D)repression

Question 25

According to Freud, little boys must ____________ and ____________ in order to resolve the Oedipus complex and form an adult male identity.

A)differentiate themselves from their fathers; affiliate with their mothers
B)differentiate themselves from their mothers; become rivals of their fathers
C)differentiate themselves from their fathers; become rivals of their mothers
D)differentiate themselves from their mothers; affiliate with their fathers

Question 26

The term for the preference of girls to play with other girls, and boys to play with other boys, is:

A)gender segregation.
B)socialization.
C)personality formation.
D)identification.

Question 27

Researchers interested in "affiliative behaviors" among young children explore the ways that children:

A)seek assistance from adults and older children.
B)seek and establish friendly contact with peers.
C)establish social hierarchies.
D)engage in conflict resolution.

Question 28

Which of the following words would Lily, a 3­year­old girl, be most likely to have in her developing vocabulary?

A)truck
B)boy
C)dress
D)pirate

Question 29

John, age 4, reports that when he grows up, he will marry his mother. How should his family respond?

A)They shouldn't be too concerned because this is an example of the characteristic precausal reasoning of a young child.
B)They should be very concerned because John, by this age, should understand that this will not happen.
C)They should be very concerned because as it is a sign of a personality problem.
D)They shouldn't be too concerned because this is part of what happens as children begin the process of identification.

Question 30

The two key processes in the social­learning view of sex­role development are:

A)modeling and differential reinforcement.
B)modeling and gender segregation.
C)differential reinforcement and personality development.
D)personality formation and socialization.

Question 31

Freud believed that children acquire their identity through:

A)differentiation and affiliation.
B)observation.
C)imitation.
D)gender schemas.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of an affiliative behavior that 3­year­old Susie might engage in?

A)smiling at another child who has just arrived for school
B)taking a toy from another child who is playing nearby
C)knocking down a tower of blocks that another child just built
D)telling the teacher that another child is not using his "indoor voice"

Question 33

According to Freud, girls ____________ their mothers, while boys ____________ their mothers.

A)differentiate from; affiliate with
B)blame; affiliate with
C)affiliate with; differentiate from
D)differentiate from; love

Question 34

According to Freud, when girls discover they do not have a penis, they:

A)blame their father.
B)blame their mother.
C)withdraw their love from both parents.
D)refuse to compete with their mother for their father's affection.

Question 35

Freud believed that women were ____________ versions of men due to their failure to ____________ their mothers.

A)superior; affiliate with
B)superior; differentiate from
C)inferior; affiliate with
D)inferior; differentiate from

Question 36

____________ is a psychological process in which children try to look, act, feel, and be like significant people in their social environment.

A)Socialization
B)Personality formation
C)Gender segregation
D)Identification

Question 37

One area that has attracted the attention of researchers interested in identification in early childhood is:

A)sex­role identity.
B)vocational identity.
C)religious identity.
D)national identity.

Question 38

In the stage following the oral and anal stages of development, Freud said children:

A)become interested in their own genitals as a source of pleasure.
B)suppress their sexual desires as a defense against the dangerous feelings they provoke.
C)display a great interest in learning the skills possessed by adults.
D)recognize that some objects in the external world are like themselves.

Question 39

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory of development, around the fourth year children begin to regard their own genitals as a major source of pleasure. What is the name of this stage of development?

A)oral
B)phallic
C)anal
D)latency

Question 40

The paths that boys and girls take to establish their gender identity are:

A)the same because they both begin to identify with their parents.
B)different because boys must separate from the parent with whom they have had the closer relationship.
C)different because of their respective differences from, and similarities to, their mother.
D)different because girls must separate from the parent with whom they have had the closer relationship.

Question 41

Kohlberg believes that sex­role concepts derive from:

A)a gender schema.
B)instinctual wishes.
C)passive social training.
D)children's active structuring of their experience.

Question 42

According to the social­learning view of sex­role development, which group do you think should display the MOST sex­typed behavior?

A)boys with older brothers
B)girls with no siblings
C)girls with older brothers
D)boys with older sisters

Question 43

Which of the following findings presents a challenge to Kohlberg's account of sex role identity development?

A)Young children learn about their own sex before they learn about the sex of others.
B)Young children may believe that both boys and girls can grow up to be mommies.
C)Young children imitate the behavior of same­sex models before they are able to identify their own sex.
D)Young children may think that they can change their sex by growing or cutting their hair.

Question 44

Which theory of gender­role development places the MOST emphasis on children's resolution of conflicts between their desires and their fears?

A)psychodynamic
B)social learning
C)gender schema
D)cultural

Question 45

A gender schema is a mental model that is used to process:

A)names of male and female persons.
B)sex­typed toys.
C)knowledge about the process of reproduction.
D)all types of gender­relevant information.

