Deck 4: Learner Differences and Learning Needs

Question 1

What type of learning style characterizes a person who is motivated to learn by external rewards and the desire to be viewed in a good light by others?

A) Analytic-processing
B) Deep-processing
C) Pattern-processing
D) Surface-processing

Answer 1

Surface-processing

Question 2

Which of the following is the best example of "people-first" language?

A) Learning disabled students
B) High ability learner
C) Students receiving special education
D) An epileptic

Answer 2

Students receiving special education

Question 3

Which one of the following statements is most accurately represents the most accepted view of intelligence?

A) It is generally regarded today to be a poor predictor of academic achievement.
B) It is theorized to be a hierarchy of abilities by many psychologists.
C) The first formal intelligence testing was conducted by Plato.
D) Throughout history there has been general agreement about its meaning.

Answer 3

It is theorized to be a hierarchy of abilities by many psychologists.

Question 4

Which psychologist developed the concept of mental age?

A) Alfred Binet
B) Howard Gardner
C) Robert Sternberg
D) David Wechsler

Question 5

An intelligence quotient is a

A) score comparing mental and chronological age.
B) score derived from a group achievement test.
C) way of expressing an individual's mental age.
D) way to compare mental age with cognitive level.

Question 6

All children in Ms. Gray's math class can now solve subtraction problems, but Larry does them much more quickly and efficiently than most of his classmates. Sternberg would call this

A) automaticity.
B) flexibility.
C) insight.
D) meta-components.

Question 7

According to the work of Cattell and Horn (1963, 1988), there are two types of intelligence:

A) Fluid and contextualized
B) Fluid and crystallized
C) Interpersonal and intrapersonal
D) Verbal and mathematical

Question 8

A five-year-old is found to have a mental age of seven on Binet's original IQ test. What is the estimate of the child's intelligence quotient?

A) 115
B) 130
C) 140
D) 170

Question 9

Alan performs well on most academic and learning tasks, but he has some difficulty on a test involving memorization of numbers. Which of the following statements best represent an explanation using Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence?

A) Alan has a high g factor but has problems with specific abilities.
B) Alan has good specific abilities but lacks a strong g factor.
C) Alan is skilled in learning but unskilled in memory.
D) Alan lacks the general intellectual capacity to perform math well.

Question 10

Which of the following tasks or processes primarily involves bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

A) Carlos writes song lyrics and music for his band.
B) Paige demonstrates the steps for pitching a softball with precision.
C) Monroe usually finishes his geometry assignments before anyone else in class.
D) Simone draws the map for her group's project.

Question 11

A teacher who knows how to effectively use cooperative learning in his or her classroom is demonstrating

A) naturalist intelligence.
B) speed of processing.
C) linguistic intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 12

Approximately what percent of the general population scores over 100 on a standardized IQ test?

A) 20
B) 50
C) 70
D) 80

Question 13

Which teacher seems to have the right idea about the interpretation and use of IQ test scores?

A) Monnie's score is 2 points higher than Phil's, so I expect greater achievement from her.
B) Deloris took the IQ test with her class in fourth grade, so I know I can trust the accuracy of her score.
C) Germaine's score of 94 suggests that he may struggle, but I need to look at other indicators as well.
D) Kevin's IQ is 97, so I know not to expect higher achievement from him than the measure of his innate intelligence.

Question 14

Racial and ethnic minority students tend to be overrepresented in disability categories and underrepresented in gifted programs. Which of the following is NOT a likely cause?

A) Requiring teachers to gather too much information before making referrals.
B) Unrepresentative and unresponsive pedagogical practices.
C) Lack of opportunity for teachers to acquire knowledge for effectively working with diverse ethnic groups.
D) Systemic biases about cultural difference.

Question 15

The theory that defines intelligence as encompassing at least eight separate kinds of intelligence is

A) Binet's theory of school-related intelligences.
B) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
C) Spearman's g factor concept.
D) Sternberg's components view of intelligence.

Question 16

The major difference between a disability and a handicap is that a disability is an inability to do something specific, such as being unable to hear or to walk, while a handicap

A) has both advantages and disadvantages.
B) is a disadvantage in certain situations.
C) is a disadvantage in most situations.
D) will become a disability.

Question 17

Compared to individual ability tests, a major limitation of group ability tests is that group tests

A) are more expensive to administer and more difficult to interpret than individual ability tests.
B) are less likely to produce an accurate picture of a person's abilities.
C) provide a measure of general, but not specific, abilities.
D) take much more skill on the part of the teacher to administer and interpret.

Question 18

Most psychologists today believe that intelligence is influenced

A) about equally by heredity and environment.
B) about 25 percent by heredity and 75 percent by environment.
C) about 75 percent by heredity and 25 percent by environment.
D) minimally by both heredity and environment.

Question 19

The practice of labelling exceptional students within an educational context

A) is detrimental and should not be continued.
B) is far more beneficial than harmful and definitely need to be continued.
C) has both positive and negative effects and needs to be exercised cautiously.
D) should be used only with physical handicaps that do not affect mental or emotional functioning.

