Deck 3: Ethological Theories: Darwin, Lorenz, Tinbergen, and Bowlby and Ainsworth

Question 1

According to Ainsworth, in the healthiest pattern of attachment, the child is

A) able to explore without the mother's presence
B) securely attached
C) vigilant
D) cognitively gifted

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Bowlby believed that

A) there is a form of imprinting in humans
B) instincts are never found in humans
C) Ainsworth's research was over-rated
D) all of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In their child rearing advice, Bowlby and Ainsworth say parents should

A) be authoritative but not authoritarian
B) teach children early independence
C) take their cues from their children
D) master goal-corrected behavior

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Laboratory research by Hess documented the ending of the critical or sensitive period for imprinting is associated with

A) locomotion
B) visual acuity
C) the capacity for association learning
D) the onset of the fear response

Question 5

Some contemporary ethologists prefer the term "sensitive period" to "critical period" to convey

A) greater sensitivity to children
B) more flexible boundaries
C) preprogrammed infant sensitivity
D) all of the above

Question 6

According to Bowlby, a human baby crawling after a parent

A) is following innate, evolved tendencies
B) has "imprinted" on the parent
C) is attached to the parent
D) all of the above

Question 7

Ethologists believe instincts

A) are released by specific external stimuli
B) are released by a variety of internal and external stimuli
C) are what we ordinarily call "drives"
D) lack external stimuli

Question 8

The Bowlby/Ainsworth advice on child-rearing is most similar to that of

A) Locke
B) preformationism
C) Aries
D) Gesell

Question 9

In Bowlby's scheme, which of the following does not occur during the same phase of attachment?

A) the Moro reflex
B) social smiling
C) greeting a returning parent
D) cooing and babbling

Question 10

Ainsworth

A) is credited with the concept of using the parent as "a base of support"
B) considered Bowlby to be too preoccupied with evolutionary theory
C) could be criticized for basing all her ideas on white, middle class families
D) all of the above

Question 11

In Bolwby's scheme, which does not begin in the same phase of attachment?

A) crying out for a departing parent
B) babbling
C) separation anxiety
D) stranger anxiety

Question 12

Our early ancestors seem to have foraged about in small groups and were threatened by large predators. Bowlby referred to this as

A) the early period of attachment formation
B) early proximity-seeking behavior
C) the pre-technological period
D) the environment of adaptedness

Question 13

Darwin believed that

A) species evolved b . humans and nonhuman animals share many traits
C). nonhuman animals can show intelligent behavior
D) all of the above

Question 14

Imprinting is most precisely defined as the process by which

A) the releasing stimuli of instincts are filled in
B) animals learn to follow their principal attachment figures
C) animals learn the environment of adaptedness
D) both humans and animals learn the objects of later sexual desires

Question 15

Bowlby's theory draws on the work of

A) Locke
B) Rousseau
C) Lorenz
D) all of the above

Question 16

Between about 2 and 3 months, social smiles are elicited

A) by any human feature
B) primarily by caresses
C) primarily by faces in the frontal position
D) primarily by principal and secondary attachment figures

Question 17

According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, a one-year-old boy who uses the mother as a "base of support"

A) behaves in a healthy manner
B) is a bit too dependent for this age
C) is likely to be classified as insecure-ambivalent
D) is likely to be classified as insecure-avoidant

Question 18

Darwin

A) showed little promise as a child
B) was fascinated by wildlife
C) waited many years before publishing his famous work
D) all of the above

Question 19

In Bowlby's scheme, a baby restricts smiling to familiar people

A) during the second phase
B) during the third phase
C) when she shows a fear of strangers
D) when she develops partnership behavior

Question 20

According to Darwin

A) Wallace was wrong and Lamarck was right
B) evolution hinges on differential reproduction
C) newly learned skills are passed on to the next generation
D) evolution usually occurs in quick spurts

Question 21

In a special discussion on the ethological approach to play, the textbook author says

A) play seems present in all young mammals
B) play seems unique to humans and other primates
C) play is primarily a product of culture
D) Bowlby's theory of play was quite correct

Question 22

Research suggests that the parents of insecure-ambivalent children

A) are ambivalent about their desire to have children
B) are primarily ambivalent about their children's exploratory drive
C) are preoccupied with winning their own parents' love
D) repress most feelings concerning attachment

Question 23

Ainsworth describes insecure-avoidant children as

A) avoiding new situations whenever possible
B) avoiding strangers at all costs, but clinging to the mother
C) consistently independent in both the home and the Strange Situation
D) reacting defensively to the threat of maternal unresponsiveness