Question 46

A mental model containing information about males and females is a:

A)gender role.
B)gender schema.
C)gender identity.
D)motor reproduction process.

Question 47

A piece of evidence that is troublesome for cognitive­ developmental theory is:

A)the existence of sex­role constancy.
B)the strength of sex­role stereotypes.
C)playing with sex­appropriate toys at too young an age.
D)the tendency of boys to imitate sex­inappropriate behavior.

Question 48

Gender schema theory is an explanation of how children's sexual identity develops that includes elements of:

A)psychoanalysis and social­learning theory.
B)psychoanalysis and cognitive­developmental theory.
C)classical and operant conditioning and humanistic theory.
D)social­learning theory and cognitive­developmental theory.

Question 49

Carlos is fascinated by stories about princesses. He thinks that when he becomes a girl, he might be able to be a princess too. Carlos has yet to develop an understanding of ____________.

A)gender identity
B)gender stability
C)gender schemas
D)gender roles

Question 50

Claire got upset when she saw Brady wearing one of the dresses in the dress­up corner. She thought that if Brady wore a dress he was a girl, not a boy. Claire has yet to develop an understanding of ____________.

A)gender identity
B)gender schemas
C)gender­typed behaviors
D)gender constancy

Question 51

Cognitive structures that guide the ways children interpret gender­relevant information are called:

A)gender stereotypes.
B)gender roles.
C)gender schemas.
D)gender plans.

Question 52

Which of the following results is revealed by research on children's knowledge of gender stereotypes?

A)Children who spend time in contexts in which gender is emphasized are likely to demonstrate rigid gender stereotypes.
B)Children who spend time in gender neutral contexts demonstrate high levels of gender stereotyping.
C)Children tend to be more knowledgeable about female stereotypes than male stereotypes.
D)Boys are more likely than girls to be familiar with both male and female stereotypes.

Question 53

The two key processes in the social­learning view of sex­role development are modeling and:

A)differential reinforcement.
B)gender segregation.
C)personality development.
D)socialization.

Question 54

Kohlberg's cognitive­developmental model of sex­role identification and gender schema theory differ in which of the following ways?

A)Gender schema theory emphasizes the role of cognitive structures.
B)Kohlberg's model assumes that the environment affects the child's understanding indirectly.
C)Kohlberg's model says that gender concepts guide action.
D)Gender schema theory assumes that schemas guide behavior from the earliest stages of development.

Question 55

Kohlberg believed that sex­role development goes through which of the following series of stages:

A)sex­role identity, sex­role stability, sex­role constancy.
B)sex­role stability, sex­role constancy, sex­role identity.
C)sex­role constancy, sex­role identity, sex­role stability.
D)sex­role identity, sex­role constancy, sex­role stability.

Question 56

According to gender schema theory, at the same time children are discovering how to classify people and objects in terms of their gender, they:

A)experiment with toys they believe are for the opposite sex.
B)begin to incorporate gender information into their scripts for familiar activities.
C)are developing a mental module for appropriate sex­ roles.
D)play with children of the opposite sex.

Question 57

In coming to understand their gender role, children rely on:

A)peers and siblings.
B)parents and other adults.
C)gender stereotypes communicated in their culture.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 58

Within a social­learning view of identification, ____________ is the process by which children observe and imitate individuals of the same sex as themselves.

A)modeling
B)differential reinforcement
C)socialization
D)personality formation

Question 59

Sophia is given the chance to play with a Spider­man action figure and a mermaid doll. She is later asked to remember details about these toys. According to the gender schema view of sex­role development, which of the following results is MOST likely to occur?

A)Sophia will remember more about the Spider­man action figure than the mermaid doll.
B)Sophia will remember more about the mermaid doll than the Spider­man action figure.
C)Sophia will remember an equal number of details about each toy.
D)Sophia's nonverbal behavior will reveal that she remembers details of the Spider­man action figure, but she will be unable to express this knowledge verbally.

Question 60

Kohlberg's cognitive­developmental stages of sex­role development include:

A)gender information becoming a part of one's scripts for routine events.
B)a boy beginning to define himself as masculine, and then differentiate himself from his mother.
C)modeling oneself after the person one has taken as a model, and then wanting to replace that same­sex model.
D)labeling oneself as a boy or girl, and then understanding that one's sex role is stable and constant over time.

Question 61

The scripts that children encounter in their daily lives lead them to create a personal narrative referred to as:

A)autobiographical memory.
B)a mental module.
C)a gender schema.
D)sex­role constancy.

Question 62

In what way do adults contribute to children's construction of autobiographical memories?

A)Adults focus on helping children remember events in as accurate a manner as possible.
B)Adults focus on helping children remember events in ways that reinforce moral lessons.
C)Adults move from being primarily responsible for helping children remember events to playing a more supportive role in this process.
D)Adults are uninvolved in helping children remember events.

