Deck 15: Gender Development

Question 1

According to the _____, children are apt to form generalized beliefs or stereotypes about their gender ingroup based on their own personal-social attributes.

A) social identity theory
B) stereotype emulation hypothesis
C) stereotype construction hypothesis
D) identity construction hypothesis

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A recent survey of more than 10,000 U.S. adolescents found that approximately _____ of boys and _____ of girls were dissatisfied with their body.

A) one-tenth; half
B) one-quarter; one-third
C) one-third; half
D) half; two-thirds

Answer 2

D

Question 3

James is teaching his son, Charles, how to shave. This is an example of

A) tuition.
B) enactive experience.
C) typicality.
D) observation.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The meta-analysis conducted by Else-Quest and colleagues on cultural influences in gender differences in math achievement provided support for which theory?

A) social identity theory
B) gender schema theory
C) the bioecological model
D) biosocial theory

Question 5

The initial evaluation of information as being personally relevant is called

A) the interest filter.
B) gender stability.
C) the enactive experience.
D) observational learning.

Question 6

Which statement about the general intelligence of girls and boys is NOT true?

A) More boys' scores than girls' scores fall at the lower range of intelligence scores.
B) More boys' scores than girls' scores fall at the upper range of intelligence scores.
C) The general intellectual performance of boys and girls tends to be equivalent.
D) Girls have higher intelligence than boys regardless of how intelligence is measured.

Question 7

Affiliation includes an emphasis on which quality?

A) sensitive
B) active
C) task-oriented
D) influential

Question 8

Spatial skills appear to be affected by

A) androgens.
B) estrogen.
C) the corpus callosum.
D) the size of the brain.

Question 9

With which assertion is social identity theory consistent?

A) Boys are more likely than girls to endorse gender stereotypes.
B) Girls are more likely than boys to endorse gender stereotypes.
C) Boys and girls will endorse gender stereotypes to the same degree.
D) Girls and boys will rarely endorse gender stereotypes.

Question 10

Which statement about gender comparisons in mathematics is NOT true?

A) Boys and girls score nearly equally well on standardized tests of mathematics at the high school level.
B) Girls and women are maintaining their interest in math beyond high school at rates higher than seen in earlier decades.
C) Until recently, boys tended to perform better on standardized tests of mathematics ability than did girls.
D) Despite efforts by schools and parents, the gender gap in mathematic ability remains.

Question 11

Which statement about the intellectual skills of girls and boys is TRUE?

A) Boys tend to be stronger than girls in early vocabulary development.
B) Boys tend to be stronger than girls in all aspects of visual-spatial processing.
C) On average, the general intellectual performance of boys is higher than that of girls.
D) Boys and girls are equivalent in most aspects of intelligence and cognitive functioning.

Question 12

_____ refers to individuals who are highly cross-gender-typed in relation to their assigned gender.

A) Gender nonconforming
B) Transgender
C) Genderqueer
D) Gender-fluid

Question 13

Effect size refers to the _____ of similarity and difference.

A) relative importance
B) cultural value placed on the degree
C) reliability and validity
D) magnitude

Question 14

Which statement about parents' influences on boys' and girls' cognitive development and achievement is TRUE?

A) Parents' beliefs about boys' and girls' potential are similar for male and female children until children begin to display gender-typed differences in interests or achievement.
B) Parents of males and parents of females tend to have similar rates of verbal interaction with their children.
C) Parents communicate gender-stereotyped expectations through differential encouragement.
D) Parents tend to be more lenient with daughters in comparison to sons, helping daughters mature earlier than sons.

Question 15

Which factor is NOT typical of preschoolers?

A) knowledge of gender stereotypes regarding traits associated with males and females
B) attribution of particular play activities to males and females
C) knowledge of gender stereotypes regarding roles associated with males and females
D) gender constancy

Question 16

Menarche is defined as the onset of

A) puberty.
B) menstruation.
C) body image problems.
D) sexual attraction.

Question 17

Kendra is 10 years old. When presented with a story of a girl who likes to work on cars, Kendra will likely say that the girl _____ be allowed to work on cars, and/but she _____ be teased for doing that.

