Deck 6: Emotional and Social Development During Infancy

Question 1

Nina is extremely angry at her sister for wearing her new sweater without asking. Before approaching her sister, Nina counts to 10 and takes a few deep breaths. Developmentalists would explain that Nina is engaging in:

A)differential emotions.
B)gradual emotion dissipation.
C)emotion regulation.
D)emotional pragmatism.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which is an example of primary intersubjectivity?

A)A child turns her gaze toward the door when her mother looks that direction.
B)Seeing his mother's look of alarm, a child cries when approached by a large dog.
C)A child takes a turn smiling at his mother and being smiled at in return.
D)A child is upset when she is left with a babysitter while her parents go out.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Emotions are which of the following?

A)feelings aroused by an experience
B)feelings accompanied by physiological reactions
C)psychological reactions that move us to action
D)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Researchers use the "still­face" method to explore:

A)whether newborns can identify their mothers when shown a set of pictures of adult women.
B)the impact of infant facial expression on mothers' motivation to interact with them.
C)how babies react to people who fail to respond to them in normally synchronous ways.
D)how long babies will look at a stimuli before becoming bored.

Question 5

The current state of our understanding of those emotions present at birth can be summarized in which of the following ways?

A)Psychologists generally agree that infants are too young to experience true emotions.
B)Psychologists generally agree that infants experience only two general kinds of emotions, one positive and one negative.
C)Psychologists generally agree that newborn infants' capacity for certain emotions emerges with development.
D)There are universal basic emotions that are expressed in similar ways in all cultures.

Question 6

A theory that considers how particular emotions contribute to infants' survival and development is called the:

A)emotion regulation approach.
B)theory of gradual differentiation.
C)differential emotions theory.
D)ontogenetic adaptations view.

Question 7

Primary intersubjectivity is defined as:

A)the repetition of actions that are pleasurable in and of themselves.
B)the recognition and sharing of emotional states between caregivers and infants.
C)the adaptation of an emotion in response to external stimulation.
D)a shared attention of infant and caregiver to a physical object in the environment.

Question 8

How do typically developing babies react when their mothers stop responding to them in a normally responsive manner?

A)They make deliberate attempts to reengage their mothers by smiling and cooing.
B)They become fussy and avert their gaze.
C)They show no evidence of noticing their mothers' unusual behavior.
D)They immediately fall asleep.

Question 9

Newborns' facial expressions are:

A)similar to those of adults.
B)extremely culture­specific.
C)very difficult to differentiate.
D)controlled by higher brain centers.

Question 10

An infant's first smiles:

A)are endogenous, associated with physiological functions.
B)are triggered by seeing their mothers' faces.
C)usually occur only when they are wide awake.
D)are exogenous, or in response to environmental stimuli.

Question 11

At what age would you expect to see infants begin to smile in response to the smiles of others?

A)4 weeks
B)6 weeks
C)8 weeks
D)3 months

Question 12

When infants first begin to become distressed during an interaction with a caregiver, they are likely to ____________.

A)cry uncontrollably
B)shut their eyes
C)pout
D)become unresponsive

Question 13

Research suggests that maternal depression influences parent­child interactions in which of the following ways?

A)Mothers who suffer from depression are overly animated with their infants, causing infants to disengage from interactions.
B)Mothers who suffer from depression are relatively unresponsive to their infants, causing babies to disengage from interactions.
C)Mothers who suffer from depression over­stimulate their infants, causing babies to protest during interactions.
D)Mothers who suffer from depression are relatively unresponsive to their infants, causing babies to become extremely agitated during interactions.

Question 14

The idea that infants are born with the capacity to express only general positive or negative emotions is consistent with which of the following theories?

A)differential emotions theory
B)theory of gradual differentiation
C)ontogenetic adaptations approach
D)emotion regulation theory

Question 15

Marcella covers her eyes with her hands when the wicked witch appears on her television screen. What type of behavior is Marcella engaging in?

