Deck 8: Cognitive Views of Learning

Question 1

Maria has excellent study habits. She seems to know just what to review and how long to spend on each part of every course. Maria is applying what type of knowledge?

A) Self-regulatory knowledge
B) Declarative
C) Domain-specific
D) Procedural

Answer 1

Self-regulatory knowledge

Question 2

Bottom-up processing refers to the way people examine a new stimulus for

A) contextual cues.
B) contrasting details.
C) perceptual closure.
D) recognizable features.

Answer 2

recognizable features.

Question 3

In the following learning situations, which one is described in a way that illustrates a cognitive view of learning?

A) Deidra's teacher complimented the way she created a Venn diagram in her notebook.
B) Montie's coach demonstrated the correct way to hold the bat and stand at the plate. Then Montie moved his hands down on the bat and practiced the correct stance.
C) Carla listened to the lesson about fractions and remembered learning similar information about time signature in her piano lesson.
D) Sybil's teacher gave her a gold star for getting the correct answers on all of the practice problems in the math assignment

Answer 3

Carla listened to the lesson about fractions and remembered learning similar information about time signature in her piano lesson.

Question 4

The basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy is to

A) increase the capacity of information in all of the sensory registers.
B) increase the amount of information to be stored in the long-term memory.
C) reduce the amount of information to be stored in the working memory.
D) reduce the amount of time for processing information in long-term memory.

Question 5

Mr. Kawicki is teaching his sixth-grade science students about the scientific method. Students are instructed about each component of the method first in order to understand the whole process. This instructional strategy is based on what concept?

A) Bottom-up processing
B) Memory strength
C) Propositional network
D) Top-down processing

Question 6

A photographer shoots a flashbulb directly into your eyes. For the next few seconds, all you can see are big blue dots everywhere you look. What type of memory is most directly involved in this phenomenon?

A) Long-term
B) Semantic
C) Sensory
D) Working

Question 7

Megan tries to remember the address, 10 Anchor Street, by imagining a ten-dollar bill attached to the anchor of a ship. She is using a memory strategy called

A) chunking.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) part learning.

Question 8

Top-down processing is distinguished by its reliance on a(n)

A) assembly of elements into a meaningful pattern.
B) downward scanning of the eyes.
C) search for familiar features or elements.
D) understanding of the context of a situation.

Question 9

When we intentionally try to learn something new, we are involving what type of long-term memory?

A) Crystallized memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Working memory
D) Explicit memory

Question 10

Josh's history teacher wants Josh to learn important events that occurred during World War I. What type of knowledge would be most directly involved in this learning?

A) Conditional declarative
B) Domain-specific declarative
C) General declarative
D) Procedural declarative

Question 11

Which of the following students is probably most efficient in his multitasking?

A) Kobe is listening to his favourite country songs and memorizing the conversation he needs to recite in Spanish class.
B) Darren is driving to football practice and conversing with his dad about the budget for his birthday party.
C) Owen is listening to Mozart and reading his literature assignment.
D) Rashawn is texting his girlfriend and driving to work after school.

Question 12

What you are thinking about right now is being held in what type of memory?

A) Long-term
B) Schematic
C) Sensory
D) Working

Question 13

A child listens to the sound of the letter k and watches the teacher write the letter k on the chart paper. Then the teacher tells the child to recall the character in yesterday's story who has a name that begins with the sound made by the letter k. Which of the following best describes the element or process of working memory being used?

A) Phonological loop
B) Visuospatial sketchpad
C) Automaticity
D) Episodic buffer

Question 14

Cliff is good at solving math problems, but has difficulty solving problems in his computer class. His problem-solving ability in math represents what type of knowledge?

A) Conditional
B) Declarative
C) Domain-specific
D) Procedural

Question 15

Based on guidelines for gaining and maintaining students' attention, which of the following teachers is using an effective strategy?

A) Mr. Ganesh is demonstrating a procedure at the front of the room and pauses to say loudly to a student in the back row, "Put away the iPad."
B) "Let's read our lesson objectives on the board. This lesson is important because it helps us count money."
C) Mrs. Thornton moves back and forth as she presents a new concept. She never stands still when she makes a presentation,
D) "This is Monday. Do the same spelling activity we always do on Monday - write each word ten times."

Question 16

According to the levels of processing theory, the length of time information is remembered is determined by

A) how completely the initial learning was accomplished.
B) when we first encountered the information.
C) where it is stored in our memory.
D) why we have chosen to attend to the information.

Question 17

Alec still remembers how to touch-type, even though it has been three years since he has practiced. The memory system most directly involved here is

A) episodic.
B) procedural.
C) semantic.
D) short-term.

Question 18

In comparison to behaviourist psychology, the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?

A) Active
B) Egocentric
C) Passive
D) Social

Question 19

Claire, a three-year-old, has difficulty remembering her street address. According to research on short-term memory use, what is a likely cause of Claire's problem?

A) Both limited memory capacity and ineffective strategy use
B) Ineffective strategy use, but not limited memory capacity
C) Limited memory capacity, but not ineffective strategy use
D) Neither limited memory capacity nor effective strategy use

Question 20

A jogger is startled by the feeling of a moving object on his right side. It could have been a ferocious dog, but it turns out to be a newspaper page blown by the wind. What memory component was most directly involved?