A) should; probably will not
B) should not; probably will
C) should; probably will
D) should not; probably will not

Question 18

"Nonbinary" is another term for

A) cisgender.
B) transgender.
C) genderqueer.
D) gender-fluid.

Question 19

Gender differences in which dimension tend to be of medium size during childhood?

A) activity level
B) verbal ability
C) risk taking
D) verbal aggression

Question 20

Which condition is associated with impeding the formation of male external genitalia, which can result in a biological male child being born with female external genitalia?

A) ADD
B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
C) epilepsy
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 21

Gender differences in aggression

A) are virtually identical across cultures.
B) exist in some cultures and not in others.
C) are flipped in some cultures.
D) are consistent across cultures, but the average levels of aggression vary widely.

Question 22

Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development proposes that which factor is the basis for the development of gender knowledge?

A) children's intrinsic motivation to learn about gender
B) general cognitive development
C) parents' explicit instruction
D) peer socialization

Question 23

The tendency for people to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the group to which they belong as superior to those of the other group is referred to as

A) ingroup assimilation.
B) ingroup bias.
C) outgroup assimilation.
D) outgroup bias.

Question 24

_____ refers to persons who do not identify with any gender category.

A) Agender
B) Transgender
C) Genderqueer
D) Gender-fluid

Question 25

Learning via direct teaching is called

A) tuition.
B) enactive experience.
C) typicality.
D) observation.

Question 26

The concepts of tuition, observational learning, and enactive experience are central to _____ theory.

A) Kohlberg's
B) gender schema
C) social identity
D) social cognitive

Question 27

Friendly cross-gender contacts often occur in which context?

A) when a teacher assigns children to work together on a project
B) on the playground at recess
C) in the cafeteria
D) when there are a lot of children around

Question 28

Affiliation refers to the tendency to

A) minimize one's own self-worth.
B) take action on behalf of the self.
C) establish connections with others.
D) blend a variety of behaviors.

Question 29

Which perspective emphasizes a community's opportunity structure?

A) bioecological model.
B) social role theory.
C) social identity theory.
D) biosocial theory.

Question 30

Body image refers to an individual's thoughts and feelings about his or her

A) sexuality.
B) athletic ability.
C) physical appearance.
D) intellect.

Question 31

Leigh is considered a "tomboy" according to many of her peers. This indicates that she is

A) gender nonconforming.
B) transgender.
C) genderqueer.
D) gender-fluid.

Question 32

In distinguishing between males and females, infants appear NOT to be able to understand

A) what it means to be male or female.
B) that female voices go with female faces and male voices go with male faces.
C) that females and males tend to have different hairstyles.
D) that males and females tend to have different vocal pitches.

Question 33

During which period does gender segregation appear?

A) toddlerhood
B) preschool years
C) early childhood
D) middle childhood

Question 34

Social identity theory would predict that the more time one spends with a group, the more one will

A) come to like each member of the group.
B) be able to differentiate among members of the group.
C) become similar to the members of the group.
D) become more independent.

Question 35

Five-year-old John is shown two toys. He is told the first toy, a type of machine that he has never before seen, is "for girls." He is told the second toy, a type of kitchen apparatus that he has never before seen, is "for boys." John is MOST likely to play with

A) the machine.
B) the kitchen apparatus.
C) both toys equally.
D) neither toy, as he will be confused about which one is appropriate for him.

Question 36

The economic and social resources offered by the macrosystem in the bioecological model and people's understanding of those resources is called

A) organizing influence.
B) opportunity structure.
C) enactive experience.
D) collaboration.

Question 37

Which statement about gender differences is TRUE?

A) There are many more gender differences than people generally assume.
B) There are more differences between males and females than among the members of one sex.
C) There are more similarities between males and females than there are differences between them.
D) When there are gender differences, all males differ from all females.

Question 38

Awareness that gender remains the same over time is called gender

A) identity.
B) stability.
C) constancy.
D) schema.

Question 39

The active process during development whereby children's cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs is referred to as

A) gender identification.
B) self-socialization.
C) gender assertion.
D) self-schematization.

Question 40

Research conducted by Hyde and colleagues has pointed out that there

A) is no binary between having a female brain or a male brain.
B) are minimal effect size in brain differences between males and females.
C) is a binary difference between the brains of males and females.
D) is a clear brain difference between males and females.

