Deck 2: Management Learning Past to Present

Question 1

The four administrative principles account for our rapidly changing work environments by modifying the earlier developed four functions of management.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Managers who hold Theory Y assumptions cannot create self-fulfilling prophecies.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Behavioral approaches assume that people are social and self-actualizing, enjoy social relationships, respond to group pressures, and search for personal fulfillment.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A grocery store receives complaints from customers that the waiting time is too long for checkouts during certain times of the day. This problem can be solved by the queuing theory.

Question 5

Formal rules and procedures are defining characteristics of Weber's bureaucratic organization.

Question 6

According to Elton Mayo, people would restrict their output in order to avoid the displeasure of their group, even if it meant sacrificing pay that could otherwise be earned by increasing output.

Question 7

Henri Fayol believed that management could be taught.

Question 8

Time study is the science of reducing a task to its basic physical motions.

Question 9

After a series of scientific tests, Elton Mayo and his team of researchers concluded that new a "social setting" created for workers in a test room decreased the productivity of those employees.

Question 10

The principles of scientific management were proposed by Frederick Taylor.

Question 11

Coordination refers to providing and mobilizing resources to implement a plan.

Question 12

Argyris asserts that psychological success occurs when people define their own goals.

Question 13

Argyris's theory of adult personality counters Fayol's concept of unity of direction.

Question 14

Managers holding Theory Y assumptions approach their jobs believing that those who work for them generally dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led rather than to lead.

Question 15

The Hawthorne effect is the tendency of persons singled out for special attention to perform as expected.

Question 16

According to the progression principle, a satisfied need does not motivate behavior.

Question 17

Maslow's ideas point managers toward finding ways to link volunteer work with opportunities to satisfy higher-order needs like esteem and self-actualization.

Question 18

A real estate developer wants to control costs and finish building a new apartment complex on time. This problem can be solved by inventory analysis.

Question 19

Physiological needs and safety needs are higher-order needs in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs.

Question 20

According to the deficit principle, a satisfied need is a motivator of behavior.

Question 21

Pizza Bliss, a pizza delivery chain, assures delivery of pizza within half an hour of the placement of order. It employs various methods like specialization of work, motion study, and analysis of routes to make sure that an order reaches a customer in half an hour. Which of the following management techniques is Pizza Bliss most likely using?

A) Maslow's theory of human needs
B) Bureaucratic organization
C) Scientific management
D) Hawthorne studies
E) Theory X and Theory Y

Question 22

People and technology are outputs in an open system.

Question 23

_____ is to complete a plan of action for the future.

A) Foresight
B) Organization
C) Command
D) Coordination
E) Control

Question 24

Continuous improvement involves always searching for new ways to improve work quality and performance.

Question 25

The manager of a company fits diverse efforts together. He ensures that information is shared and problems are solved. Which of the following management functions is he performing?

A) Foresight
B) Organization
C) Command
D) Coordination
E) Control

Question 26

A manager employs five workers to produce a total of 36 units of a product per day. He soon realizes that the workers are able to produce only 30 units a day. He then employs an additional worker to meet the set target. Which of the following duties of management is he performing while taking the corrective action?

A) Foresight
B) Organization
C) Command
D) Coordination
E) Control

Question 27

Which of the following assumes that people at work rationally consider opportunities made available to them and do whatever is necessary to achieve the greatest personal and monetary gain?

A) Classical management approach
B) Theory X
C) Theory of human needs
D) Behavioral management approach
E) Modern management approach

Question 28

Which of the following is a classical management approach?

A) Theory X
B) Theory Y
C) Human needs theory
D) Hawthorne studies
E) Administrative principles

Question 29

The primary goal of scientific management is to:

A) make decisions based on hard facts about what really works.
B) use large databases and mathematics to solve problems.
C) satisfy the physiological and psychological deficiencies of a person.
D) improve the productivity of people by careful selection and training.
E) make every employee an owner of a business organization.

Question 30

Which of the following led to advances in the areas of leader-member communication and bureaucracy?

A) Administrative principles
B) Theory of human needs
C) Theory X
D) Theory Y
E) Motion study

Question 31

_____ is to lead, select, and evaluate workers to get the best work toward a plan.

A) Foresight
B) Organization
C) Command
D) Coordination
E) Control

Question 32

_____ is to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action.

A) Foresight
B) Organization
C) Command
D) Coordination
E) Control

Question 33

Goods and services are inputs in an open system.

