Deck 13: Juvenile Justice, Probation, and Parole

Question 1

The intake process is where a juvenile case is screened and a determination is made as to whether to proceed with the case in juvenile court or seek alternatives.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Youth courts are a good example of restorative justice because many of the creative sentences involve the youth offender taking responsibility for his or her behavior and repairing harm caused to the victim and the community.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Juvenile behavior that sets the process of the juvenile court in motion may come to the attention of law enforcement through parents only.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Wide variation exists among states on judicial waivers, with some states making waivers mandatory and others considering it discretionary.

Question 5

Juvenile probation conditions are usually of two types: mandatory or discretionary. Both may be specified by law or left to the discretion of the juvenile court judge or to the releasing authority in the case of aftercare.

Question 6

Juvenile offenders can be waived to adult court for any type of offense.

Question 7

Mens rea refers to the actual commission of a criminal act or the omission or failure to carry out a legal obligation when bound to do so.

Question 8

Girls comprise a little more than a quarter of the number of youths on probation.

Question 9

Transfer provisions gained popularity in the 1990s as the public's response to the problem of violent juvenile crime.

Question 10

Children below a certain age are presumed by law to be unaware of the full consequences of what they do, meaning they do not possess mens rea, the ability to differentiate right from wrong.

Question 11

Status offenders are sometimes referred to as children in need of supervision.

Question 12

The release of a juvenile on parole prior to reaching the age of majority is determined by the juvenile authorities who run the state institution, not by the judge.

Question 13

In Fare v. Michael C. (1979), the Supreme Court held that to preserve the relationship between a probationer and probation officer, a probation officer must preserve the confidentiality of communications between the probation officer and a probationer.

Question 14

Home visits have been found to have more of an impact with high-risk youth offenders than with adults supervised on probation.

Question 15

In juvenile court, a juvenile always has the right to a jury trial.

Question 16

The juvenile justice system and the adult justice processes and jurisdiction are almost identical.

Question 17

One of the most significant Supreme Court cases for juvenile justice rights is Tennessee v. Garner (1967), which outlines the four most important due process rights for juvenile offenders.

Question 18

The job of a juvenile probation officer is often less demanding than that of an adult probation officer, simply because juveniles tend to be less violent in nature.

Question 19

In juvenile court, a juvenile is adjudicated, not put on trial.

Question 20

Since the 1990s, juvenile crime has been steadily increasing.

Question 21

The equivalent in the juvenile system of being "arrested" in the adult system is referred to as ____________.

A) formal processing
B) being detained
C) taken into custody
D) direct intake

Question 22

__________ is the Latin term for "guilty mind" that implies that the offender knows what he or she is doing when committing a criminal or delinquent act.

A) Actus reus
B) Mens rea
C) Corpus delicti
D) Vas Defrens

Question 23

In general, juvenile court jurisdiction is based on two variables:

A) age and offense.
B) offense and attitude.
C) age and gender.
D) location and family status.

Question 24

The most common status offense committed by girls is

A) truancy.
B) promiscuity.
C) smoking cigarettes.
D) running away.

Question 25

A difference between the adult and juvenile courts is that the juvenile court is not authorized to

A) place juveniles in institutions.
B) impose the death penalty.
C) use electronic monitoring.
D) cross examine witnesses.

Question 26

A type of transfer of jurisdiction where the juvenile court judge waives jurisdiction and transfers the case is

A) statutory exclusion.
B) concurrent jurisdiction.
C) judicial waiver.
D) prosecutorial waiver.

Question 27

Most status offenders

A) are waived to adult court.
B) are under the age of 12.
C) are involved with the child welfare and the juvenile justice systems.
D) are arrested for their offenses.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A) Breaking and entering into a home
B) Buying cigarettes
C) Getting into a physical fight with classmates
D) Stealing a car

Question 29

The juvenile justice system was built on the concept of ______, which is the idea that the state should act as a substitute parent and intervene in cases where children have been neglected and/or are dependent.