Question 41

According to the "social dosage effect"

A) spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behavior.
B) increases in gender-typed behavior predict increases in amount of time spent with same-gender peers.
C) both of these predictions would hold.
D) neither of these predictions would hold.

Question 42

Social cognitive theory does NOT focus on the reciprocal causation among

A) behavioral patterns.
B) biological factors.
C) personal factors.
D) environmental factors.

Question 43

The contribution of self-socialization to gender differences is demonstrated by

A) the expectancy-value model of achievement.
B) dressing female infants in pink and dressing male infants in blue.
C) the genetic predisposition for boys, but not girls, to engage in rough-and-tumble play.
D) differences in treatment by extended family members.

Question 44

Which finding is NOT consistent with social identity theory?

A) Girls are more likely to engage in masculine-stereotyped behavior than boys are to engage in feminine-stereotyped behavior.
B) Gender-typing pressures are more rigid for girls than for boys.
C) Masculine-stereotyped characteristics are valued more highly than are feminine-stereotyped characteristics.
D) Boys are more likely than are girls to maintain group boundaries.

Question 45

Infants appear to know that

A) female voices go with female faces and male voices go with male faces.
B) females and males tend to have different hairstyles.
C) males and females tend to have different vocal pitches.
D) females and males tend to have similar vocal inflations.

Question 46

_____ persons identify with a different gender than their biological sex.

A) Cisgender
B) Transgender
C) Genderqueer
D) Gender-fluid

Question 47

Which theory is NOT an example of a cognitive perspective on gender development?

A) gender schema theory
B) bioecological model
C) Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development
D) social identity theory

Question 48

Assertion includes an emphasis on which quality?

A) sensitive
B) cooperative
C) affectionate
D) independent

Question 49

It is estimated that physical aggression occurs in approximately _____ of adolescent heterosexual dating relationships.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 25%

Question 50

For boys, behaviors stereotypically associated with males are referred to as _____, and behaviors stereotypically associated with females are referred to as _____.

A) sex-typed; cross-sex-typed
B) cross-sex-typed; sex-typed
C) gender-typed; cross-gender-typed
D) cross-gender-typed; gender-typed

Question 51

Individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned at birth are considered

A) gender dysphoria.
B) transgender.
C) cisgender.
D) androgynous.

Question 52

According to gender schema theory, which schema is children's first gender-related schema?

A) own-sex schema
B) other-sex schema
C) ingroup/outgroup schema
D) good/bad schema

Question 53

According to the _____, the more children identify with their gender ingroup, the more motivated they will be to adhere to the stereotypes for their gender ingroup.

A) social identity theory
B) stereotype emulation hypothesis
C) stereotype construction hypothesis
D) identity construction hypothesis

Question 54

By about _____ of age, infants/children are first able to distinguish females and males, usually on the basis of _____.

A) 15 to 18 months; clothing
B) 6 to 9 months; hairstyle
C) 12 to 14 months; voice
D) 2 to 3 years; behavior

Question 55

Changes in girls' performance on standardized tests of mathematics have been attributed to changes in

A) girls' biochemistry.
B) nutrition.
C) the average intelligence of girls.
D) efforts made by schools.

Question 56

A class of steroid hormones that normally occur at slightly higher levels in males than in females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward are

A) androgens.
B) estrogens.
C) pheromones.
D) spermones.

Question 57

An effect size is typically considered large when the overlap between male and female scores on a particular variable is less than

A) 53%.
B) 42%.
C) 29%.
D) 16%.

Question 58

Gender differences in direct aggression appear to be influenced by

A) higher levels of empathy in boys than in girls.
B) better emotional regulation among boys than among girls.
C) gender-typed goals regarding assertion and affiliation.
D) parental expectations for direct aggression in girls than in boys.

Question 59

The blending of the assertion and affiliation styles of behavior is referred to as

A) cooperation.
B) collaboration.
C) association.
D) amalgamation.

Question 60

The onset of the capacity for ejaculation is referred to as

A) adrenarche.
B) menarche.
C) spermarche.
D) puberty.

Question 61

The concepts of ingroup bias and ingroup assimilation are central to _____ theory.