Question 20

A deviation IQ score indicates

A) how a person compares with others in his/her age group.
B) how close mental age is to chronological age.
C) the degree of how well mental age is related to a particular cognitive level.
D) the difference between scores on group and individual IQ tests.

Question 21

Which of the following is a myth about suicide?

A) People who die by suicide usually talk about it first.
B) Having a family history of suicide increases the risk that a person will contemplate or attempt suicide.
C) You should not talk to someone about suicide if you suspect he or she is contemplating suicide.
D) Suicide is often intended as a cry for help.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a caution offered by Woolfolk about the use of the term "learning styles"?

A) Younger students may not be the best judges of how they should learn.
B) The term does not reflect research in this area, and therefore "learning preferences" is a more accurate label.
C) Instruments for assessing students' learning preferences lack evidence of reliability and validity.
D) Students should avoid being put in situations where their learning preference is not accommodated for.

Question 23

In treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the medications that seem to work best are

A) anti-depressants.
B) depressants.
C) placebo prescriptions.
D) stimulants.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of students with developmental disabilities?

A) They had significant limitations in cognitive abilities and adaptive behaviour.
B) Although learning at a slower rate, they are unlikely to reach a point at which their learning plateaus.
C) They have difficulties maintaining skills without ongoing practice.
D) They may have difficulties combining or integrating multiple skills, such as doing the laundry.

Question 25

Debbie is always speaking very loudly even when circumstances do not call for such behaviour. What type of problem is she demonstrating?

A) Articulation
B) Oral language
C) Stuttering
D) Voicing

Question 26

Recent research has indicated that acceleration of students who are gifted

A) has been unnecessarily discouraged in the past.
B) is related to lower achievement.
C) results in poor social and emotional adjustment.
D) robs students of the companionship of their age group.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT true of cerebral palsy?

A) Children with mild cerebral palsy require few accommodations.
B) Cerebral palsy worsens over time.
C) The most common form of cerebral palsy is characterized by spasticity.
D) Cerebral palsy can develop as a result of a child contracting meningitis.

Question 28

Lewis Terman's classic study found that children who are gifted tend to be

A) larger and stronger as adults than their peers.
B) less athletic than their peers.
C) less socially skilled than their peers.
D) teachers' pets.

Question 29

Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the concept of learned helplessness as an explanation for failure by low socioeconomic status children?

A) Trina seeks help from her older sister in completing practically all of her homework assignments.
B) Michael decides that he has no chance of passing the seventh grade or getting out of school.
C) Brook never volunteers an answer, but hopes that the teacher will call on her.
D) Josh will only compete against smaller children while playing sports after school.

Question 30

Tammy received her fourth F in her math class. She accepted the grade and believes that there is nothing she can do to improve her scores. Tammy appears to be experiencing

A) a math ability problem.
B) a passive learning problem.
C) learned helplessness.
D) poor study and attention skills.

Question 31

Which one of the following situations is considered a language difference rather than a language disorder?

A) Delayed language development
B) Failing to adapt language to the context
C) Interrupted language development
D) Speaking in a strong dialect

Question 32

Which one of the following behaviours is an example of an articulation disorder?

A) Repeating a word several times in an utterance
B) Saying "wike" for "like"
C) Speaking in an inappropriate pitch
D) Speaking too slowly or too rapidly

Question 33

The most common learning disability involves difficulties with

A) behaviour.
B) mathematics.
C) reading.
D) organization.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding stuttering?

A) If persisting for 1-2 months, a referral to a speech therapist should be made
B) It is more likely to occur in preschool than in adolescence.
C) It is not classified as a speech impairment.
D) The causes are well known, but treatments are not.

Question 35

Which of the following form of assessment would be the best predictor of achievement in the identification of students who are academically gifted in reading and math?

A) A group achievement test
B) A group intelligence test
C) An individual IQ test
D) Teacher observations and grades

Question 36

Current beliefs about teaching the gifted

A) clearly favour acceleration over enrichment.
B) clearly favour enrichment over acceleration.
C) view both acceleration and enrichment as beneficial.
D) view neither acceleration nor enrichment as beneficial.

Question 37

Which of the following strategies should be used by teachers to help students with ADHD in the classroom?

A) Avoid giving them choices to reduce their stress.
B) Assign longer assignments to keep them occupied.
C) Give them fewer recess breaks to reduce their mental activity level.
D) Teach them self-monitoring skills to give them control.

Question 38

What type of intervention appears to be the most successful in helping students with attention deficits?

A) Behaviour management strategies
B) Cognitive management training
C) Cooperative learning strategies
D) Socialization skills training

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT considered a general characteristic of emotional and behavioural disorders?

A) Indigenous youth in Canada are overrepresented in these categories.
B) Students with learning and/or intellectual disability may also develop emotional and behavioural disorders.
C) More boys are diagnosed with these disorders than girls.
D) These disorders significantly affect the lives of about one in nineteen Canadian students.

Question 40

Which of the following is TRUE about the definitions of learning disabilities?

