Deck 24: Organic Compounds

Question 1

The compound shown below falls under the category of _____.

A) ketones
B) aldehydes
C) carboxylic acids
D) amides
E) esters

Answer 1

ketones

Question 2

The compound shown below is an example of a(n) _____.

A) ketone
B) aldehyde
C) carboxylic acid
D) amide
E) ester

Answer 2

carboxylic acid

Question 3

The compound $\mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { C } = \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 }$ falls under the category of _____.

A) arenes
B) alkenes
C) alkanes
D) amines
E) alkynes

Answer 3

alkenes

Question 4

Alkanes have a general molecular formula C_nH_2n+2 where n is an integer.

Question 5

Hydrocarbons with the general formula C_nH_2n⁻² are called _____.

Question 6

The compound shown below falls under the category of _____.

A) ketones
B) aldehydes
C) carboxylic acids
D) amides
E) esters

Question 7

State the major classes of organic compounds.

Question 8

The compound shown below falls under the category of _____. $$\mathrm { H } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CC } \equiv \mathrm { N }$$

A) amides
B) amines
C) nitro compounds
D) nitriles
E) esters

Question 9

The compound shown below is an example of a(n) _____.

A) amide
B) amine
C) nitro compound
D) nitrile
E) ester

Question 10

The structural units that chemists use to classify organic compounds, and to predict their reactivities under a given set of conditions are called _____.

Question 11

The compound $\mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { Cl }$ is an example of a(n) _____.

A) aldehyde
B) alkyl halide
C) amine
D) arene
E) aryl halide

Question 12

The compound shown below falls under the category of _____.

A) arenes
B) alkenes
C) alkanes
D) amines
E) alkynes

Question 13

The compound shown below is an example of a(n) _____.

A) ketone
B) aldehyde
C) carboxylic acid
D) amide
E) ester

Question 14

The compound shown below falls under the category of _____.

A) ketones
B) aldehydes
C) carboxylic acids
D) amides
E) esters

Question 15

The compound CH₃CH₂OH is an example of a(n) _____.

A) phenol
B) ketone
C) aldehyde
D) alcohol
E) ether

Question 16

Alcohols, phenols, and ethers contain a carbonyl group (C=O).

Question 17

If the CH₃ groups in dimethylbenzene, whose common name is xylene, are adjacent to each other, the compound is commonly called para-xylene.

Question 18

State the common nomenclature for aromatic ring substitutions with an example for each.

Question 19

The compound H₃CH₂COCH₂CH₃ falls under the category of _____.

A) phenols
B) ketones
C) aldehydes
D) alcohols
E) ethers

Question 20

The compound $\mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 }$ falls under the category of _____.

A) arenes
B) alkenes
C) alkanes
D) amines
E) alkynes

Question 21

_____ is the systematic name for formaldehyde.

Question 22

Electrophiles such as carbocations seek to gain electrons and thus have a strong tendency to react with nucleophiles.

Question 23

_____ is defined as the amount by which the plane of polarized light is rotated when the light is passed through a solution containing 1.0 g of solute per 1.0 mL of solvent in a tube 10.0 cm long.

Question 24

If the solution contains a single enantiomer of a chiral compound, the solute is said to be optically inactive.

Question 25

Differentiate between conformational and structural isomers.

Question 26

The eclipsed conformation is the most stable because it minimizes electrostatic repulsion between the hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbons.

Question 27

_____differ in the relative positions of substituents in a rigid molecule.

Question 28

_____ are molecules whose structures are mirror images but cannot be superimposed on one another in any orientation.

Question 29

A chiral solution that contains equal concentrations of a pair of enantiomers is called a(n) _____.

Question 30

A primary radical is more stable than a tertiary radical.

Question 31

Which of the following best defines conformational isomers?

A) They are the isomers that have the same molecular formula but differ in which atoms are bonded to one another.
B) They are the isomers whose molecules have the same connectivity but whose component atoms have different orientations in space.
C) They are the isomers whose structures are mirror images but cannot be superimposed on one another in any orientation.
D) They are the isomers whose three-dimensional structures differ because of rotation about a σ bond.
E) They are the isomers that differ in the relative positions of substituents in a rigid molecule.

Question 32

The carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups in most chiral organic molecules is called an asymmetric carbon atom.

Question 33

The reactivity of a molecule is affected by the degree of substitution of a carbon that is bonded to a functional group.

Question 34

Molecules that have the same connectivity but whose component atoms have different orientations in space are called _____.