A) Kohlberg's
B) gender schema
C) social identity
D) social cognitive

Question 62

What does a meta-analysis do?

A) summarizes the average effect size across studies
B) examines the size of an effect in a large sample
C) uses a long-term longitudinal study to determine the strength of effects
D) determine if there are significant differences between groups

Question 63

At what age to children begin to demonstrate preferences for gender-typed toys?

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) 4 years

Question 64

According to the social cognitive theory, learning occurs through all of these EXCEPT

A) tuition.
B) enactive experience.
C) typicality.
D) observation.

Question 65

According to Kohlberg, which child's behavior on a Piagetian conservation task indicates that she has likely achieved gender constancy?

A) Melinda, who believes that a row of pennies that has been spread out has more pennies than it originally did
B) Alicia, who intently watches the liquid being poured from one container to another to understand where the extra liquid is going
C) Jasmine, who states that a ball of clay that has been rolled out into a hot dog shape has more clay after the change
D) Stephanie, who understands that she is a girl and that nothing will change that.

Question 66

Children's tendency to seek out peers of their own gender and avoid peers of the opposite gender is referred to as gender

A) stereotyping.
B) segregation.
C) role development.
D) discrimination.

Question 67

Of these influences, which appears to be the initial source of gender segregation?

A) establishment of gender constancy
B) peer pressure
C) differences in behavioral styles and interests
D) parent and teacher efforts

Question 68

Gender refers to

A) one's social assignment or self-categorization as female or male or possibly both, neither, or a different category.
B) one's genetically specified category as male or female.
C) behaviors associated with being male or female.
D) biological processes involving hormones.

Question 69

At approximately what age do children start to demonstrate a clear understanding that gender roles are social conventions as opposed to biological outcomes?

A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 11

Question 70

Gender differences in children's academic achievement appear to be influenced by

A) teachers' higher expectations of school achievement for boys than for girls.
B) the spatial nature of activities more likely to be favored by boys than by girls.
C) girls' endorsement of traditional femininity being associated with greater school performance.
D) parents encouraging academic achievement in boys rather than girls.

Question 71

Kohlberg's concept of gender constancy involves the understanding that

A) one is a member of one gender category or another.
B) gender is consistent even when superficial changes occur.
C) gender is stable over time.
D) gender is determined by sex chromosomes.

Question 72

Greater levels of TV viewing by children are NOT likely to be associated with

A) higher levels of gender-nonessentialist statements.
B) greater preference for gender-typed activities.
C) more highly stereotypical beliefs about males and females.
D) greater endorsement of gender stereotypes.

Question 73

Which process is NOT included in observational learning?

A) attention
B) motivation
C) assimilation
D) production

Question 74

The differences in interpersonal goals between the sexes tend to be consistent with

A) gender stereotypes.
B) traditional gender roles.
C) general intelligence.
D) parental influences on gender development.

Question 75

Samantha's mother is teaching her how to properly wash dishes. This is an example of

A) tuition.
B) enactive experience.
C) typicality.
D) observation.

Question 76

According to social cognitive theory, learning does NOT occur through

A) age-related brain development.
B) direct teaching.
C) experiencing the reactions one's behavior evokes in others.
D) modeling.

Question 77

According to Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development, children begin to imitate same-sex models when they

A) have established gender identity.
B) are rewarded.
C) have achieved gender constancy.
D) have constructed gender schemas.

Question 78

Studies of individuals whose gender identification does not match their observable genitalia have demonstrated the

A) dominance of gender identification over socialization.
B) importance of gender constancy.
C) irrelevance of hormones in gender-typed behavior.
D) dominance of socialization over gender identification.

Question 79

Which statement about differences between girls' and boys' academic achievement is TRUE?

A) Girls and boys tend to differ in academic achievement in high school, but boys tend to be higher in elementary school and in college.
B) Girls and boys tend to be similar in academic achievement in high school, but girls tend to be higher in elementary school and in college.
C) Boys tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than girls from elementary school through college.
D) Girls tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than boys from elementary school through college.

Question 80

Which statement about differences between girls' and boys' intellectual capabilities is TRUE?

A) They are completely due to biological differences between boys and girls.
B) They are very small in magnitude.
C) There are more differences than similarities.
D) They are completely due to societal gender norms.