A)emotion regulation
B)emotion differentiation
C)emotion adaptation
D)primary intersubjectivity

Question 16

Jiggar is walking through a dark alley. Which of Jaggar's responses to this situation demonstrates the cognitive aspect of emotion?

A)His heart is beating rapidly.
B)He feels afraid.
C)He walks faster.
D)He imagines that he is walking on a sunny beach.

Question 17

An infant's smiles are truly social when they:

A)occur in response to changes in brain waves.
B)are triggered by sights and sounds from outside.
C)occur during sleep as well as during waking times.
D)occur in response to, and elicit the smiles of, another person.

Question 18

With reference to emotions, researchers agree that:

A)basic emotional expressions are innate.
B)there are six categories of emotion present at birth.
C)as infants grow, their range of emotional expressions is reduced as new intellectual capacities expand.
D)as infants grow older, their initial repertoire of emotions expands to include new emotions.

Question 19

Differential emotions theory explains that new emotions ____________.

A)emerge according to a biologically determined timetable
B)emerge from more general positive and negative reactions
C)are due to reciprocal interactions with adults
D)emerge to ensure an infant's survival

Question 20

Research on facial expressions has found that:

A)emotional expression varied from culture to culture.
B)the ways in which emotions are facially expressed are universal.
C)infants facial expressions of emotion differ vastly from those of adults.
D)infants have a more varied range of emotional expressions than adults.

Question 21

Freud would MOST likely agree with which ideas about attachment?

A)Children become attached to those who satisfy their basic biological drives.
B)There is no "one right pattern" of attachment that is universal across all cultures.
C)Children become attached to those they learn to trust.
D)Different patterns of attachment are found across different cultural groups.

Question 22

At about what age do the first overt signs of distress at separation from their mothers appear in infants?

A)3 months
B)5 months
C)7 months
D)12 months

Question 23

Which of the following is a sign that infants have become attached to their caretakers?

A)distress on separation
B)decreasing fear of strangers
C)crying when reunited after an absence
D)the ability to tolerate lengthy separations

Question 24

Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys support which ideas about attachment?

A)Freud's drive reduction theory
B)Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
C)Ainsworth's strange situation theory
D)Bowlby's evolutionary theory

Question 25

The discovery of mirror neurons was sparked by:

A)decades of work researching the brain functioning of rats.
B)brain imaging studies of 4-6 week old infants.
C)an accidental event that occurred during a study of monkey brain activity.
D)statistical analysis of patterns of imitation among newborn babies.

Question 26

Research has shown that infants less than 1­hour­old will imitate certain facial actions of others. This behavior is explained as due, in part, to ____________.

A)mirror neurons
B)early learning abilities
C)an emerging sense of self
D)deliberate attempts to establish social connections.

Question 27

Newborn monkeys who were removed from their mothers and placed in cages with two inanimate "substitute" mothers exhibited which of the following behaviors?

A)avoidance of both "mothers"
B)a preference for the terry cloth "mother" over the wire "mother"
C)a preference for the wire "mother" over the terry cloth "mother"
D)a distinct preference for whichever "mother" was equipped to provide milk

Question 28

Which of the following argued that satisfaction of biological drives is a primary motivator for attachment relationships?

A)Bowlby
B)Harlow
C)Freud
D)Ainsworth

Question 29

According to John Bowlby, when children are subject to long periods of separation from a primary caregiver and no new stable relationship is formed, they move into a psychological state he called:

A)anxiety.
B)resistance.
C)attachment.
D)detachment.

Question 30

An example of a biological drive is:

A)hunger.
B)attachment.
C)myelination.
D)physical growth.

Question 31

According to Bowlby's observations, children who were separated from their parents for long periods eventually:

A)fell into a permanent state of despair.
B)became indifferent to other people, unless new relationships were formed.
C)became, and stayed, frantic with fear until the new caretakers were found.
D)forgot about their parents and learned to interact happily with multiple caretakers.

Question 32

Mirror neurons are:

A)neurons that fire differently when an animal observes an action and when an animal then engages in the same action.
B)neurons that fire when an animal encounters another animal of the same species.
C)more accurately known as "mirror neuron systems," as they have not yet been precisely located.
D)only found in infants being raised in cultures that engage in proximal caregiving.