Question 35

Which of the following best defines structural isomers?

A) They are the isomers that have the same molecular formula but differ in which atoms are bonded to one another.
B) They are the isomers whose molecules have the same connectivity but whose component atoms have different orientations in space.
C) They are the isomers whose structures are mirror images but cannot be superimposed on one another in any orientation.
D) They are the isomers whose three-dimensional structures differ because of rotation about a σ bond.
E) They are the isomers that differ in the relative positions of substituents in a rigid molecule.

Question 36

In the staggered conformation of ethane, the hydrogen atoms are positioned as far from one another as possible.

Question 37

The simplest alkane to have a conformational isomer is methane.

Question 38

Which of the following best defines enantiomers?

A) These are central atoms that are bonded to multiple groups of atoms.
B) These are molecules whose component atoms have different orientations in space.
C) These are molecules and their nonsuperimposable mirror images.
D) These are molecules in which the C-H bonds on adjacent carbon atoms lie in the same plane.
E) These are three-dimensional structures resulting from rotation about a σ bond.

Question 39

What are the two types of stereoisomers?

Question 40

Optical isomers have identical physical properties, although their chemical properties may differ in asymmetric environments.

Question 41

The oxidation state of carbon in carbon dioxide is _____.

A) -4
B) -2
C) 0
D) +2
E) +4

Question 42

Which of the following species is an electrophile?

A) BF₃
B) NH₂⁻
C) CH₄
D) C₆H₅OH
E) (CH₃)₄C

Question 43

How many valence electrons does a carbanion have?

A) Two
B) Four
C) Five
D) Six
E) Eight

Question 44

The reaction HCl + CH₂=CH₂ → CH₃CH₂Cl is an example of a(n) _____ reaction.

A) addition
B) rearrangement
C) substitution
D) redox
E) elimination

Question 45

The number of hydrogen atoms increases in going from the most oxidized to least oxidized compound.

Question 46

A(n) _____ carbon is bonded to only one other carbon and a functional group.

Question 47

A chemical reaction in which adjacent atoms are removed from a molecule, resulting in the formation of a multiple bond and a small molecule is called a(n) _____ reaction.

Question 48

A(n) _____ is a highly reactive species that has an unpaired valence electron.

Question 49

In nucleophilic substitution reactions, the nucleophile must have a greater affinity for the electropositive species than the original substituent.

Question 50

The reaction CH₃Cl + OH⁻ → CH₃OH + Cl⁻ is an example of a(n) _____ reaction.

A) addition
B) rearrangement
C) substitution
D) redox
E) elimination

Question 51

Differentiate between a carbanion and a carbocation.

Question 52

A(n) _____ carbon is bonded to three other carbons and a functional group.

Question 53

A(n) _____ carbon is bonded to two other carbons and a functional group.

Question 54

The π bonds of the multiple bond are stronger than the σ bond.

Question 55

Radical reactions are usually very selective because radicals are highly reactive.

Question 56

What are the three stages in radical chain reactions?

Question 57

A reaction in which the components of a species A-B are added to adjacent atoms across a carbon-carbon multiple bond is called a(n) _____ reaction.

Question 58

A chemical reaction in which one atom or a group of atoms in a substance is replaced by another atom or group of atoms from another substance is called a(n) _____ reaction.

Question 59

Which of the following is true of a carbocation?

A) It has a negatively charged carbon with eight valence electrons.
B) It is destabilized by groups that donate electrons.
C) A primary carbocation is more stable than a tertiary carbocation.
D) It is an electron-deficient species that needs electrons to complete its octet.
E) It does not react with nucleophiles.

Question 60

What are oxidation-reduction reactions?

Question 61

Alkenes and alkynes are most often prepared by substitution reactions.

Question 62

Which of the following organic compounds is prepared by a substitution reaction in which a nucleophilic alkoxide ion attacks the partially positively charged carbon atom of the polar C-X bond of an alkyl halide?

A) Ethers
B) Alcohols
C) Aldehydes
D) Ketones
E) Amides

Question 63

Alcohols can be prepared by reducing compounds that contain the carbonyl functional group.

Question 64

Which of the following is a characteristic of primary amines?

A) The nitrogen is bonded to three alkyl groups.
B) The nitrogen is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one alkyl group.
C) The nitrogen is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and two alkyl groups.
D) The nitrogen is bonded to one hydrogen atom and two alkyl groups.
E) The nitrogen is bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

Question 65

Delocalization of π bonding over three atoms makes carboxylic acids and their derivatives more susceptible to nucleophilic attack than aldehydes and ketones with their single π bond.