A) parens patriae
B) corpus delicti
C) actus reus
D) mens rea

Question 30

The age of juveniles appearing before the juvenile court varies greatly from state to state, with the minimum being

A) 6.
B) 8.
C) 10.
D) 13.

Question 31

A status offense is a(n)

A) act that would be criminal if committed by an adult.
B) act that would not be punishable if committed by an adult.
C) act related to drugs/alcohol only.
D) criminal act involving sexually deviant behavior.

Question 32

A juvenile who is taken into custody by the police first goes through ______, where he or she is screened to determine whether the case should proceed further in the juvenile justice system.

A) intake
B) evaluation
C) adjudication
D) disposition

Question 33

Secure facilities for one juvenile cost an average of_______ per day.

A) $150
B) $280
C) $375
D) $520

Question 34

The decision to transfer is based on the severity of the offense, the prior response the juvenile has had to treatment/supervision, the level of danger the juvenile may pose in the future, and

A) the juvenile's prior record.
B) the availability of parental supervision.
C) the juvenile's age.
D) the juvenile's gender.

Question 35

_____ is the juvenile justice system equivalent to adult parole release.

A) Mandatory release
B) State school
C) Detention
D) Aftercare

Question 36

In the United States today, roughly 60% of juvenile justice cases are

A) delinquency proceedings.
B) misdemeanor hearings.
C) neglect cases.
D) felony trials.

Question 37

The most commonly used type of waiver to adult court is

A) statutory exclusion.
B) concurrent jurisdiction.
C) judicial waiver.
D) prosecutorial waiver.

Question 38

If the intake officer decides to send the case to juvenile court, the prosecutor files a(n) __________, bringing formal charges against the juvenile.

A) indictment
B) information
C) summons
D) delinquency petition

Question 39

Rather than having a trial, a juvenile has a(n)

A) adjudication.
B) disposition.
C) petition.
D) waiver hearing.

Question 40

Moving a juvenile case from juvenile court to adult court for trial is known as

A) statutory exclusion.
B) concurrent jurisdiction.
C) judicial surety bond.
D) transfer of jurisdiction.

Question 41

A _____ is a community-based program in which youths sentence their peers for minor delinquent and status offenses.

A) youth court
B) disposition hearing
C) drug court
D) certification

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of juvenile cases that trigger court intervention in the United States?

A) Juveniles as victims
B) Deception to one's parents
C) Juvenile delinquency
D) Conduct in need of supervision

Question 43

During the latter part of the 18th century, children younger than __________ were deemed incapable of mens rea or establishing the intent to commit an act, and were exempt from criminal liability in the United States.

Question 44

The intake process is highly

A) objective.
B) routine.
C) subjective.
D) punitive.

Question 45

Which disposition is most often used by judges when formally adjudicating juvenile delinquency cases?

A) Warnings
B) Probation
C) Community service
D) State schools

Question 46

For the most serious and violent juvenile cases, all states have provisions for the ______________ of jurisdiction from juvenile courts to adult courts.

Question 47

Criminal liability is based on the concept of _____, which is Latin for "a guilty mind."

Question 48

In the case of ___________, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that juveniles must be given four due process rights in adjudication proceedings that can result in confinement in an institution where their freedom would be curtailed.

Question 49

Rather than a trial, a juvenile has a(n) _____________hearing.

Question 50

Which of the following cases limited the rights of juveniles?

A) Kent v. United States
B) In re Gault
C) Schall v. Martin
D) Roper v. Simmons.

Question 51

An adult proceeding is called a trial; the juvenile version is a(n)

A) petition.
B) citation.
C) adjudication.
D) disposition.

Question 52

In recent years, it has been determined that roughly 25% of juvenile offenders have been placed in __________settings such as training schools, detention, inpatient drug treatment, and so forth.