A) Episodic
B) Schematic
C) Sensory memory
D) Working memory

Question 21

Long-term memory for how to do things is called

A) elaboration.
B) episodic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) productions.

Question 22

Ms. Gentry took her tenth-grade biology students to the Horticulture Garden. The students were able to observe and classify a wide variety of exotic plants. Students in her class are likely to remember the names and characteristics of those plants because of

A) automaticity.
B) context.
C) meta-components.
D) retrieval.

Question 23

When Jennifer took algebra, she was really quick about solving two-step equations. She hasn't taken a math course in over a year, and she's struggling on the standardized test. She knows it's worth taking the time to figure out the steps again and solve the equations. She is using

A) spreading activation retrieval.
B) reconstruction retrieval.
C) implicit retrieval.
D) episodic retrieval.

Question 24

Long-term memory that is memory for meaning is called

A) episodic.
B) procedural.
C) semantic.
D) working.

Question 25

Which one of the following behaviours is a defining attribute for the concept "bird"?

A) Building nests
B) Eating insects
C) Growing feathers
D) Vocalizing its territorial boundaries

Question 26

The basic purpose of mnemonic aids is to

A) increase students' motivation to learn material requiring rote memorization.
B) make connections between the information to be memorized.
C) rehearse old information in order to implant it in the working memory.
D) set up a system of rewards for remembering items that are not connected.

Question 27

Which one of the following persons most clearly illustrates the concept of elaboration?

A) Alicia asks the teacher to define percentages in a different way than how they were defined in the text.
B) Bart calculates percentages for the homework problems assigned by the teacher.
C) John recognizes that he can use percentages in calculating his team's batting average.
D) Mary rehearses the steps for computing the statistics needed to describe the school population.

Question 28

A script is viewed by cognitive theorists as useful

A) as a note-taking strategy in lecture classes.
B) in directing everyday activities in different situations.
C) in formalizing interactions between students.
D) in outlining the main ideas of a story.

Question 29

According to current cognitive theories, information may be lost from long-term memory in all of the following ways EXCEPT by

A) interference.
B) lack of use.
C) substitution.
D) time decay.

Question 30

Marc starts talking to Joyce about the field trip to the zoo, which reminds him of the book he read on tigers last week. He concludes by telling Joyce that the new library is very easy to use. This phenomenon illustrates the concept of

A) construction of the working memory.
B) deactivation of the active memory.
C) reconstruction of the working memory.
D) spreading activation.

Question 31

In order to understand the large amounts of information inherent in complex concepts, people must develop structures or patterns called

A) levels.
B) mnemonics.
C) propositions.
D) schemas.

Question 32

Propositional networks are defined most accurately as

A) a process by which verbal information reaches short-term memory.
B) a technique used to increase the capacity of short-term memory.
C) the organization of information according to its meaning.
D) the process by means of which information reaches the sensory register.

Question 33

Based on studies of context, in what location would a student be likely to perform best on an educational psychology test?

A) In a familiar room such as a dorm room
B) In a small comfortable room with soft music playing
C) In a very quiet area, such as a library
D) In an educational psychology classroom

Question 34

Noah counted the legs on a bug and came up with eight. He then decided the bug was an arachnid (spider) because an arachnid has eight legs. His decision was based upon what aspect of concept learning?

A) Algorithm
B) Defining attribute
C) Heuristic
D) Prototype

Question 35

Ms. Cicardo wants her students to remember the material they are covering in language arts. They will need the information in units of study throughout the year. To support their learning, she creates diagrams on chart paper and posts them on the wall for children to see. She provides a handout with printed instructions and explains the material as students look at their handouts. What is Ms. Cicardo using to help students learn and store the information and retrieve it later

A) Generative learning
B) Dual coding
C) Elaboration
D) Reconstruction

Question 36

Because memories are organized in propositional networks, recall of one bit of information often

A) blocks the recall of other information.
B) leads to recall of another bit of information.
C) leads to the integration of organized patterns.
D) requires specific, external memory cues.

Question 37

Eight years ago, when Lucas was in the third grade, he and a friend tried to light a cigarette in Lucas's tree house. They started a fire that burned down the tree house, but his mom and the neighbours were able to extinguish the fire quickly. Lucas, now a junior in high school, recalls the event and still remembers every detail as though it happened yesterday. What kind of memory is Lucas recalling?

A) Procedural
B) Semantic
C) Implicit
D) Flashbulb

Question 38

While taking his final exam, Jerry recalled one item of information that caused him to remember another piece of information related to the question. What phenomenon has he just experienced?

A) Distributed recall
B) Massed practice
C) Serial-position effect
D) Spreading activation

Question 39

Dr. Beach used to be a typical 'absent minded professor.' However, she found that she could remember the things her husband asked her to pick up at the grocery store by imagining the items she needed placed on her desk, bookshelf, and file cabinet. The mnemonic device that she used is

A) an acronym.
B) chunking.
C) the keyword method.
D) the loci method.

