Deck 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Gender

Question 1

According to cognitive-developmental theory, ______.

A) children acquire the concept of gender constancy rather late, around the beginning of adolescence
B) children must be given strict punishments for gender-inappropriate behavior in order for them to develop normally
C) formation of a concept of gender identity is the important first step in gender-role development
D) girls acquire the concept that boys are superior because of their anatomy by about age 3

Answer 1

formation of a concept of gender identity is the important first step in gender-role development

Question 2

A young girl says she believes that it can sometimes be acceptable to break the law if human lives are in danger because human life is more important than obeying the law. This is an example of what level of morality according to Kohlberg?

A) postconventional morality
B) preconventional morality
C) conventional morality
D) conservative morality

Answer 2

postconventional morality

Question 3

Cognitive developmental theorists use the term ______ for the child's understanding that gender is a permanent, unchanging characteristic.

A) gender schema
B) gender constancy
C) gender identity
D) gender predictability

Answer 3

gender constancy

Question 4

Feminists are critical of Freud's assumption that ______.

A) there are stages of development
B) the penis is superior to the clitoris or vagina
C) gender differences exist
D) development is shaped by cultural and social forces

Question 5

Which theorist extended the psychoanalytic view of the psychology of women?

A) Karen Horney
B) Helene Deutsch
C) Nancy Chodorow
D) Anna Freud

Question 6

In response to Freud's views, Karen Horney argued that ______.

A) females have penis envy
B) more phallocentrism was necessary in psychological theories
C) libido is an important force for both men and women
D) men experience womb envy

Question 7

Social-learning theories of gender-role acquisition stress the importance of ______.

A) the child's acquisition of a concept of gender identity
B) the discovery of anatomical differences between females and males
C) the feminine principle
D) imitation and observational learning

Question 8

Claire, a middle-aged woman, is feeling unsuccessful in her career as an actress. She finds herself becoming jealous of the male actors who seem to get offered more roles than she does. She is thinking about giving up on her acting career and becoming a stay-at-home mother. A psychoanalyst would interpret Claire's feelings as being due to ______.

A) castration anxiety
B) an unresolved Electra complex
C) penis envy
D) excess libido

Question 9

According to cognitive-developmental theory, the child's gender-role learning is ______.

A) shaped by reinforcements and punishments
B) a result of imitation
C) motivated by parents' socialization practices
D) self-motivated

Question 10

Results from a study by Benenson et al. (1998) indicated that mother-daughter pairs were indeed closer to each other (both physically and psychologically) than mother-son pairs. Whose theory does this support?

A) Karen Horney
B) Helene Deutsch
C) Nancy Chodorow
D) Anna Freud

Question 11

______ is the acquisition of gender-specific behaviors and learning of gender roles.

A) Observational learning
B) Imitation
C) Gender typing
D) Gender constancy

Question 12

Self-efficacy beliefs are important in gender development according to ______.

A) cognitive social learning theory
B) Chodorow's theory
C) cognitive-developmental theory
D) feminist theory

Question 13

______ refers to our beliefs about our ability to accomplish something or to produce a particular outcome.

A) Gender identity
B) Self-efficacy
C) Gender constancy
D) Schema

Question 14

According to psychoanalytic theory, in the ______ stage, the Oedipal complex occurs.

A) phallic
B) anal
C) oral
D) latency

Question 15

According to Nancy Chodorow, in her book The Reproduction of Mothering, the devaluation of women is due to ______

A) men's greater muscular strength
B) evolution
C) women being pregnant, which gives men power over them
D) women doing almost all of the childcare

Question 16

According to Freud, the major differences between males and females originate in the ______.

A) oral stage
B) anal stage
C) phallic stage
D) latency stage

Question 17

According to Freud, there are differences in superego formation for males and females because ______.

A) males never adequately resolve the Oedipal complex
B) females never adequately resolve the Electra complex
C) females are developmentally more precocious than males
D) males remain attached to their mothers

Question 18

Little girls are typically rewarded for being quiet and obedient, whereas little boys are often rewarded for being athletic and tough. As a result, children are more likely to repeat the behaviors that have been reinforced, and gender differences in behavior develop. Which theory best explains this phenomenon?

A) social learning theory
B) cognitive-developmental theory
C) gender schema theory
D) psychoanalytic theory

Question 19

Freud's concept of "immature superego" in women is similar to ______.