Question 34

A tight bureaucracy works best when the environment is relatively stable and operations are predictable and uncomplicated.

Question 35

Knowledge management involves making decisions based on hard facts about what really works.

Question 36

Which of the following best defines organization?

A) To complete a plan of action for the future
B) To provide and mobilize resources to implement a plan
C) To lead, select, and evaluate workers to get the best work toward a plan
D) To fit diverse efforts together and to ensure information is shared and problems are solved
E) To make sure things happen according to a plan and to take necessary corrective action

Question 37

Which of the following is true of the scalar chain principle?

A) Each person should receive orders from only one boss.
B) One person should be in charge of all activities that have the same performance objective.
C) There should be a clear and unbroken line of communication from the top to the bottom in an organization.
D) Guidelines must be written and kept for historical record.
E) Workers should be selected and promoted on ability, competency, and performance.

Question 38

Who is known as the father of scientific management?

A) Henri Fayol
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Max Weber
D) Douglas McGregor
E) Abraham Maslow

Question 39

In a fresh juice manufacturing plant, the production team manufactures 2,000 bottles of juice per day while the sales team sells only 1,700 bottles per day. Since the product is perishable, the extra output incurs losses to the company. Hence, the manager intervenes and sets a common standard for both the teams. Which of the following management duties is the manager performing?

A) Control
B) Foresight
C) Coordination
D) Organization
E) Command

Question 40

_____ emphasizes careful selection and training of workers and supervisory support.

A) Bureaucratic organization
B) Theory X
C) Theory Y
D) Scientific management
E) Administrative principles

Question 41

The progression principle states that:

A) a need is activated only when the next-lower-level need is satisfied.
B) people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led.
C) people are willing to work, like responsibility, and are self-directed and creative.
D) people at work rationally consider opportunities made available to them and do whatever is necessary to achieve the greatest personal and monetary gain.
E) a satisfied need does not motivate behavior.

Question 42

Which of the following is true of Follett's view on organizations?

A) She viewed organizations as communities in which managers and workers should work in harmony.
B) She warned against the dangers of less hierarchy.
C) She supported the idea of managers dominating workers.
D) She propagated the idea of workers working individually, rather than in a group.
E) She believed that it wasn't a manager's job to help people cooperate with one another.

Question 43

Which of the following management theories is based on the deficit principle and the progression principle?

A) Administrative principles
B) Maslow's theory of human needs
C) Scientific management
D) Hawthorne studies
E) Theory X and Theory Y

Question 44

The _____ approaches assume that people are social and self-actualizing, enjoy social relationships, respond to group pressures, and search for personal fulfillment.

A) classical
B) scientific management
C) contingency thinking
D) behavioral
E) modern

Question 45

Which of the following best pertains to clear division of labor?

A) Rules and procedures are impartially and uniformly applied, with no one receiving preferential treatment.
B) Jobs are well defined, and workers become highly skilled at performing them.
C) Workers are selected and promoted on ability, competency, and performance, and managers are career employees of an organization.
D) Written guidelines direct behavior and decisions in jobs, and written files are kept for historical record.
E) Authority and responsibility are well defined for each position, and each position reports to a higher-level.

Question 46

According to Mayo's research team, _____ in a test room resulted in higher productivity.

A) economic incentives
B) good human relations
C) scientific management
D) adequate rest pauses
E) timely measurement of production

Question 47

According to Max Weber, which of the following is an advantage of bureaucracy?

A) Relatively less paperwork
B) Flexibility in the face of shifting client needs
C) Reliability and stringency of discipline
D) Employee enthusiasm
E) Speed in handling problems

Question 48

A manager finds out that the productivity of her workers has declined. Therefore, she creates a new social setting for the workers, where they share pleasant social relations with one another and receive special attention from the supervisor. The manager has implemented lessons from _____ to improve the productivity of her workers.

A) the scientific management theory
B) the theory of human needs
C) Theory X and Theory Y
D) the Hawthorne studies
E) Fayol's administrative principles

Question 49

Which of the following best describes the Hawthorne effect?

A) It refers to the tendency of people who are singled out for special attention to perform as anticipated because of expectations created by the situation.
B) It implies that satisfied need does not motivate behavior.
C) It refers to a need that is activated only when the next-lower-level need is satisfied.
D) It implies that people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led.
E) It implies that people are willing to work, like responsibility, and are self-directed and creative.