Question 33

According to Harriet Oster, pouting is ____________.

A)a component of crying
B)a deliberate attempt to maintain social contact
C)governed by mirror neurons
D)an ontogenetic adaptation that interrupts intense crying

Question 34

Meltzoff & Decety's research demonstrates that infants are able to imitate facial actions of others as early as:

A)42 minutes of age.
B)3 weeks of age.
C)3 months of age.
D)14 months of age.

Question 35

When pouting, infants typically:

A)close their eyes in distress.
B)remain visually focused on their caregiver.
C)turn away from their caregiver.
D)are unable to be comforted.

Question 36

Freud suggested that babies become attached to those who satisfy their need for:

A)food.
B)sleep.
C)exploration.
D)contact comfort.

Question 37

Which theory of attachment did Harlow's monkey studies help to rule out?

A)the social theory
B)the evolutionary theory
C)the drive­reduction theory
D)the behavioral­learning theory

Question 38

When infants orient their actions to their caretaker, this is a sign of:

A)insecurity.
B)attachment.
C)independence.
D)a difficult temperament.

Question 39

Harlow's initial monkey studies using wire and cloth "mothers" were carried out to test the role of which of the following in the formation of attachment?

A)trust
B)memory
C)autonomy
D)drive reduction

Question 40

Children of depressed mothers are often found to have:

A)anxiety disorders.
B)outgoing personalities.
C)delays in the development of secondary emotions.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 41

In the absence of their mothers in the "strange situation," which children are as likely to be comforted by a stranger as they would be by their mothers?

A)resistant
B)avoidant
C)securely attached
D)No children can be comforted as well by a stranger.

Question 42

Yoshi's mother has left him alone with an unfamiliar caregiver, Yoshi seems perfectly content and does not become upset. What phase of attachment is Yoshi likely in?

A)the preattachment phase
B)the attachment­in­the­making phase
C)the clear­cut attachment phase
D)the reciprocal relationship phase

Question 43

From observations of the adult behavior of surrogate­ raised monkeys, it has been concluded that:

A)inanimate surrogates can make perfectly acceptable mother substitutes for infant monkeys.
B)an adequate amount of milk is both necessary and sufficient for infant monkeys' normal development.
C)social interaction with other monkeys is necessary for infant monkeys' healthy social development.
D)an adequate amount of contact comfort is both necessary and sufficient for infant monkeys' normal development.

Question 44

Research on the patterns of attachment has been greatly influenced by:

A)Freud's drive reduction theory.
B)Erikson's psychosocial stage theory.
C)Ainsworth's strange situation procedure.
D)Bowlby's evolutionary theory.

Question 45

In their studies of infant monkeys, how could Harlow and his colleagues tell when monkeys were attached to their surrogate mothers?

A)The monkeys would prefer to look at the surrogate mother that had fed them.
B)The monkeys would only take milk from the mother to which they were attached.
C)The monkeys would run to the surrogate mother when frightened by a strange object, then use the mother as a base from which to explore.
D)Their later social interactions with other monkeys were normal if they had been raised by a surrogate to which they had become attached.

Question 46

Which of the following BEST supports Bowlby's belief that attachment is a highly evolved system of regulation?

A)Baby monkeys showed a distinct preference for cloth­covered substitute mothers over wire substitute mothers.
B)Monkeys that developed attachment relationships with cloth­covered substitute mothers found comfort in the substitute, but did not form normal relationships with other monkeys later in life.
C)Harlow concluded from his studies that "these results attest to the importance-possibly overwhelming importance-of bodily contact and the immediate comfort it supplies in forming the infant's attachment for its mother."
D)Monkeys demonstrated attachment to their cloth­ covered mother after separations of up to a year.

Question 47

According to Bowlby, a state of detachment is formed when children:

A)are first separated from their caregivers in the absence of a new attachment figure.
B)are separated from their caregivers for an extended period of time in the absence of a new attachment figure.
C)are allowed to form multiple attachments.
D)form attachments to other children only.