A) Many scholars believe there is too little emphasis given to the discrepancy between students' IQ and their achievement in school.
B) There are slight differences in the definitions used across Canada.
C) Psychological processing problems are over emphasized in definitions.
D) There are only environmental bases for learning disabilities.

Question 41

Bloom's study of prodigies revealed the importance of families in supporting the development of their child's gifts.

Question 42

An individual who can retrieve information from his or her memory with great speed is demonstrating a high level of crystallized intelligence.

Question 43

Teachers are usually extremely accurate in identifying students who are gifted and talented.

Question 44

A student is having a generalized epileptic seizure. Your first response as the teacher should be to

A) insert a pen or pencil in his mouth to protect the tongue.
B) move hard objects away from the student.
C) seek medical assistance immediately.
D) try to restrain the student's movements.

Question 45

John Carroll's intelligence model identifies one general ability, a few broad abilities and about 40 specific abilities..

Question 46

A disability and a handicap refer to the same condition.

Question 47

RTI refers to

A) a type of annually revised program for an exceptional student.
B) a neurological condition that affects students' learning.
C) the practice of placing exceptional students in the most regular educational setting possible.
D) a process giving educators the option for assessing and educating students with serious learning problems early.

Question 48

What type of approach to understanding language seems best for students who are hard of hearing?

A) A combination of speech and manual reading methods
B) Finger spelling only
C) Sign language only
D) Speech reading only

Question 49

Solving a geometry problem requires students to use both their fluid and crystallized intelligences.

Question 50

Inclusion, as it relates to special education, means that students will

A) be included in all activities in the daily routine of the school.
B) become involved in the development and implementation of his/her IEP.
C) achieve equal outcomes.
D) participate in the typical subject-matter lessons in general education classrooms.

Question 51

Curriculum compacting is a strategy recommended for students with developmental delays.

Question 52

More boys than girls are classified as hyperactive.

Question 53

Intelligence scores are computed today as deviation IQs.

Question 54

One of the central indicators of ADHD is an obsessive attention to specific tasks.

Question 55

A student who is considered "educationally blind"

A) can see class materials as long as they are of higher print quality.
B) can see class materials as long as they are printed very large.
C) requires the use of braille materials in order to learn.
D) becomes irritable when they have to work with a "buddy" in class.

Question 56

Group IQs are more accurate estimates of IQ than individual results.

Question 57

An individualized education program (IEP) is a written plan for a specific student's education, and it must include

A) career goals.
B) needed transitional services.
C) specific educational goals.
D) specific educational goals, current functioning level, and career goals.

Question 58

The rate of death by suicide among young people is higher for boys than girls.

Question 59

Low vision describes a visual impairment in which

A) vision is limited to close objects.
B) an individual has 20/200 vision.
C) vision is limited to distant objects.
D) an individual is legally blind.

Question 60

Troy is frequently accused of day-dreaming during class to the extent that his teacher has requested medical testing. This behaviour might suggest the occurrence of

A) a generalized epileptic seizure.
B) a tonic-chronic seizure.
C) an absence seizure.
D) generalized cerebral palsy.

Question 61

The French psychologist credited with developing the first intelligence test is ________.

Question 62

Having the ability to apply culturally accepted problem-solving methods is referred to as ________.

Question 63

A communication system for deaf students that uses hand positions to spell out each letter is called ________.

Question 64

Provinces in Canada do not vary in their definitions of inclusion.

Question 65

The type of intelligence that increases until adolescence and then gradually declines with age is ________.

Question 66

Speech reading is an oral approach of communication for students who are hard of hearing.

Question 67

The use of labels to describe exceptional children has both positive and negative consequences. Discuss those consequences in terms of their impact on the students and the regular classroom teacher.

Question 68

A disorder characterized by uncontrolled seizures is called ________.

Question 69

Gifted children are typically, above average in general ability, highly creative, and have high levels of ________.

Question 70

________ programming is a practice in which educators prepare students with developmental disabilities to move from school to working and living in the community.

Question 71

A _________ is characterized by uncontrolled jerking movements that ordinarily last from 2 to 5 minutes, possible loss of bowel or bladder control, and irregular breathing, followed by a deep sleep or coma.

Question 72

The theory of multiple intelligences consisting of at least eight separate entities was proposed by ________.

Question 73

The type of language that teachers and others should use when referring to students with disabilities is ________.

Question 74

A type of speech impairment that is characterized by repetitive and hesitant sounds is called ________.

Question 75

A strong belief that one is unable to succeed or make a difference in achievement is called ________.

Question 76

An individualized education program (IEP) should be prepared exclusively by a student's teachers in partnership with a trained psychologist.

Question 77

Students who tend to be motivated by rewards and external standards take a ________-processing approach to learning.

Question 78

Cerebral palsy is commonly characterized by overly tense muscles or ________.

Question 79

Explain Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory and some of the criticisms it has faced.

Question 80

_________ is a one way that some provinces have implemented the nationwide policy of inclusion that sees exceptional students participate in activities with their nonexceptional peers.