Question 50

At Infibeam Solutions, the workers under one manager are expected to follow specific timings for their shifts, and the workers under another manager are given the liberty of flexible timings. Which of the following characteristics of a bureaucracy has the company neglected?

A) Clear division of labor
B) Clear hierarchy of authority
C) Unity of direction
D) Careers based on merit
E) Impersonality

Question 51

Which of the following theories proposes that groups can have strong negative, as well as positive, influences on individual productivity?

A) Scientific management theory
B) Bureaucratic organization
C) Theory X and Theory Y
D) Hawthorne studies
E) Administrative principles

Question 52

A manager wishes to implement the conclusions of the Hawthorne studies in her organization. To do so, she should:

A) create written guidelines for workers.
B) implement division of labor in the workplace.
C) assure good human relations between workers.
D) reduce a job or task to its basic physical motion.
E) define authority and responsibility for each worker.

Question 53

Which of the following management theories advocates employee ownership, profit sharing, and gain-sharing plans?

A) McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
B) Hawthorne studies
C) Fayol's Administrative Principles
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
E) Follett's organizations as communities

Question 54

Which of the following refers to the lowest needs in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs?

A) Esteem needs
B) Self-actualization needs
C) Social needs
D) Safety needs
E) Physiological needs

Question 55

Which of the following best pertains to impersonality?

A) Jobs are well defined, and workers become highly skilled at performing them.
B) Workers are selected and promoted on ability, competency, and performance, and managers are career employees of an organization.
C) Written guidelines direct behavior and decisions in jobs, and written files are kept for historical record.
D) Authority and responsibility are well defined for each position, and each position reports to a higher-level.
E) Rules and procedures are impartially and uniformly applied, with no one receiving preferential treatment.

Question 56

A worker receives an order to meet the daily production target from one manager and an order to train the new workers from another. Which of the following principles does the company neglect?

A) Scalar chain principle
B) Unity of command principle
C) Unity of direction principle
D) Principle of motion study
E) Principle of merit

Question 57

Which of the following is true of the unity of direction principle?

A) One person should be in charge of all activities that have the same performance objective.
B) Guidelines must be written and kept for historical record.
C) Each person should receive orders from only one boss.
D) There should be a clear and unbroken line of communication from the top to the bottom in an organization.
E) Workers should be selected and promoted on ability, competency, and performance.

Question 58

Which of the following is a disadvantage of bureaucracy?

A) Preferential treatment of some employees
B) Unclear division of labor
C) Excessive paperwork
D) Unclear hierarchy of authority
E) Absence of written guidelines

Question 59

Klark, an employee of Relkins & Sons Ltd., earns a good compensation, owns a house, has a stable job, and is close to his family and friends. He has been recognized as a good manager, respected by his subordinates, and has mastered his managerial skills. His company offers to pay his house rent if he negotiates a deal with a particular client. This offer fails to motivate him. Which of the following principles explains Klark's behavior?

A) Progression principle
B) Principle of motion study
C) Deficit principle
D) Hawthorne effect
E) Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 60

The deficit principle states that:

A) a need is activated only when the next-lower-level need is satisfied.
B) people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led.
C) people are willing to work, like responsibility, and are self-directed and creative.
D) people at work rationally consider opportunities made available to them and do whatever is necessary to achieve the greatest personal and monetary gain.
E) a satisfied need is not a motivator of behavior.

Question 61

The worker of a company earns a wage that provides with him good food, shelter, and a good standard of living. According to the progression principle, which of the following needs is most likely to motivate him next?

A) Recognition
B) Mastery
C) Protection
D) Self-fulfillment
E) Affection

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of a self-actualization need?

A) Need for self-fulfillment
B) Mastery
C) Affection
D) Protection
E) Physical well-being

Question 63

Cooper is a manager who assumes that his employees dislike work and act irresponsibly. He tries to command and control his workers in every possible way. According to the self-fulfilling prophecy, Cooper's employees are most likely to:

A) take initiatives.
B) become creative.
C) become passive.
D) be self-directed.
E) perform responsibly.

Question 64

What was the disadvantage Argyris found in Weber's bureaucratic model?

A) It would create passive, dependent workers.
B) It limits opportunities for self-actualization.
C) It would create conditions for psychological failure.
D) It creates a lenient work environment.
E) It disregards motion study.