Question 48

Which of the following descriptions best describes an infant in the "attachment­in­the­ making" phase?

A)Jin is playing in the sandbox while his mother is reading a magazine.Every so often they interrupt what they are doing to renew contact with each other.
B)Alena has recently started to become wary when people she doesn't know attempt to interact with her.
C)Marty becomes visibly distressed when his mother leaves the room.
D)Eva is not distressed when left with an unfamiliar caregiver.

Question 49

Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues studied attachment in human infants using:

A)strange objects.
B)surrogate mothers.
C)the "strange situation."
D)frame­by­frame film analysis.

Question 50

When reunited with their mothers in the "strange situation," which type children are fairly easily consoled and soon resume playing?

A)detached
B)resistant
C)avoidant
D)securely attached

Question 51

In Bowlby's explanation of attachment, a balance is established between the infant's need for proximity to the mother and his need for:

A)food.
B)sleep.
C)comfort.
D)learning experiences.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT an example of developmental continuity?

A)The internal working model that children acquire through the attachment formation process guides their interactions with other people.
B)The pattern of a mother serving as a secure base for exploration is found across human and primate species.
C)Attachment occurs during the first stage of development as children resolve the conflict of trust vs. mistrust.
D)If children do not form a stable relationship with a caregiver(s), they will become indifferent to other people.

Question 53

Who contributed an evolutionary perspective to the study of attachment?

A)Piaget
B)Fischer
C)Erikson
D)Bowlby

Question 54

The distress that babies show when the person to whom they are attached leaves is called:

A)stranger wariness.
B)drive reduction.
C)detachment.
D)separation anxiety.

Question 55

The term internal working model is associated with which theoretical perspective on attachment?

A)Freud's drive­reduction theory
B)Erikson's psychosocial theory
C)Bowlby's ethological theory
D)Harlow's maturational theory

Question 56

According to Bowlby, infants achieve a firm, reciprocal emotional relationship with caregivers, and this relationship helps the infant cope with increasing frequent and lengthy separations. Because of infants' growing symbolic capacities, parent­child attachments begin to serve as ____________ that can guide their interactions with caregivers and others.

A)positive reinforcment
B)an early from of induction
C)an internal working model
D)a tertiary circular reaction

Question 57

The hypothesized mechanism that provides a balance between an infant's need for safety and desire for learning experiences is called:

A)autonomy.
B)attachment.
C)secure base.
D)disattachment.

Question 58

According to Bowlby's attachment theory, the mother serves as a:

A)model.
B)secure base.
C)source of conflict.
D)vehicle for needs reduction.

Question 59

American middle­class children display behavior classified as "securely attached" in the "strange situation" about what percent of the time?

A)12
B)25
C)65
D)95

Question 60

Secure base is the term that John Bowlby used to describe the:

A)physical changes that allow the child to balance while walking on two legs.
B)psychological changes that allow the child to think about absent objects.
C)social changes that make it easier to the child to show secondary emotions.
D)people whose presence provides the security necessary for exploration.

Question 61

Research on fathers as caregivers indicates:

A)they respond as sensitively to their babies feeding rhythms as do mothers.
B)when fathers are judged to be sensitive caregivers, their babies are as attached to them as they are to their mothers.
C)both a and b are correct.
D)both a and b are incorrect.

Question 62

At present, the most comprehensive study by the U.S. government on the effects of daycare has found a slight negative relationship between the hours young children spend in day care and:

A)attachment relationships.
B)social behavior.
C)intellectual development.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 63

In avoidant attachment, as measured in the "strange situation":

A)infants cry when their mothers leave the room, and seek them out for comfort when they return.
B)infants appear anxious in their mother's presence, and are more relaxed and playful when their mothers leave the room.
C)infants may or may not cry when their mothers leave the room, and do not seek them out for comfort when they return.
D)infants become upset when their mothers leave the room, but alternately seek and pull away from them when they return.

