Question 1

Which does "encoding specificity principle" mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  The notion that encoding depends on readily accessible information 
B)  The notion that forgetting depends on the similarities between information available and information forgotten 
C)  The notion that retrieval depends on the overlap between the information available at retrieval and the information in the memory trace 
D)  The probability of unsuccessful retrieval 
E)  The probability of successful retrieval of the distractor item and the information readily available in the memory trace 
A)  The notion that encoding depends on readily accessible information 
B)  The notion that forgetting depends on the similarities between information available and information forgotten 
C)  The notion that retrieval depends on the overlap between the information available at retrieval and the information in the memory trace 
D)  The probability of unsuccessful retrieval 
E)  The probability of successful retrieval of the distractor item and the information readily available in the memory trace C

Question 2

What type of information is held by the echoic store?

Accepted Answer

A)  Olfactory 
B)  Visual 
C)  Auditory 
D)  Haptic 
E)  Gustatory 
A)  Olfactory 
B)  Visual 
C)  Auditory 
D)  Haptic 
E)  Gustatory C

Question 3

According to the working memory model, words presented visually obtain access to the phonological loop indirectly through:

Accepted Answer

A)  Subvocal articulation 
B)  Articulatory suppression 
C)  Rehearsal 
D)  Practice 
E)  The visuo-spatial sketchpad 
A)  Subvocal articulation 
B)  Articulatory suppression 
C)  Rehearsal 
D)  Practice 
E)  The visuo-spatial sketchpad A

Question 4

Patients who have impaired memory for events occurring before the onset of their memory loss are said to be suffering from:

Accepted Answer

A)  Proactive amnesia 
B)  Anterograde amnesia 
C)  Retrograde amnesia 
D)  Retroactive amnesia 
E)  Global amnesia 
A)  Proactive amnesia 
B)  Anterograde amnesia 
C)  Retrograde amnesia 
D)  Retroactive amnesia 
E)  Global amnesia

Question 5

What type of experiement has been used to test the assumption of limited capacity in short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chunking studies 
B)  Digit span studies 
C)  Dichotic listening studies 
D)  Dual-task studies 
E)  Free recall studies 
A)  Chunking studies 
B)  Digit span studies 
C)  Dichotic listening studies 
D)  Dual-task studies 
E)  Free recall studies

Question 6

Which effect appears to be stronger when participants are in a positive rather than negative mood, because they are motivated to alter negative moods?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mood congruency effects 
B)  Learned helplessness 
C)  Trace-dependent forgetting 
D)  Mood-state-dependent memory 
E)  Repression 
A)  Mood congruency effects 
B)  Learned helplessness 
C)  Trace-dependent forgetting 
D)  Mood-state-dependent memory 
E)  Repression

Question 7

The type of forgetting that occurs when the memory traces in the memory system are stored, but are inaccessible, is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Displacement 
B)  Proactive interference 
C)  Retroactive interference 
D)  Decay 
E)  Cue-dependent forgetting 
A)  Displacement 
B)  Proactive interference 
C)  Retroactive interference 
D)  Decay 
E)  Cue-dependent forgetting

Question 8

Godden and Baddeley (1980) failed to find the typical superior memory performance for participants who learned and were tested in the same physical environment (context-dependent memory) using which type of test?

Accepted Answer

A)  Serial recall 
B)  Recognition 
C)  Cued recall 
D)  Digit span 
E)  Free recall 
A)  Serial recall 
B)  Recognition 
C)  Cued recall 
D)  Digit span 
E)  Free recall

Question 9

According to Eichenbaum (2001), the first phase of consolidation primarily involves what brain region?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cerebellum 
B)  Occipital lobe 
C)  Amygdala 
D)  Hippocampus 
E)  Thalamus 
A)  Cerebellum 
B)  Occipital lobe 
C)  Amygdala 
D)  Hippocampus 
E)  Thalamus