A) nonpunitive
B) correctional
C) residential
D) nonresidential

Question 53

If a juvenile is found to have engaged in the conduct alleged in the petition, the ________ stage follows.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a risk factor leading to juvenile delinquency?

A) Low self-control
B) Helicopter parents
C) Learning disability
D) Impoverished area

Question 55

Underage drinking is an example of a ___________.

Question 56

In reference to the famous In re Gault (1967) Supreme Court case, the court held that juveniles must be given reasonable notice of charges and which of the following basic due process rights during adjudication proceedings can result in confinement in an institution?

A) A jury trial
B) Counsel, appointed by the state if the juvenile is indigent
C) Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
D) The right to a speedy trial

Question 57

Intake is a term unique to juvenile justice to describe a case _______ process to determine if the juvenile should proceed further into the juvenile justice system or whether other diversion alternatives are better suited for the juvenile.

Question 58

The idea that the juvenile justice system does what is best for the child's welfare and safety is __________.

Question 59

_____ allows courts to impose juvenile or adult punishment on young offenders, creating a "middle ground" between traditional juvenile and adult sanctions.

A) Blended sentencing
B) Determinate sentencing
C) Truth in sentencing
D) Mandatory minimum sentencing

Question 60

______________ give judges the power to choose from a wider assortment of punishments and impose one that best fits the offense committed. They also narrow the gap between juvenile and adult punishments.

Question 61

You are a judge in a juvenile system who now has to deal with a problem of the 21st century: transgender offenders. How will you approach the issue of transgender juvenile delinquents? Should people who identify as males be treated as males despite their biological gender? Should people who identify as females but who have not had surgery be held in the same population as biological females? What issues might arise?

Question 62

_____ helps delinquent youth, siblings, and their parents to develop problem-solving skills and increase communication, and aids parents in strategies for controlling youth misbehavior.

Question 63

_____ probation conditions have included family therapy, mental health treatment, and drug treatment.

Question 64

Describe wilderness challenge programs and assess their effectiveness.

Question 65

You are a social worker who has a brother who is a judge. You discuss the varying types of peer pressure that can lead juveniles into or out of delinquency. Do you believe there are benefits to having kids mentor each other? Do you see drawbacks? Are the benefits dependent on factors such as gender or race?

Question 66

Discuss how age controls being heard in the juvenile court, especially in regard to mens rea.

Question 67

Contrary to popular belief, intensive probation is usually not designed to deal with _______ juvenile offenders.

Question 68

What types of acts are prohibited for juveniles (i.e., status offenses), and how do these acts differ from acts prohibited for adults?

Question 69

You are a lawyer who represents juvenile offenders. In your experience, you have seen the impact of the justice system on kids firsthand. You are scheduled to speak at a graduation ceremony for police officers about your experiences. Describe the ways in which juveniles are treated differently than adults, and then make a convincing argument about three factors you believe could change to prevent recidivism in juvenile offenders.

Question 70

Families and schools are crucial to stopping antisocial behavior in young delinquents. Budgetary concerns are often an issue when politics emphasize "law and order." You are the governor of a state that has a very tight budget. You are about to speak before your state legislature, and you need to make a convincing argument for the funding of two types of programs you believe will be most effective in preventing long-term juvenile delinquency.

Question 71

Wilderness challenge programs are proven to be one of the least effective types of treatment facilities. Still, they are very popular. You are a judge in an urban area where there has been a recent "back-to-nature" fad in the community you serve. You've seen the results of these programs, but need to convince the people who vote for you why they don't work. What will you say about their value, and whether there is a way in which you believe they could be made more effective?

Question 72

Girls most often commit the status offense of running away from home because of __________.

Question 73

________________ probation conditions for juveniles are identical to those for adults, with the inclusion of curfew and required school attendance.

Question 74

Define and describe the intake process as it applies to the juvenile justice system?

Question 75

What are the three ways juveniles are transferred to adult court? Describe each.