Question 64

In the "strange situation," ____________ children tend to be upset, even in their mother's presence.

A)detached
B)resistant
C)avoidant
D)securely attached

Question 65

Under what conditions would you most expect a baby to become securely attached to a childcare provider?

A)when the child is in care for over 20 hours per week
B)when the child's care provider is female
C)when the child's parents do not offer sensitive and responsive caregiving
D)when the child­caregiver ratio is low

Question 66

Which category of attachment is used to describe children who appear to have no coherent, organized method for dealing with the stress they experience in the strange situation?

A)disorganized
B)securely attached
C)anxious/avoidant
D)anxious/resistant

Question 67

Jay Belsky is prominent among those who believe extensive time spent in infant out­of­home care during the first year of life:

A)has no significant effect.
B)is likely to lead to insecure patterns of attachment.
C)can be beneficial in developing the social skills of the infant.
D)cannot be investigated due to too many other intervening variables.

Question 68

Jay Belsky has reported negative effects of out­of­ home care for:

A)infants under 1 year of age who spend any time in out­of­home care.
B)infants under 1 year of age who spend more than 20 hours/week in out­of­home care.
C)children under 3 years of age who spend any time in out­of­home care.
D)children under 3 years of age who spend less than 20 hours/week in out­of­home care.

Question 69

Which of the following accurately describes research on father­infant attachment?

A)Infant­father pairs are more likely to demonstrate insecure patterns of attachment than infant­mother pairs.
B)Infant­father attachment relationships depend on fathers' sensitivity to children's needs.
C)Regardless of the quality of attachment to fathers, babies turn to mothers for comfort when under stress.
D)Attachment to fathers is not established until the second year of a child's life.

Question 70

Ainsworth and her colleagues identified four primary attachment statuses. Which of the following is one of these types?

A)unpredictable
B)controversial
C)healthy
D)avoidant

Question 71

Babies can form attachments to which of the following individuals?

A)parents
B)childcare providers
C)older children
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 72

What is the basic purpose of the "strange situation" procedure?

A)to determine whether infants are being neglected or abused by caregivers
B)to investigate whether infants are sufficiently independent from their caregivers for healthy development to proceed
C)to assess the quality of infant­caregiver attachment relationships
D)to provide training to caregivers to help them better meet the needs of infants

Question 73

How are family influences thought to cause differences in attachment relations?

A)Difficult conditions are likely to lower parental sensitivity, and children may feel insecure when they experience unpredictable caregiving.
B)Parents living in poverty do not generally care about their children.
C)Parents experiencing marital difficulties tend to focus more on their marital partner than their child.
D)A child's temperamental difficulties lead to increased stress for a family.

Question 74

Ainsworth and Bell found that infants who later behaved as though they were securely attached had mothers who had been rated during early infancy as more:

A)verbal.
B)passive.
C)controlling.
D)responsive.

Question 75

Approximately what percentage of U.S. women with children under the age of six are employed outside of the home?

A)10
B)30
C)60
D)90

Question 76

Which of the following is thought to cause variations in patterns of attachment?

A)the behavior of the caretaker to the child
B)the capacities and temperamental disposition of the child
C)the child­rearing patterns of the cultural group to which the mother and child belong
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 77

Recent analysis of research comparing attachment to mothers and fathers in the "strange situation" found that infants who were attached to one parent:

A)cried at the sight of the other parent.
B)were also attached to the other parent.
C)clung to that parent during the assessment.
D)were less likely to be attached to the other parent.

Question 78

To develop a secure attachment, mothers and infants need to be:

A)part of a cohesive family.
B)together most of the time.
C)responsive to one another.
D)frequently left alone together.

Question 79

Which family influences have been found to affect attachment?

A)poverty
B)marital difficulties
C)maternal depression
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 80

Children rated as falling into the ____________ category of attachment are indifferent to the presence of their mother in the "strange situation," while children in the ____________ category stay close to their mother and appear anxious even when she is near.

A)resistant; avoidant
B)avoidant; resistant
C)disorganized; avoidant
D)disorganized; securely attached