Question 10

Which theory of memory was developed by Morris et al. (1977)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multi-store model 
B)  Working memory model 
C)  Levels of processing theory 
D)  Transfer-appropriate processing theory 
E)  Source monitoring theory 
A)  Multi-store model 
B)  Working memory model 
C)  Levels of processing theory 
D)  Transfer-appropriate processing theory 
E)  Source monitoring theory

Question 11

Clarke and Mack (2015) carried out a classic series of studies on:

Accepted Answer

A)  Short-term memory store 
B)  Long-term memory store 
C)  Haptic memory store 
D)  Iconic memory store 
E)  Echoic memory store 
A)  Short-term memory store 
B)  Long-term memory store 
C)  Haptic memory store 
D)  Iconic memory store 
E)  Echoic memory store

Question 12

The study by Jacoby et al. (2001) provided support for the idea that proactive interference results primarily from:

Accepted Answer

A)  Strength of the initial incorrect response 
B)  Problems in retrieving the correct response 
C)  Problems with storage of the correct response 
D)  Retroactive interference by the incorrect response 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Strength of the initial incorrect response 
B)  Problems in retrieving the correct response 
C)  Problems with storage of the correct response 
D)  Retroactive interference by the incorrect response 
E)  All of the above

Question 13

What are the causes for information to be lost from short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Displacement and interference 
B)  Displacement and decay 
C)  Rehearsal and interference 
D)  Decay and interference 
E)  Cue-dependent forgetting 
A)  Displacement and interference 
B)  Displacement and decay 
C)  Rehearsal and interference 
D)  Decay and interference 
E)  Cue-dependent forgetting

Question 14

Which brain area is most likely to be associated with the central executive?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inferior frontal gyri 
B)  Middle frontal gyri 
C)  Prefrontal cortex 
D)  Ventral prefrontal cortex 
E)  Occipital lobe 
A)  Inferior frontal gyri 
B)  Middle frontal gyri 
C)  Prefrontal cortex 
D)  Ventral prefrontal cortex 
E)  Occipital lobe

Question 15

Which of the following findings is/are consistent with consolidation theories of forgetting?

Accepted Answer

A)  Consuming alcohol prior to learning reduces forgetting rates 
B)  Retrograde amnesia is greater for recently formed memories 
C)  Retroactive interference effects are greatest soon after learning has occurred 
D)  Distinct patterns of brain activations associated with retrieval of older versus newer memories 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Consuming alcohol prior to learning reduces forgetting rates 
B)  Retrograde amnesia is greater for recently formed memories 
C)  Retroactive interference effects are greatest soon after learning has occurred 
D)  Distinct patterns of brain activations associated with retrieval of older versus newer memories 
E)  All of the above

Question 16

Freud claimed threatening or traumatic memories often cannot gain access to conscious awareness. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Repression 
B)  Displacement 
C)  Denial 
D)  Regression 
E)  Projection 
A)  Repression 
B)  Displacement 
C)  Denial 
D)  Regression 
E)  Projection

Question 17

Logie (1995) subdivided Baddeley's visuo-spatial sketchpad into the visual cache, and what additional component?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phonological loop 
B)  Episodic buffer 
C)  Central executive 
D)  Inner scribe 
E)  Articulatory loop 
A)  Phonological loop 
B)  Episodic buffer 
C)  Central executive 
D)  Inner scribe 
E)  Articulatory loop

Question 18

Serial recall of a list of words is better when the words do NOT sound the same. This phenomenon is called the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Distinctiveness effect 
B)  Phonological similarity effect 
C)  Word-length effect 
D)  Familiarity effect 
E)  Practice effect 
A)  Distinctiveness effect 
B)  Phonological similarity effect 
C)  Word-length effect 
D)  Familiarity effect 
E)  Practice effect

Question 19

The three memory stores in the multi-store model of memory differ in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A)  Temporal duration 
B)  Storage capacity 
C)  Forgetting mechanisms 
D)  Effects of brain damage 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Temporal duration 
B)  Storage capacity 
C)  Forgetting mechanisms 
D)  Effects of brain damage 
E)  All of the above

Question 20

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), iconic memory is assumed to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  Attentive 
B)  Preattentive 
C)  Subattentive 
D)  Inattentive 
E)  Unattentive 
A)  Attentive 
B)  Preattentive 
C)  Subattentive 
D)  Inattentive 
E)  Unattentive

Which does "encoding specificity principle" mean?