Question 65

The CEO of Charter & Co. has a good compensation, a house, a family, and many friends. He is respected by his employees and is recognized as an efficient manager. Now, he wants to start his own company. Which of the following needs is he responding to?

A) Social needs
B) Esteem needs
C) Physiological needs
D) Self-actualization needs
E) Safety needs

Question 66

Leonard works in a company where he receives minimum wages. He does not have sufficient money to pay his medical bills. His manager offers to award him with a "Best Worker" certificate if he increases his productivity. This offer fails to motivate him. Which of the following explains Leonard's behavior?

A) Progression principle
B) Principle of motion study
C) Deficit principle
D) Hawthorne effect
E) Weber's bureaucracy theory

Question 67

Argyris's theory of adult personality differs from the scientific management theory in that Argyris's theory:

A) develops rules of motion.
B) develops a clear and consistent approach to work.
C) proposes excessive supervision of employees.
D) uses the concept of "time study" to improve efficiency.
E) criticizes the principle of specialization.

Question 68

According to McGregor's Theory X, _____.

A) people are social and self-actualizing
B) a satisfied need does not motivate behavior
C) people at work rationally consider opportunities made available to them
D) a need is activated only when the next-lower-level need is satisfied
E) people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led

Question 69

Which of the following matches correctly?

A) Affection-Esteem needs
B) Protection-Self-actualization needs
C) Prestige-Safety needs
D) Physical well-being-Physiological needs
E) Mastery-Social needs

Question 70

According to Argyris's theory of adult personality, which of the following may create conditions for psychological failure?

A) The deficit principle
B) The progression principle
C) The concept of motion study
D) The concept of unity of direction
E) The principle of specialization

Question 71

According to Argyris's theory of adult personality, which of the following creates dependent and passive workers?

A) Weber's bureaucracy
B) Organizations as systems
C) Organizations as communities
D) Scientific management
E) Maslow's theory of human needs

Question 72

Margaret is a manager who assumes that her workers are willing to perform well, like responsibility, and are self-directed. She encourages them to be more involved in their jobs and grants them reasonable freedom. Margaret's subordinates are most likely to:

A) act passively.
B) become dependent.
C) perform reluctantly.
D) perform irresponsibly.
E) take initiatives.

Question 73

According to Argyris, _____.

A) managers who treat people positively and as responsible adults will achieve the highest productivity
B) the principle of specialization increases opportunities for self-actualization
C) bureaucracy allows workers to control their work
D) the concept of unity of direction leads to psychological success
E) people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led

Question 74

The worker of a company is motivated by the need for security, protection, and stability in the events of his day-to-day life. According to the progression principle, which of the following needs has already been satisfied?

A) Safety needs
B) Cultural needs
C) Social needs
D) Esteem needs
E) Physiological needs

Question 75

Recognition is an example of:

A) safety needs.
B) esteem needs.
C) self-actualization needs.
D) physiological needs.
E) social needs.

Question 76

Penny is the manager at Peace, an international campaigning organization where volunteers work without being paid. According to Maslow's theory, which of the following needs should Penny focus on to increase the productivity of the volunteers?

A) Physical well-being
B) Safety
C) Esteem
D) Mastery
E) Protection

Question 77

Which of the following is true of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) It does not occur to managers who hold Theory X assumptions.
B) It occurs when a person acts in ways that confirm the person's expectations.
C) It does not occur to managers who hold Theory Y assumptions.
D) It is the tendency of persons singled out for special attention to perform as expected.
E) It tries to match management practices with situational demands.

Question 78

Which of the following is TRUE of managers with Theory X and Theory Y assumptions?

A) People are willing to work and like responsibility.
B) People are self-directed and creative.
C) These theories typically create responsible workers.
D) These theories create self-fulfilling prophecies.
E) These theories create opportunities to satisfy esteem and self-actualizing needs.

Question 79

According to McGregor's Theory Y, _____.

A) people are willing to work, like responsibility, and are self-directed and creative
B) people are social and self-actualizing
C) a satisfied need does not motivate behavior
D) people at work rationally consider opportunities made available to them
E) a need is activated only when the next-lower-level need is satisfied

Question 80

At the level of _____ needs, the deficit and progression principles cease to operate.

A) self-actualization
B) social
C) safety
D) esteem
E) physiological