Deck 8: Retrieval

Question 1

Marian and Neisser (2000)studied the effect of a particular cognitive context on which group of participants?
(A)Non-human primates
(B)Bilingual
(C)Rats
(D)Patients with semantic dementia
(E)Newborns

Answer 1

B

Question 2

""Tip of the tongue"" refers to which psychological phenomenon?
(A)Being aware of an answer but unable to produce it
(B)Being unaware of an answer but producing it automatically
(C)The phenomenon of stuttering when retrieving complex information
(D)The tendency for participants to recognize more items than they can recall freely
(E)Forgetting when the context at encoding and retrieval are inconsistent

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Retrieval involves the reinstatement of a pattern of activation over _______, which serve to represent a memory.
(A)Environmental cues
(B)Feature units
(C)Interference resolution processes
(D)Lures
(E)Attentional blinks

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Badre and Wagner have argued that a controlled retrieval process mediated by which part of the brain is engaged when retrieval cues are too weak to automatically activate a target memory?
(A)Anterior aspect of the left inferior prefrontal cortex
(B)Posterior portion of the amygdala
(C)Ventrolateral portion of the right peduncle
(D)Left-lateralized dorsal temporal cortex
(E)Posterior cingulate cortex

Question 5

The process in which memory gaps are filled using logic and previous experience is termed:
(A)Rationalization
(B)Degeneration
(C)Contextualization
(D)Reconstruction
(E)Suppression

Question 6

If individuals were to encode and retrieve cues in two different circumstances, they may lack the correct _____ for retrieval.
(A)Content cues
(B)Memory traces
(C)Context cues
(D)Direct routes
(E)Associations

Question 7

Forced-choice and yes/no decisions are two ways of probing which form of memory?
(A)Episodic
(B)Recall
(C)Autobiographical
(D)Recognition
(E)Semantic

Question 8

According to the text, repetition suppression is primarily thought to reflect:
(A)Changes to participants' field of view
(B)Increased efficiency of neural processing
(C)Divided attention
(D)Cell death
(E)Motivated forgetting

Question 9

Green and Swets (1966)devised which theory that can help explain performance in an auditory detection experiment, for example?
(A)State dependent
(B)Signal detection
(C)Context dependent
(D)Dual process
(E)Source monitoring

Question 10

Retrieval can best be understood according to which pattern of progress?
(A)From cognition to physiology
(B)From sensory to phonological processing
(C)From older to more recent memories
(D)From psycholinguistic to connectionist processing
(E)From cues to the target memory via associative connections

Question 11

The term "content addressable memory" most accurately suggests that:
(A)The content of memories is packaged in isolated modules
(B)Memories are organized in chronological order
(C)Any aspect of the memory's content can serve as a reminder/gateway to the experience
(D)The transfer of memory content is regulated by a cognitive tax
(E)Memories can only be cued by a single entry point

Question 12

Goodwin et al. (1969)provided evidence for state-dependent memory by testing participants who had learned in a [blank] state in various conditions.
(A)Drunk
(B)Happy
(C)Depressed
(D)Retrieval-focused
(E)Underwater

Question 13

The tendency to recall more positive memories when happy and more negative memories when unhappy is known as which type of memory?
(A)Mood congruent
(B)State congruent
(C)Context congruent
(D)Life biased
(E)Mood dependent

Question 14

The _____ states that the more alike cues are across study and test, the more accurate recall will be.
(A)The stimuli specificity hypothesis
(B)General encoding principle
(C)Levels of processing theory
(D)The retrieval inhibition hypothesis
(E)Encoding specificity principle

Question 15

What variable did Herron and Wilding (2006)argue was important for correct recall?
(A)Study time
(B)Frequency of exposure
(C)Cognitive set
(D)Familiarity of stimuli
(E)Personal salience

Question 16

Fernandes and Moscovitch (2000, 2003)observed that the most accurate retrieval is reported under which condition?
(A)Free recall
(B)Divided attention
(C)Full attention
(D)Recognition testing
(E)Word completion tests

Question 17

The ability to discriminate between old and new items would appear to depend most directly on the strength of which of the following?
(A)Familiarity
(B)Frequency
(C)Imageability
(D)Distance
(E)Discrepancies

Question 18

Which of these is not an especially prominent type of cue in context-dependent memory?
(A)Physiological
(B)Spatio-temporal
(C)Mood
(D)Word frequency
(E)Cognitive

Question 19

Which type of stimuli is traditionally employed to test the tip of the tongue effect ?
(A)Auditory stimuli
(B)Pseudo words
(C)Numeric chains
(D)Pictures
(E)Obscure words

Question 20

The subsequent memory effect Wagner et al. (1998)found near the hippocampus revealed:
(A)Amnesia for events acquired early in life
(B)Greater activity for forgotten than successfully remembered items
(C)More distributed activity on prospective memory tasks
(D)Greater activity for successfully remembered than forgotten items
(E)Greater contextual drift for forgotten items compared to remembered items

Question 21

What is assessed in the process of source monitoring?
(A)Contextual origins of information
(B)Internal mood state
(C)Internal cognitive state
(D)External relevance
(E)Personal relevance

Question 22

Which of the following procedures was developed by Jacoby (1991)and involves inclusion and exclusion conditions?
(A)List method
(B)Remember/know
(C)Random sampling
(D)Remember/forget
(E)Process dissociation

Question 23

Tulving (1985)devised which of the following procedures to isolate the relevant components of recognition memory?
(A)Visual search
(B)Remember/forget
(C)Familiarity-based decisions
(D)Process dissociation
(E)Remember/know