Question 63

In a study by Margaret Caughy and her colleagues, the most common ethnicity­related messages communicated by African­American parents to their preschool­aged children are:

A)messages that emphasized cultural heritage and pride.
B)messages that emphasized mistrust of the majority ethnicity.
C)preparation for encountering bias.
D)messages encouraging the equality of all ethnicities.

Question 64

Which of the following patterns of results would you expect to see among children from cultures that define male roles more rigidly than female roles?

A)Girls and boys would have equal knowledge of male gender roles.
B)Girls would know more than boys about male gender roles.
C)Boys would know more than girls about female gender roles.
D)Both boys and girls would not have equal knowledge of male gender rules.

Question 65

In early childhood, children's self descriptions tend to be:

A)generalized traits, such as "being smart."
B)specific characteristics, such as "I have a brother."
C)characteristics that are well­integrated into a personality structure, such as "always trying to be good."
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 66

In a famous study of racial and ethnic identity that asked 3­year­old African­American children which of two dolls they would like to play with, these children seemed to prefer:

A)the black doll.
B)the white doll.
C)any doll but the white doll.
D)whichever doll was the same sex as the child.

Question 67

Parents whose ethnic socialization strategies emphasize ____________ tend to have children with strong cognitive skills and few behavior problems.

A)the promotion of ethnic heritage and pride
B)preparing children for bias
C)the equality of members of all ethnicities
D)the promotion of mistrust for the majority group

Question 68

When a mother asks her little girl, "Do you remember when we stopped at the light and the man in an ape suit waved?" the mother is assisting in creating:

A)a personality.
B)a social role.
C)sex­typed behaviors.
D)autobiographical memory.

Question 69

Ethnicity­related messages communicated to children by their parents are also called:

A)ethnic schemas.
B)ethnic preparation.
C)ethnic socialization.
D)ethnic emphasis.

Question 70

In Freudian terms, the mental structure present at birth that is the main source of psychological energy is called:

A)the ego.
B)the superego.
C)the id.
D)repression.

Question 71

As parents participate in creating stories that become part of a child's autobiographical memory, they:

A)are not influenced by the larger culture but by the specifics of the child's experiences that become part of the memory.
B)help children to incorporate negative characteristics into their narrative structures beginning in early childhood.
C)influence what the child remembers and may also embellish or exaggerate the stories.
D)generally focus on objective facts and teaching moral lessons.

Question 72

A magazine advertisement depicting a young boy with painted toenails received a great deal of negative media attention, whereas a similar advertisement featuring a young girl covered in dirt after playing football was barely noticed. This imbalance MOST likely reflects Western culture's greater:

A)acceptance of sex­stereotyped behavior of girls than of boys.
B)acceptance of sex­stereotyped behavior of boys than of girls.
C)intolerance of girls crossing category boundaries than boys crossing them.
D)intolerance of boys crossing category boundaries than of girls crossing them.

Question 73

The sense of belonging to an ethnic group is known as:

A)ethnic formation.
B)ethnic socialization.
C)ethnic schema.
D)ethnic identity.

Question 74

Later interpretation of early studies of the development of racial and ethnic identity casts doubt on which of the following?

A)Minority group children acquire a generalized negative ethnic self­concept.
B)African­American children define themselves in terms of their own racial group.
C)Minority children's choice of white dolls is an expression of their desire for the power and wealth of white people.
D)Children show a greater preference for dolls representing their own group when tested in their native language.

Question 75

According to Freud, children begin to feel guilt once they have:

A)acquired an ego.
B)experienced punishment.
C)passed their first birthday.
D)internalized adult standards.

Question 76

Beverly recalls a conversation in which she told her young son, Jonathan, that his African ancestors were not just passive victims during the slave trade, but had found ways to resist their victimization. What is the likely goal of this common type of ethnicity­related message?

A)to communicate cultural heritage and pride.
B)to promote mistrust of the majority race.
C)to prepare children for encountering bias.
D)to encourage children to understand the equality of all races.

Question 77

A person's subjective sense of self as an individual who persists over time is known as his or her:

A)me­self.
B)I­self.
C)outward self.
D)inner self.

Question 78

In Freudian terms, the mental structure that develops as the infant is forced by reality to cope with the social world is called the:

A)id.
B)superego.
C)conscience.
D)ego.

Question 79

In Freudian terms, a mental structure that represents the authority of the social group is called the:

A)id.
B)superego.
C)collective unconscious.
D)ego.

Question 80

Young children's tendency to offer extremely positive descriptions of themselves is MOST likely due to their:

A)difficulty distinguishing between how they would like to be, and how they actually are.
B)difficulty distinguishing between their own behaviors and those of others.
C)internalization of the constant praise that they receive from adults.
D)tendency to remember successes more than failures.