Deck 18: Clearing the Air: Respiratory Cardiovascular and Excretory Systems

Question 1

Chronic smoking can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the lungs, permanently damaging alveoli. This process is termed

A) bronchitis.
B) asthma.
C) emphysema.
D) lung cancer.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is one consequence of long-term exposure to carbon monoxide, found in environmental tobacco smoke?

A) damage to hemoglobin
B) protection from bronchitis
C) higher-than-average birth weights of babies born to smoking mothers
D) diminished brain function in infants and children

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Most of the oxygen in the blood is

A) bound to hemoglobin.
B) in white blood cells.
C) combined with carbon dioxide.
D) dissolved in the plasma.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the order of passage as air is inhaled into the human lungs?

A) nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchiole, alveolus
B) nasal cavity, larynx, bronchiole, trachea, alveolus
C) nasal cavity, bronchiole, larynx, trachea, alveolus
D) nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveolus

Question 5

Why is carbon monoxide deadly?

A) It binds to hemoglobin in white blood cells in place of oxygen.
B) It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen.
C) It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of carbon dioxide.
D) It binds to hemoglobin in white blood cells in place of carbon dioxide.

Question 6

True or false: As you're sitting in your chair reading this test question, the process of breathing out (termed exhalation)is an active process.

Question 7

Respiratory pigments are specialized proteins in blood that

A) contain metal ions.
B) occur only in insects.
C) increase the efficiency of carbon dioxide transport.
D) turn the blood blue when oxygen is bound.

Question 8

As air is inhaled, which of the four following structures is the last to be encountered?

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) bronchiole
D) bronchi

Question 9

What is the advantage of having grape-like clusters called alveoli as part of the respiratory system?

A) Alveoli allow for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange.
B) Alveoli are circular in structure, which is ideal for maximal gas exchange.
C) Because alveoli are shaped like grapes, this allows for thinner walls, thereby facilitating gas exchange in the lungs.
D) The shape of alveoli allows capillaries to be in closer proximity to gases, which facilitates gas exchange.

Question 10

Although children believe that "holding my breath until I die" is possible, parents know this to not be true because

A) as a child holds his or her breath, oxygen levels build, stimulating breathing by the brain stem.
B) as a child holds his or her breath, oxygen levels decrease, stimulating breathing by the brain stem.
C) as a child holds his or her breath, carbon dioxide levels decrease, stimulating breathing by the brain stem.
D) as a child holds his or her breath, carbon dioxide levels increase, stimulating breathing by the brain stem.

Question 11

The respiratory surface where gas exchange occurs is in the

A) trachea.
B) bronchioles.
C) pharynx.
D) alveoli.

Question 12

True or false: Of the 170,000 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed in the United States each year, greater than 90% of these patients are current smokers or former smokers.

Question 13

During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, air pressure ________ inside the lungs.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) decreases, then increases
D) is unchanged

Question 14

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: Which of the following structures will give rise to alveoli, where gas exchange will occur?

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) bronchi
D) bronchioles

Question 15

The brain stem regulates breathing and will signal the diaphragm to contract in response to

A) levels of oxygen in the blood.
B) levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
C) levels of carbon monoxide in the blood.
D) levels of hemoglobin in the blood.

Question 16

In the alveoli and lung capillaries, carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged by means of

A) endocytosis.
B) osmosis.
C) diffusion.
D) phagocytosis.

Question 17

Smoking affects the surfactant in the lungs, thereby

A) increasing the respiratory surface area.
B) decreasing gas exchange in the alveoli.
C) reducing the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
D) increasing concentrations of carbon monoxide.

Question 18

True or false: The emerging and scientific consensus about "secondhand smoke" supports the conclusion that, while airborne particles emitted by the lit end of cigarettes pose a health risk to those who are exposed, the gases released by a cigarette are relatively harmless.

Question 19

Secondhand smoke emitted by a lit cigarette combined with the smoke exhaled by active smokers is more accurately referred to as

A) passive smoke.
B) environmental tobacco smoke.
C) active smoke.
D) dirty air.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about respiration is true?

A) Inhalation is a passive process.
B) Exhalation is an active process during intense exercise.
C) During exhalation, the pressure in the lung decreases.
D) During inhalation, the diaphragm relaxes.

Question 21

You hear that horsehair worms don't have any respiratory system. Which of the following would you conclude to be most likely true of horsehair worms?