A) the myths of feminine evil
B) the concept of "identification"
C) the concept of "castration anxiety"
D) the concept of "fixation"

Question 20

Which of the following most closely approximates the social learning view about gender-role development?

A) Children do what they are rewarded for.
B) Children do what they are rewarded for and also what they see others doing.
C) The formation of a concept of gender identity is crucial to gender-role development.
D) Children stop doing what they are punished for.

Question 21

Dagmar is a battered wife. A feminist would attribute the cause of her problem to ______.

A) internal factors
B) poor adjustment
C) external factors
D) the psychopathology of her husband

Question 22

A female using one of her eggs and using her body to gestate her young is an example of ______.

A) evolutionary fitness
B) parental investment
C) a double standard
D) sexual selection

Question 23

When we use the approach of intersectionality, we ______.

A) first draw a Venn diagram
B) acknowledge how common multiracial people are
C) are applying gender schema theory and social learning theory
D) simultaneously consider the effects of gender, race, social class, and sexual orientation

Question 24

Purported cross-cultural tests of evolutionary psychology are not truly cross-cultural because of ______.

A) heteronormativity and the gender binary
B) globalization and the far reach of American media
C) researcher bias
D) cultural similarities outweighing cultural differences

Question 25

Research testing Gilligan's theory of moral development has found ______.

A) there are no gender differences in moral reasoning on Kohlberg's dilemmas
B) there is evidence for the care perspective but not the justice perspective
C) there is evidence for the justice perspective but not the care perspective
D) that Gilligan's theory is androcentric

Question 26

The concept of ______ is key to feminist analysis.

A) love
B) justice
C) compassion
D) power

Question 27

Critics of evolutionary psychologists' arguments about the 0.70 waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) for women note that ______.

A) there is considerable variation in the WHR of Miss America pageant winners
B) the 0.70 WHR is preferred not only by American men but by men in all cultures that have been studied
C) women with a WHR of 0.90 are actually more fertile than those with a WHR of 0.70
D) White men prefer this body type but Latinos reject it

Question 28

Mr. Smith, an executive, pats Ms. Rodriguez, a secretary, on her fanny. A feminist would say that ______.

A) this is a good example of the personal as political
B) this provides more support for gender schema theory
C) this is an example of men's self-efficacy
D) this provides more support for feminist sociobiology theory

Question 29

In a reanalysis of Buss's 37 cultures data, Eagly and Wood found that, supporting social role theory, ______

A) 50% of cultures have greater gender equality than the United States.
B) cultures with greater gender inequality have larger gender differences
C) cultures with greater gender inequality have smaller gender differences
D) mate preferences are determined by evolution

Question 30

The term for the theoretical perspective that one's gender, gender identity, and sexual desire are not stable, fixed, biologically-based characteristics but rather fluid and dynamic aspects of individuals shaped by culture is ______.

A) social learning theory
B) queer theory
C) social role theory
D) intersectionality

Question 31

According to Bem, the gender schema ______.

A) explains why girls fall in love more quickly than boys
B) explains why boys are more aggressive than girls
C) represents a basic tendency to process information regardless of gender
D) is closely linked to the self-concept

Question 32

"The personal is political." This most likely would have been said by a ______.

A) social learning theorist
B) sociobiologist
C) feminist
D) psychoanalyst

Question 33

In one experiment, 5- and 6-year-old children were shown pictures of children engaged in stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent activities. A week later, their memory was tested and it was found that they distorted the information in the stereotype-inconsistent pictures to make them stereotype-consistent. This study is cited as evidence for ______.

A) social learning theory
B) sociobiology
C) gender schema theory
D) Gilligan's feminist reformulation of moral development theory

Question 34

Kohlberg used the dilemma of Heinz, whose wife is dying of cancer, to measure ______.

A) stage of gender constancy
B) stage of moral reasoning
C) extent of gender identification
D) gender-schematic processing of information

Question 35

A man being allowed and encouraged to be promiscuous, whereas a woman is punished for engaging in promiscuous sex is an example of ______.

A) parental investment
B) sexual selection
C) the sexual double standard
D) a feminist critique

Question 36

A feminist evolutionary psychologist would argue that ______.

A) sex and gender are not a factor in evolutionary psychology
B) men are not the primary active agent in evolutionary processes
C) women are and have been active agents in evolutionary processes
D) sexual selection and competition for mates is not related to gender

Question 37

______ emphasizes not cross-cultural universals but rather the variability across cultures in patterns of gender differences.