Question 40

When you mention "dogs," both Bethany and Ashley would picture collies. In relation to the concept "dog," what would the image of a collie be?

A) Algorithm
B) Attribute
C) Heuristic
D) Prototype

Question 41

The use of imagery techniques of learning, such as the keyword method, seems most appropriate for what age group?

A) Early elementary school
B) Kindergarten
C) Late elementary school and older
D) Preschool

Question 42

It appears that the capacity of long-term memory is unlimited.

Question 43

For most cognitive psychologists, the primary difference between implicit and explicit memories is in the amount of information that can be stored in the different types of memories.

Question 44

Where older cognitive approaches emphasized the acquisition of knowledge, newer approaches to cognitive psychology view learning as the construction of knowledge.

Question 45

Forgetting due to the serial-position effect can be reduced through the use of

A) massed practice.
B) part learning.
C) relearning.
D) rote memorization.

Question 46

What can teachers do to help their students develop an automated basic skill?

A) Ensure that students have the necessary prerequisite knowledge and provide practice with feedback.
B) Focus on executive control processes in order to guide the flow of information through students' information processing systems.
C) Teach domain-specific strategies for solving problems and control processes for guiding knowledge.
D) Train students to use a variety of strategies for retrieving knowledge from long-term memory.

Question 47

What type of knowledge do experts have that involves an understanding of how to perform various cognitive activities?

A) Conditional
B) Declarative
C) Organizational
D) Procedural

Question 48

Consuela is a fourth-grade student who is studying geography. Tomorrow, she has a quiz over the Great Lakes. She creates a mnemonic device, HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior), to help her remember the names of the lakes. What type of mnemonic device is she using?

A) Acronym
B) Chain
C) Keyword
D) Peg-type

Question 49

In order to avoid confusing entomology (the study of insects) with etymology (the study of the history of words), Vicky associates the sound "end" of entomology with the sound "in" of insects. What specific type of mnemonic is she using?

A) Acronym
B) Chain
C) Keyword
D) Peg-type

Question 50

Stacey is trying to learn the abbreviations and names for the chemical elements, such as Au (gold). He connects the Au with a mental picture of Auric Goldfinger, the villain in a James Bond novel. This is an example of using what learning strategy?

A) Chaining
B) Keyword
C) Loci
D) Metacognitive

Question 51

"Memory for meaning" is semantic memory.

Question 52

Recognizing stimuli by feature analysis is a form of bottom-up processing.

Question 53

Stimuli from the environment are theorized to first enter working memory.

Question 54

If a student tries very hard to remember the name of a book author, he or she is searching knowledge stored as an explicit memory.

Question 55

An educational application designed to reduce the impact of the serial-position effect is to

A) begin teaching important materials at the beginning of class and deal with administrative tasks later.
B) break down the lesson into small parts that can be handled quite easily.
C) provide a preview of the next period at the end of class rather than a review of what was covered today.
D) start a class with seatwork, teach new information, and end the class with seatwork whenever possible.

Question 56

Based on the serial-position effect, what group of letters of the alphabet should be the most difficult to remember for someone who is first learning the alphabet?

A) ABC
B) MNO
C) XYZ
D) All of the above groups should be of equal difficulty.

Question 57

Only about 14 items may be stored in short-term memory at any given time.

Question 58

Long-term memory holds information that is currently activated.

Question 59

"I before E except after C" is an example of the use of what memory method?

A) Chain
B) Loci
C) Keyword
D) Peg-type

Question 60

All members of a concept category have clearly identifiable defining attributes.

Question 61

Knowledge stored in long-term memory that CANNOT be recalled upon demand is referred to as ________.

Question 62

The ________ theory argues that the degree to which information is analysed and associated with other information correlates to the length of time that the information is remembered.

Question 63

The "spread of activation" phenomenon is basically a short-term memory process.

Question 64

The memory system that initially receives stimuli from the environment is the ________.

Question 65

Studying all night before an important exam is an example of massed practice.

Question 66

The process of detecting a stimulus and assigning meaning to it is called ________.

Question 67

A prototype is a false instance of a concept.

Question 68

Consciously applied skills of organizing thoughts and actions to reach a learning goal are called domain-specific strategies.

Question 69

The keyword method involves memorizing a standard list of words as a basis for forming associations with new items.

Question 70

A story grammar is a type of schema for text.

Question 71

Knowledge that must be demonstrated such as knowing how to divide fractions is called ________ knowledge.

Question 72

The serial-position effect suggests that forgetting the middle of a list is more likely than forgetting the beginning or end of a list.

Question 73

"I before e except after c" is an example of the chain-method approach to memorization.

Question 74

Elaboration is the element of processing that influences the physical and emotional environment in which learning takes place.

Question 75

The type of processing that involves identifying stimuli by analyzing their features is called ________ processing.

Question 76

Knowing specific facts or knowing how to do something is called verbal information or ________ knowledge.

Question 77

________ occurs when new information gets confused with old information.

Question 78

Information may be lost from working memory by decay or ________.

Question 79

Older cognitive views of learning emphasized the acquisition of knowledge, although newer approaches stress ________ of knowledge.

Question 80

Reconstructed memories are always accurate.