A) They have thick bodies.
B) They have a dry skin surface.
C) They use large amounts of energy.
D) They have a large surface area compared with their volume.

Question 22

Which respiratory organ is most often found only in fully aquatic animals?

A) trachea
B) lung
C) skin surface
D) gill

Question 23

In Southern Copperhead snake venom, you'll find a protein called a disintegrin. Disintegrins bind to a class of membrane receptors called integrins. Platelets use integrin receptors to aggregate at a site of tissue damage. What effect do you think disintegrin has on the snake's prey?

A) After the snake bites its prey, the molecule helps in wound healing.
B) The molecule helps kill the snake's prey by producing large clots that travel in the body and produce heart attacks and strokes.
C) The molecule interferes with clot formation so that the venom can travel more efficiently from the site of the bite to the rest of the body.
D) By binding to the platelets, the molecule increases the formation of fibrin.

Question 24

Which of the following compounds provides a slippery consistency in the lungs preventing the alveoli walls from sticking together?

A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) surfactant
D) respiratory pigments

Question 25

True or false: Highly controlled clinical experiments have determined that nonsmokers exposed to ETS have a 20% to 30% higher risk of lung cancer than unexposed nonsmokers.

Question 26

Which of these allows mammals to maintain a regular body temperature?

A) countercurrent gas exchange
B) open circulatory system
C) four-chambered heart
D) hemolymph and spiracles

Question 27

During evolutionary refinements that led from fish to mammals, why was a shift from gills to lungs necessary?

A) Gills aren't as efficient as lungs in picking up oxygen.
B) Gills are too small to service a mammal's need for oxygen.
C) Gills work only in water; lungs work only on land.
D) Protecting gas-exchange surfaces from drying out is difficult in gills when on land.

Question 28

True or false: The blood in veins becomes bluish in color when it has become deoxygenated.

Question 29

Which of the following return blood to the heart?

A) capillaries
B) veins
C) arteries
D) spiracles

Question 30

True or false: The presence of known carcinogens in ETS supports the argument that ETS can cause lung cancer in nonsmokers.

Question 31

Airborne particles can damage ________, which are structures lining the tissue surface of the respiratory tract.

A) cilia
B) alveoli
C) bronchi
D) capillaries

Question 32

Many of the components of tobacco smoke are ________, meaning these chemicals are known to cause cancer.

Question 33

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is known as

A) contractstole.
B) diastole.
C) vastole.
D) systole.

Question 34

Smoking may increase your risk for stroke and heart attack because substances in tobacco smoke

A) promote the production of fibrinogen.
B) decrease platelet aggregation.
C) decrease the probability of clot formation.
D) decrease the risk for hypertension.

Question 35

What does bright red blood indicate?

A) that oxygen is no longer bound to hemoglobin
B) that copper is bound to hemoglobin
C) that oxygen is bound to hemoglobin
D) that carbon monoxide is bound to hemoglobin

Question 36

The respiratory system depends on the nervous system for signals to

A) enhance the amount of available oxygen in the lungs.
B) coordinate muscles controlling breathing.
C) release enzymes to increase the exchange of gases.
D) exchange gases with the circulatory system.

Question 37

Some athletes use "blood doping," adding additional red blood cells to the blood, to achieve a competitive edge. The extra red blood cells will

A) make the heart beat faster.
B) increase O? delivery to muscles.
C) decrease blood pressure.
D) change the blood type.

Question 38

________ is the most abundant gas in environmental tobacco smoke, and the effects of exposure to elevated levels of this gas along with other health problems can lead to serious consequences.

Question 39

Why is the countercurrent gas exchange that occurs in fish an effective system for extracting oxygen from water?

A) Because water flows in one direction and blood in the opposite direction, oxygen can be removed from the gills efficiently.
B) Oxygen is able to diffuse out of water over the entire surface of the gills, because the blood always contains a lower concentration of oxygen than the water.
C) The hemolymph in this system delivers oxygen to the body efficiently after it enters the gills.
D) Countercurrent exchange is an active process, so it is able to move more oxygen into the blood than can simple diffusion.

Question 40

Closed circulatory systems

A) have capillaries.
B) lack veins.
C) lack a heart.
D) lack blood.

Question 41

In which of these blood vessels do the exchange of gases and other materials occur?

A) arteries
B) veins
C) capillaries
D) right atrium

Question 42

An important cell type within human blood is the platelets, which

A) provide glucose to tissues.
B) carry oxygen to body cells.
C) help form a clot at the site of a wound.
D) carry antibodies against infections.