What type of information is held by the echoic store?

According to the working memory model, words presented visually obtain access to the phonological loop indirectly through:

Patients who have impaired memory for events occurring before the onset of their memory loss are said to be suffering from:

What type of experiement has been used to test the assumption of limited capacity in short-term memory?

Which effect appears to be stronger when participants are in a positive rather than negative mood, because they are motivated to alter negative moods?

The type of forgetting that occurs when the memory traces in the memory system are stored, but are inaccessible, is:

Godden and Baddeley (1980) failed to find the typical superior memory performance for participants who learned and were tested in the same physical environment (context-dependent memory) using which type of test?

According to Eichenbaum (2001), the first phase of consolidation primarily involves what brain region?

Which theory of memory was developed by Morris et al. (1977)?

Clarke and Mack (2015) carried out a classic series of studies on:

The study by Jacoby et al. (2001) provided support for the idea that proactive interference results primarily from:

What are the causes for information to be lost from short-term memory?

Which brain area is most likely to be associated with the central executive?

Which of the following findings is/are consistent with consolidation theories of forgetting?

Freud claimed threatening or traumatic memories often cannot gain access to conscious awareness. This is an example of:

Logie (1995) subdivided Baddeley's visuo-spatial sketchpad into the visual cache, and what additional component?

Serial recall of a list of words is better when the words do NOT sound the same. This phenomenon is called the:

The three memory stores in the multi-store model of memory differ in which of the following ways?

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), iconic memory is assumed to be:

Approaches to Human Cognition

Basic Processes in Visual Perception

Object and Face Recognition

Motor Perception and Action

Attention and Performance

Long-Term Memory Systems

Everyday Memory

Speech Perception and Reading

Language Comprehension

Language Production

Problem Solving and Expertise

Judgement and Decision Making

Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

Cognition and Emotion

Consciousness

Filters

Exam 6: Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Which does "encoding specificity principle" mean?

What type of information is held by the echoic store?

According to the working memory model, words presented visually obtain access to the phonological loop indirectly through:

Patients who have impaired memory for events occurring before the onset of their memory loss are said to be suffering from:

What type of experiement has been used to test the assumption of limited capacity in short-term memory?

Which effect appears to be stronger when participants are in a positive rather than negative mood, because they are motivated to alter negative moods?

The type of forgetting that occurs when the memory traces in the memory system are stored, but are inaccessible, is:

Godden and Baddeley (1980) failed to find the typical superior memory performance for participants who learned and were tested in the same physical environment (context-dependent memory) using which type of test?

According to Eichenbaum (2001), the first phase of consolidation primarily involves what brain region?

Which theory of memory was developed by Morris et al. (1977)?

Clarke and Mack (2015) carried out a classic series of studies on:

The study by Jacoby et al. (2001) provided support for the idea that proactive interference results primarily from:

What are the causes for information to be lost from short-term memory?

Which brain area is most likely to be associated with the central executive?

Which of the following findings is/are consistent with consolidation theories of forgetting?

Freud claimed threatening or traumatic memories often cannot gain access to conscious awareness. This is an example of:

Logie (1995) subdivided Baddeley's visuo-spatial sketchpad into the visual cache, and what additional component?

Serial recall of a list of words is better when the words do NOT sound the same. This phenomenon is called the:

The three memory stores in the multi-store model of memory differ in which of the following ways?

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), iconic memory is assumed to be:

Approaches to Human Cognition

Basic Processes in Visual Perception

Object and Face Recognition

Motor Perception and Action

Attention and Performance

Long-Term Memory Systems

Everyday Memory

Speech Perception and Reading

Language Comprehension

Language Production

Problem Solving and Expertise

Judgement and Decision Making

Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

Cognition and Emotion

Consciousness

Filters