Deck 6: Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Question 1

Which effect appears to be stronger when participants are in a positive rather than negative mood, because they are motivated to alter negative moods?

A) Mood congruency effects
B) Learned helplessness
C) Trace-dependent forgetting
D) Mood-state-dependent memory
E) Repression

Answer 1

Mood-state-dependent memory

Question 2

The study by Eysenck and Eysenck (1980), involving nouns with irregular grapheme-phoneme correspondence, demonstrated the importance of what in creating lasting long-term memories?

A) Decay
B) Distinctiveness
C) Elaboration
D) Maintenance rehearsal
E) Similiarity

Answer 2

Distinctiveness

Question 3

The study by Allen et al. (2012) on visual stimuli whereby participants had to remember briefly a single feature or colour-shape combination offered support for the existence of which component of working memory?

A) Phonological loop
B) Episodic buffer
C) Central executive
D) Inner scribe
E) Articulatory loop

Answer 3

Episodic buffer

Question 4

According to the working memory model, words presented visually obtain access to the phonological loop indirectly through:

A) Subvocal articulation
B) Articulatory suppression
C) Rehearsal
D) Practice
E) The visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 5

Freud claimed threatening or traumatic memories often cannot gain access to conscious awareness. This is an example of:

A) Repression
B) Displacement
C) Denial
D) Regression
E) Projection

Question 6

Which brain area is most likely to be associated with the central executive?

A) Inferior frontal gyri
B) Middle frontal gyri
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Ventral prefrontal cortex
E) Occipital lobe

Question 7

Logie (1995) subdivided Baddeley's visuo-spatial sketchpad into the visual cache, and what additional component?

A) Phonological loop
B) Episodic buffer
C) Central executive
D) Inner scribe
E) Articulatory loop

Question 8

Which theory of memory was developed by Morris et al. (1977)?

A) Multi-store model
B) Working memory model
C) Levels of processing theory
D) Transfer-appropriate processing theory
E) Source monitoring theory

Question 9

The process whereby information is fixed into long-term memory is termed:

A) Storage
B) Knowledge transfer
C) Encoding
D) Consolidation
E) Rehearsal

Question 10

Godden and Baddeley (1980) failed to find the typical superior memory performance for participants who learned and were tested in the same physical environment (context-dependent memory) using which type of test?

A) Serial recall
B) Recognition
C) Cued recall
D) Digit span
E) Free recall

Question 11

Clarke and Mack (2015) carried out a classic series of studies on:

A) Short-term memory store
B) Long-term memory store
C) Haptic memory store
D) Iconic memory store
E) Echoic memory store

Question 12

What type of experiement has been used to test the assumption of limited capacity in short-term memory?

A) Chunking studies
B) Digit span studies
C) Dichotic listening studies
D) Dual-task studies
E) Free recall studies

Question 13

Patients with dysexecutive syndrome typically have damage within the:

A) Occipital lobes
B) Parietal lobes
C) Corpus callosum
D) Temporal lobes
E) Frontal lobes

Question 14

What are the causes for information to be lost from short-term memory?

A) Displacement and interference
B) Displacement and decay
C) Rehearsal and interference
D) Decay and interference
E) Cue-dependent forgetting

Question 15

(Scenario) When Hugo Munsterberg couldn't find the pocket-watch he used to keep in one particular pocket, after he moved it to a new one, he was experiencing forgetting attributable to:

A) Displacement
B) Proactive interference
C) Retroactive interference
D) Decay
E) Cue-dependent forgetting

Question 16

What type of information is held by the echoic store?

A) Olfactory
B) Visual
C) Auditory
D) Haptic
E) Gustatory

Question 17

The type of forgetting that occurs when the memory traces in the memory system are stored, but are inaccessible, is:

A) Displacement
B) Proactive interference
C) Retroactive interference
D) Decay
E) Cue-dependent forgetting

Question 18

Serial recall of a list of words is better when the words do NOT sound the same. This phenomenon is called the:

A) Distinctiveness effect
B) Phonological similarity effect
C) Word-length effect
D) Familiarity effect
E) Practice effect

Question 19

The study by Jacoby et al. (2001) provided support for the idea that proactive interference results primarily from:

A) Strength of the initial incorrect response
B) Problems in retrieving the correct response
C) Problems with storage of the correct response
D) Retroactive interference by the incorrect response
E) All of the above

Question 20

The three memory stores in the multi-store model of memory differ in which of the following ways?

A) Temporal duration
B) Storage capacity
C) Forgetting mechanisms
D) Effects of brain damage
E) All of the above

Question 21

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), iconic memory is assumed to be:

A) Attentive
B) Preattentive
C) Subattentive
D) Inattentive
E) Unattentive

Question 22

Learning and memory involve several stages of processing. What is the first stage?

A) Storage
B) Encoding
C) Retrieval
D) Recovery
E) Forgetting

Question 23

According to Eichenbaum (2001), the first phase of consolidation primarily involves what brain region?

A) Cerebellum
B) Occipital lobe
C) Amygdala
D) Hippocampus
E) Thalamus

Question 24

Which does "encoding specificity principle" mean?

A) The notion that encoding depends on readily accessible information
B) The notion that forgetting depends on the similarities between information available and information forgotten
C) The notion that retrieval depends on the overlap between the information available at retrieval and the information in the memory trace
D) The probability of unsuccessful retrieval
E) The probability of successful retrieval of the distractor item and the information readily available in the memory trace

Question 25

Patients who have impaired memory for events occurring before the onset of their memory loss are said to be suffering from:

A) Proactive amnesia
B) Anterograde amnesia
C) Retrograde amnesia
D) Retroactive amnesia
E) Global amnesia

Question 26

Darling et al. (2017) discussed several studies showing how memory can be enhanced by the episodic buffer. What was the focus of the research?

A) Visuo-spatial kickboxing
B) Episodic buffer
C) Visuo-spatial bootstrapping
D) Central executive
E) Long-term memory

Question 27

Which of the following findings is/are consistent with consolidation theories of forgetting?

A) Consuming alcohol prior to learning reduces forgetting rates
B) Retrograde amnesia is greater for recently formed memories
C) Retroactive interference effects are greatest soon after learning has occurred
D) Distinct patterns of brain activations associated with retrieval of older versus newer memories
E) All of the above