Question 43

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: In which of the labeled regions would blood pressure be the highest?

A) Region 5
B) Region 6
C) Region 7
D) Region 8

Question 44

What is the physiological cause of a heart attack?

A) rupture of coronary arteries
B) a blood clot moving through the heart
C) a blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart
D) scar tissue in the heart muscle

Question 45

Which of the following have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards?

A) arteries
B) capillaries
C) veins
D) SA node

Question 46

The region of the heart that acts as the heart's pacemaker is called the

A) SA node.
B) AV node.
C) semilunar valve.
D) ventricle.

Question 47

Which of the following best describes an artery?

A) Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
B) Arteries carry oxygenated blood.
C) Arteries contain valves.
D) Arteries have thinner walls than veins.

Question 48

"Diver's reflex" is a response to diving in many aquatic mammals and also occurs in humans upon submersion in water. It is characterized by physiological changes that decrease oxygen consumption, such as a slowed heart rate. Which region of the heart would be directly affected by the nervous system to allow for the slowing of heart rate?

A) SA node
B) AV node
C) left ventricle
D) right ventricle

Question 49

Which region of the circulatory system allows passage of nutrients and other small molecules to service nearby tissues?

A) veins
B) arteries
C) capillaries
D) aterioles

Question 50

________ is the chemical in tobacco smoke that's able to activate the brain's reward pathways, thus making smoking a very addictive process.

Question 51

A small mass of specialized muscle on the back wall of the right atrium, also known as the pacemaker, is medically known as what?

A) atrioventricular node
B) cardiopulmonary node
C) bundle of His
D) sinoatrial node

Question 52

Which chamber of the heart receives the deoxygenated blood from the systemic system first?

A) left ventricle
B) left atrium
C) right atrium
D) right ventricle

Question 53

True or false: The majority of deaths due to smoking result from cardiovascular disease, not lung cancer or other lung diseases.

Question 54

Which of the following correctly traces a drop of blood through the vascular system?

A) right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body, right atrium
B) left ventricle, lungs, right atrium, right ventricle, body, left atrium
C) right ventricle, lungs, right atrium, left ventricle, body, left atrium
D) left ventricle, lungs, left atrium, right ventricle, body, right atrium

Question 55

Blood stem cells originate in the

A) heart.
B) bloodstream.
C) bone marrow.
D) liver.

Question 56

Which of these is a potential consequence of smoking on the cardiovascular system?

A) an increase in the production of HDL
B) a decrease in the production of LDL
C) a higher risk of atherosclerosis
D) an increase in the risk for lung cancer

Question 57

Blood pressure is lowest in

A) arteries.
B) capillaries.
C) veins.
D) left ventricle.

Question 58

Economy-class syndrome is a condition that develops after long plane rides in which individuals are seated in a cramped position with little leg room. Based on your knowledge of the cardiovascular system, which of the following might be a consequence of this syndrome?

A) increased risk for heart attack
B) increased risk for thrombosis
C) increased risk for developing hypertension
D) increased risk for swelling in the brain

Question 59

About how many years after quitting smoking does it take for the risk of heart disease and death to return to the levels similar to those seen in people who never smoked?

A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15

Question 60

In the human cardiovascular system, what's the difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?

Question 61

The duct within the kidney that collects urine is called the

A) ureter.
B) renal vein.
C) bladder.
D) renal pelvis.

Question 62

The process by which urine is released from the bladder is called

A) filtration.
B) excretion.
C) micturition.
D) nephronation.

Question 63

True or false: Filtration is the process by which plasma is forced through tiny holes in the capillary walls by blood pressure and into the upstream end of the nephron.

Question 64

The functional units of the kidneys are called ________.

Question 65

Smoking is most likely to cause damage to which process in the kidneys?

A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) secretion
D) excretion

Question 66

True or false: Scientific studies suggest that of the many organs susceptible to cancer as a result of smoking, the kidneys and bladder are exceptions, showing no differences in cancer rates as compared to nonsmokers.

Question 67

By which process is the majority of water that's filtered reabsorbed in the nephrons during urine formation?

A) active transport
B) exocytosis
C) osmosis
D) pinocytosis

Question 68

The process by which nephrons in the kidney remove toxins and other wastes via active transport is called

A) filtration.
B) secretion.
C) reabsorption.
D) urination.

Question 69

Valuable substances in filtrate are returned to the blood through what process?

A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) secretion
D) excretion