Question 66

Which of the following methods is used to prepare alcohols?

A) They are prepared by reducing a carboxylic acid group.
B) They are prepared by adding water across a carbon-carbon double bond.
C) They are prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid derivative with a Grignard reagent.
D) They are prepared by reacting a Grignard reagent with CO₂, followed by acidification.
E) They are prepared by the nucleophilic reaction of amines with more electrophilic carboxylic acid derivatives.

Question 67

The high reactivity of ethers makes them unsuitable as solvents for carrying out organic reactions.

Question 68

Which of the following is true of aldehydes and ketones?

A) They have an appreciable dipole moment because of the polar C=O bond.
B) They have lower boiling points than alkanes and alkenes of comparable molecular mass.
C) They are typically prepared by reducing alcohols.
D) In their reactions, the partially positively charged carbon atom of the carbonyl group is subject to an electrophilic attack.
E) In their reactions, the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group allow a nucleophilic attack to occur.

Question 69

Which of the following methods is used to prepare ketones?

A) They are prepared by reducing a carboxylic acid group.
B) They are prepared by adding water across a carbon-carbon double bond.
C) They are prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid derivative with a Grignard reagent.
D) They are prepared by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of strong acid.
E) They are prepared by the nucleophilic reaction of amines with more electrophilic carboxylic acid derivatives.

Question 70

In the gas phase, the dipole moment of benzene is zero.

Question 71

Amines have the tendency to act as electrophiles.

Question 72

Which of the following best defines a dehydration reaction?

A) It is a reaction in which a -H of an arene is replaced by an electrophilic group.
B) It is a high-temperature decomposition reaction that can be used to form fibers of synthetic polymers.
C) It is a reaction that proceeds by eliminating the elements of water.
D) It is an electrochemical process in which an external voltage is applied to an electrolytic cell to drive a nonspontaneous reaction.
E) It is a catalytic reaction in which a catalyst is uniformly dispersed throughout the reactant mixture to form a solution.

Question 73

Which of the following methods is used to prepare esters?

A) They are prepared by adding water across a carbon-carbon double bond.
B) They are prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction of an alkyl halide using hydroxide.
C) They are prepared by reacting a Grignard reagent with CO₂, followed by acidification.
D) They are prepared by the nucleophilic reaction of amines with more electrophilic carboxylic acid derivatives.
E) They are prepared by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of strong acid.

Question 74

Which of the following is true of alkanes?

A) Their boiling points decrease with increasing molecular mass.
B) Their melting points are insensitive to relatively small differences in structure.
C) They are easily attacked by nucleophiles and electrophiles.
D) Their reactions occur only under extreme conditions.
E) They are unaffected by catalytic cracking.

Question 75

Secondary and tertiary amines have higher boiling points than primary amines of comparable molecular mass.

Question 76

Amides are the least reactive of the carboxylic acid derivatives because amides participate in π bonding with the carbonyl group.

Question 77

Which of the following best defines a pyrolysis reaction?

A) It is a reaction in which a -H of an arene is replaced by an electrophilic group.
B) It is a high-temperature decomposition reaction that can be used to form fibers of synthetic polymers.
C) It is a reaction that proceeds by eliminating the elements of water.
D) It is an electrochemical process in which an external voltage is applied to an electrolytic cell to drive a nonspontaneous reaction.
E) It is a catalytic reaction in which a catalyst is uniformly dispersed throughout the reactant mixture to form a solution.

Question 78

Amines can react with virtually any electrophile, including the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde, a ketone, or an ester.

Question 79

Which of the following is true of alcohols?

A) Their individual O-H bond dipoles cancel one another because of the electronegative oxygen atom.
B) They have lower boiling points than alkanes or alkenes of comparable molecular mass.
C) They are usually prepared by an electrophilic substitution reaction of an alkyl halide using hydroxide.
D) They are considered to be more acidic than phenols due to the presence an -OH functional group
E) They are weaker acids than water.

Question 80

Which of the following methods is used to prepare aldehydes?

A) They are prepared by reducing a carboxylic acid group.
B) They are prepared by adding water across a carbon-carbon double bond.
C) They are prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid derivative with a Grignard reagent.
D) They are prepared by reacting a Grignard reagent with CO₂, followed by acidification.
E) They are prepared by the nucleophilic reaction of amines with more electrophilic carboxylic acid derivatives.