Deck 9: Speech Perception and Reading

Question 1

Which of the following empirical findings is NOT predicted by the E-Z Reader model of reading?

A) The fixation time on a word is longer if it is preceded by a rare word
B) Eye fixations at the centre of words are longer than those at either end
C) The effects of frequency
D) The effects of predictability
E) Cost of skipping

Answer 1

Eye fixations at the centre of words are longer than those at either end

Question 2

Liberman et al. (1967) argued that listeners mimic:

A) Wording used by the speaker to establish common ground
B) The articulatory movements of the speaker
C) Hand gestures to facilitate communication
D) Eye gaze to etablish common ground
E) Emotional responses

Answer 2

The articulatory movements of the speaker

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT describe one of the findings that formed the basis of the E-Z Reader model of reading?

A) Words that are not fixated tend to be uncommon and unpredictable
B) Rare words are fixated for longer than common words
C) Words that are more predictable in the sentence context are fixated for less time
D) The fixation time on a word is longer if it is preceded by a rare word
E) Words not fixated tend to be common and short

Answer 3

Words that are not fixated tend to be uncommon and unpredictable

Question 4

An ambiguous initial phoneme is more likely to be assigned to a given phoneme category when it produces a word than when it does not. This phenomenon is known as the:

A) Ganong effect
B) Phonemic restoration effect
C) Spillover effect
D) Lexical bias effect
E) Categorical effect

Question 5

The findings of Neely (1977) demonstrate that word identification is influenced by:

A) Position in the sentence
B) Context
C) Practice
D) The response buffer
E) Working memory capacity

Question 6

Marslen-Wilson and Tyler's (1980) original model of speech perception, which emphasised interactions between bottom-up and top-down processes in spoken word recognition, is called the:

A) Cohort model
B) Dual-route model
C) E-Z Reader
D) Interactive activation model
E) TRACE model

Question 7

Which of the following is concerned with the sound of words?

A) Orthography
B) Word meaning
C) Syntax
D) Phonology
E) Prosody

Question 8

The distributed connectionist approach to reading (Plaut et al., 1996) is also known as what?

A) Dual-route model
B) Binary model
C) E-Z Reader
D) Triangle model
E) Five-point model

Question 9

The task that involves saying a printed word out loud as quickly as possible is the:

A) Lexical decision task
B) Naming task
C) Semantic substitution task
D) Reading span task
E) Lexical bias task

Question 10

Rayner et al. (2012) discussed which technique to determine the amount of text from which useful information can be obtained in each fixation?

A) Follow-the-dot
B) Backwards digit span
C) Occular disparity
D) Peripheral optometry
E) Moving window

Question 11

Reading involves the processing of:

A) Orthography
B) Word meaning
C) Syntax
D) Phonology
E) All of the above

Question 12

Warren and Warren's (1970) study of the influence of context on the perception of meaningless sounds demonstrated the:

A) Apposition tendency
B) Phonemic restoration effect
C) Spillover effect
D) Lexical bias effect
E) Lexical identification shift

Question 13

Prosodic cues are used to indicate sentence structure and meaning in speech; the equivalent though often less informative cues in written text are:

A) Punctuation marks
B) Discourse markers
C) Orthographic cues
D) Phonological cues
E) All of the above

Question 14

Difficulty in distinguishing words from the pattern of speech sounds is known as:

A) The binding problem
B) The coarticulation problem
C) The segmentation problem
D) The lateralisation issue
E) None of the above

Question 15

Woollams et al. (2007) studied patients with semantic dementia, finding that there was a strong association between impaired semantic knowledge and which other condition?

A) Phonological dyslexia
B) Surface dyslexia
C) Deep dyslexia
D) Phonological dysgraphia
E) Anomia

Question 16

The McGurk effect highlights listeners' reliance on:

A) Left-to-right language bias
B) Gender-specific cues
C) Regional dialectic cues
D) Lip-reading
E) Prosody

Question 17

Two words that differ in only one phoneme are said to be members of the same:

A) Soundscape
B) Semantic network
C) Phonological neighbourhood
D) Linguistic net
E) Scope

Question 18

According to the dual-route cascaded model of reading, a patient who could pronounce words with regular spelling-to-sound correspondences, but not irregular words, would be most likely to be reading via:

A) Route 1
B) Routes 1 and 3
C) Route 2
D) Routes 2 and 3
E) Route 3

Question 19

The abrupt boundary between phoneme categories contributes to which phenomenon?

A) Feature blending
B) Categorical perception
C) Consonant intensification
D) Reduplication
E) Singulation

Question 20

In what type of disorder would we expect to see problems with reading unfamiliar words and non-words?

A) Phonological dyslexia
B) Surface dyslexia
C) Deep dyselxia
D) Phonological dysgraphia
E) Anomia

Question 21

Which component of Ellis and Young's (1988) model of speech processing is concerned with the extraction of phonemes from the speech wave?

A) Auditory analysis system
B) Auditory input lexicon
C) Phoneme response buffer
D) Speech output lexicon
E) Semantic system

Question 22

Ellis and Young's (1988) model of speech processing predicts that a patient suffering from the symptoms of word meaning deafness is likely to be reading via which route?

A) Route 1
B) Routes 1 and 3
C) Route 2
D) Routes 2 and 3
E) Route 3

Question 23

Which of the following does not form part of Route 2 in Ellis and Young's (1988) model of speech processing?

A) Speech output lexicon
B) Semantic system
C) Phonemic response buffer
D) Auditory input lexicon
E) Auditory analysis system

Question 24

O'Rourke and Holcomb (2012) focused on the N400 component of the ERP waveform to determine whether processing speed depends on the:

A) Motor readiness potential
B) Stimulus luminance
C) Word frequency
D) Perceptual threshold
E) Uniqueness point

Question 25

Many studies have suggested that the TRACE model of speech perception may exaggerate the effects of:

A) Context
B) Practice
C) Top-down processes
D) Bottom-up processes
E) Word frequency

Question 26

The findings of McClelland et al. (1986) offer support for which model of speech perception?

A) Cohort model
B) Dual-route model
C) E-Z Reader
D) Interactive activation model
E) TRACE model