A) Feminist theory
B) Queer theory
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Social role theory

Question 38

The term for an approach that simultaneously considers multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage is ______.

A) social constructionism
B) multiracial
C) intersectionality
D) gender schema theory

Question 39

Feminist theories were created by ______.

A) no single person
B) Anna Freud and Karen Horney
C) women of color
D) transgender women

Question 40

According to Gilligan's feminist analysis of moral development, in moral reasoning, males emphasize _____, whereas females emphasize _____.

A) power; love
B) dominance; nurturance
C) justice and individual rights; relationships and caring
D) universal ethical principles; law and order

Question 41

According to evolutionary psychology, the social behavior of female infanticide would be maladaptive, decreasing one's reproductive fitness.

Question 42

A traditionally masculine man is an example of a gender schematic individual.

Question 43

According to social learning theory, children's imitation is partly motivated by the power of authority figures.

Question 44

The belief that women have special, unique qualities that differentiate them from men and that we should elevate and value those special qualities is referred to as ______.

A) radical feminism
B) cultural feminism
C) ecofeminism
D) liberal feminism

Question 45

The data support Buss's (1989) theory that a man will be more jealous if his female mate engages in sexual infidelity and a woman will be more jealous if her male mate engages in emotional infidelity.

Question 46

Which type of feminist might advocate separatist communities in which women can come together to pursue their work free of men's oppression?

A) cultural feminists
B) liberal feminists
C) socialist feminists
D) radical feminists

Question 47

______ focuses on environmental issues, such as climate change.

A) Radical feminism
B) Cultural feminism
C) Ecofeminism
D) Liberal feminism

Question 48

Cultural feminism is sometimes called ______.

A) ethos feminism
B) social feminism
C) traditional feminism
D) care-focused feminism

Question 49

Children's imitation is motivated partly by the power of authority figures.

Question 50

Gisele believes in promoting a more inclusive and intersectional feminist perspective. She may identify most with ______.

A) socialist feminists
B) cultural feminists
C) women-of-color feminists
D) existential feminists

Question 51

______ believe in working within the system for reform.

A) Socialist feminists
B) Cultural feminists
C) Liberal feminists
D) Existential feminists

Question 52

There is currently no evidence that parents treat boys and girls differently and that they differentially reward some behaviors in boys and girls.

Question 53

People with low efficacy beliefs redouble their efforts in the face of challenges, whereas those with a strong sense of efficacy give up.

Question 54

The National Organization for Women (NOW) is an example of ______.

A) liberal feminism
B) cultural feminism
C) Marxist feminism
D) radical feminism

Question 55

According to Gilligan, men focus on attachments between people and women focus on contracts between people.

Question 56

______ is the term for the study of the origin and methods of human knowledge.

A) Epistemology
B) Sociobiology
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Evolution

Question 57

Queer theory refers to a theory that describes people who identify as gay or lesbian.

Question 58

Which type of feminist questions rationality and objectivity as methods for getting at truth, whether in the humanities or the sciences?

A) existentialist feminists
B) liberal feminists
C) socialist feminists
D) radical feminists

Question 59

Children typically have gender identity around 2 years of age.

Question 60

______ point out the extent to which the capitalist system benefits from oppressing women in ways such as wage discrimination.

A) Existentialist feminists
B) Liberal feminists
C) Socialist feminists
D) Radical feminists

Question 61

Juan and Maria have been married for 25 years. Juan is a lawyer and tends to be more assertive than Maria. Maria is a stay-at-home mother and tends to be more compliant than Juan. How would a sociobiologist explain the differences between Juan and Maria? How would a feminist explain the differences between Juan and Maria?

Question 62

Feminists are often critical of analyses that assume women's problems are caused by internal or personal factors.

Question 63

Explain why the female orgasm evolved in humans according to sociobiologists.

Question 64

Theorists believe that there are four sources of power when one person or group has power over another. Name three of the four sources of power.

Question 65

Explain why it is important to understand Freudian theory, also referred to as psychoanalytic theory, when there is little empirical evidence to support it.

Question 66

Postmodern feminism is more focused on social action than any other type of action.

Question 67

Explain two criticisms of Freudian theory.

Question 68

There are several different kinds of feminism.

Question 69

Compare and contrast theory and empirical evidence.

Question 70

Name the three mechanisms that are thought to underlie the process of gender typing and give an example of each.